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Child Growth & Development Final – Flashcards

Ann Ricker

7 July 2022

question

In the Middle Ages in Western society, children were ______.

answer

believed to be nonpersons in infancy and little adults by age 7

question

Development is defined as ______.

answer

a process of changing both qualitatively and quantitatively with age

question

Observation:

answer

requires noting and recording facts

question

Which of the following statements BEST describes the process of child development?

answer

Children's knowledge and physical abilities increase and also change qualitatively over time.

question

A Chinese American parent notices that his infant daughter is smaller in stature and less physically active than other babies. He becomes worried that the child is developmentally delayed. His conclusion reflects an _______.

answer

erroneous assumption that cultural and ethnic differences are deficits

question

Which of the following has NOT been a common family response to the experience of oppression?

answer

a commitment to childhood independence.

question

Socioeconomic status, or SES, is determined by the following factor(s):

answer

all of the above

question

When being observed, young children often change their behavior.

answer

False

question

Observers:

answer

all answers are correct

question

New research has shown that in current-day Western society______.

answer

children are increasingly unhealthy, abused, neglected, poorly educated, and traumatized by community violence

question

Which of the following is NOT a result of the recent standards movement in the United States?

answer

Research findings indicate that, overall, children's motivation to learn and sense of achievement have increased nationwide.

question

During the early child-study movement, which of the following was NOT a limitation of research?

answer

The research included experimental methods which were conducted in artificial laboratories.

question

Piaget believed that young children are egocentric, and new evidence indicates he was right.

answer

False

question

Dangerous neighborhoods have led parents of some cultural groups to ______.

answer

adopt firm and directive parenting practices

question

Early childhood development is defined in the field of education as development ______.

answer

from conception and birth to age eight

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A first grade teacher is informed that a Puerto Rican child will be enrolled in her class. She responds by saying, "I'll need to give him special guidance. He has probably not had the advantages that other children have had. I wonder if he has had any books and toys available in the home." This teacher is confusing ______.

answer

cultural differences with socioeconomic status

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A Native American child lives in a household where everything is shared--food, toys, and living space. At school, she helps herself to the belongings of others. Her peers complain to the teacher that she is stealing. From a multicultural perspective, what is the appropriate teacher response?

answer

The teacher should recognize that this behavior is part of the child's culture and family life and help other children in the class to understand the intention behind this child's style of interaction.

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A teacher notices that a Middle Eastern child will not speak in stressful situations. Rather than insist on verbalization during conflicts or arguments, the teacher allows the child to remain silent. This is an example of ______.

answer

an understanding of cultural diversity in social development

question

Which description BEST explains the practice of "breaking the will" of children during the Renaissance period in Western society?

answer

Children were believed to be bad at birth, so parents were required to "beat the devil" out of them.

question

Which of the following would NOT be included as part of a case study?

answer

significant research findings

question

The MAIN focus of the very earliest research on children was ______.

answer

describing the course of normal development

question

Observations can help you understand the theories you are studying.

answer

True

question

The ethnic composition of the United States will change dramatically because ______.

answer

Persons of historically under-represented groups are younger, are projected to have more children than Euro-American families, and are, therefore, contributing to the population count at a higher rate.

question

You are writing a case report about an African American child with autism whose family lives in poverty. The MOST appropriate term to use in describing this child would be ______.

answer

all of the above

question

A case study ______.

answer

provides more description of individual subjects and their lives than anecdotal records

question

A child development theory is ______.

answer

an integrated collection of beliefs about why children behave, think, and feel as they do

question

According to Erikson ______.

answer

each stage of development is characterized by a struggle between polar emotional states

question

Which is the BEST definition of a theory?

answer

a system of beliefs about something

question

The theory of child development that MOST fully addresses societal conditions and informs policy-making and advocacy is ______.

answer

ecological systems theory

question

Social learning theory emphasizes _____.

answer

modeling desirable behavior

question

Behaviorists believe that a child is born as ______.

answer

a blank slate to be filled in by adults and the environment

question

A parent using operant conditioning ______.

answer

shapes children's desirable behavior with reinforcers

question

Vygotsky's theory of human development emphasizes the ______.

answer

important role of language and social interaction in learning

question

Which of the following theorists is NOT a behaviorist?

answer

Jean Piaget

question

Piaget believes that ______.

answer

learning involves the active, internal construction of knowledge by the learner

question

Ecological systems are defined as ______.

answer

all of the settings and institutions--and the interactions among these--which surround and affect the developing child

question

Which theorist is a maturationist?

answer

Arnold Gesell

question

Movement style, activity level, and motor ability ______.

answer

are universal in any child at any age level

question

Southeast Asian children are sometimes shorter in stature because of ______.

answer

both a. and b.

question

Which of the following is recommended for young children with physically challenging conditions in school?

answer

larger-than-usual materials

question

True running is the ability to ______.

answer

Correct run with both feet leaving the ground

question

Which of the following is usually accomplished by the end of the preschool years?

answer

skill in "toddle-running," in which one foot is always touching the ground

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Movement constancy refers to the ______.

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ability to coordinate two or more specific motor skills at one time

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Which of the following is NOT a motor ability?

answer

none of the above are motor abilities

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Some patterns of physical and motor development are universal. These patterns include ______.

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all of the above

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Changing body proportions during the preschool years leads to a ______.

answer

lower center of gravity

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Fine motor development is ______.

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the coordination of movement with perception and cognition

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Which of the following is TRUE of preschool children with mental retardation?

answer

They progress through the same cognitive stages as typically developing children, but do so more slowly.

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Which of the following is a kind of preschool-age thinking in which children are unable to take the perspectives of others?

answer

egocentric thinking

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Which statement is TRUE about preschool children's abilities to complete Piagetian tasks?

answer

Minor variations exist in children's performance on these tasks from one cultural group to another.

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Which of the following is recommended for preschool children with mental retardation?

answer

providing props for simple pretense

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A preschool child with mental retardation has been enrolled in a child care program. Which adaptation to the classroom environment would be MOST important to support this child's development?

answer

providing a multimodal learning environment--rich in texture and visual and auditory stimulation--which will address sensory-motor needs

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A child care provider teaches in a multicultural and developmentally diverse classroom. Which of the following children enrolled in her class is LEAST likely to benefit from prompts, such as, "remember this," or "pay close attention"?

answer

a child with autism

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A child mumbles to himself while completing a puzzle in a preschool classroom. Vygotsky would call this ______.

answer

self-directed speech

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Which of the following is the BEST example of how a "hands-on" activity can be transformed into a "hands-on/minds-on" activity?

answer

Children are pouring at the water table. A teacher asks children to guess how many cupfuls of water will fill up a large bowl.

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According to Piaget, children in the preschool years ______.

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can think about persons or objects that are not present

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Vygotsky was also a constructivist; that is, he believed that children constructed knowledge through interaction with materials. However, he believed children would be better able to solve problems if ______.

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they could talk and socialize with adults and more experienced peers

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Piaget felt the BEST way for preschool children to learn was through ______.

answer

active manipulation of play materials AND the use of a variety of sensory experiences

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Which of the following is the BEST explanation of irreversibility?

answer

Children cannot reverse steps in an action or mental process.

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What is a "hands-on/minds-on" activity?

answer

an activity in which children must think about the objects they are manipulating

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A child is struggling with a sorting game in a child care center. Which method would Vygotsky recommend for helping the child overcome this challenge?

answer

A teacher invites a competent peer to work with this child on the task.

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Social pretend play is ______.

answer

group dramatic play that involves some level of social participation

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Which type of aggression is MOST likely to lead to peer rejection in the preschool years?

answer

unpredictable aggression

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Which of the following has NOT been found to lead to peer acceptance among Western children?

answer

moderate degree of quietness

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Which of the following is a peer status which has been identified in preschool groups?

answer

all of the above

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Parents can avoid promoting feelings of guilt in their children by ______.

answer

avoiding an overly-restrictive environment

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Developing positive self-concept in children is simply a matter of ______.

answer

None of the above will ensure the child's positive self-concept

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Within some cultural groups, the assignment of family responsibilities to preschool children ______.

answer

increases altruism

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Children with challenging conditions are ______.

answer

more or less likely to be rejected or neglected by peers, depending on type and extremity of exceptionality

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Neglected children are ______.

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often quiet, reticent, and nonsocial

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Children have positive views of self in the preschool years; these decline in the elementary years.

answer

True

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Which of the following is a common response by popular children to the demands of peers?

answer

They reject demands in a tactful way.

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During the preschool years, friendships are temporary and fluctuate day-to-day.

answer

False

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Which of the following is the earliest stage of social participation in the preschool years?

answer

watching peers play

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Research suggests that bilingual children will acquire social skills most readily in ______.

answer

a school setting with several linguistically-similar peers

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Which of the following is considered aggression in the preschool years?

answer

tattling

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A typical human cell contains 14 chromosomes.

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Chromosomes are comprised of molecules of DNA, which carry biological information from ancestors.

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Which pair of chromosomes will cause a human to become a female?

answer

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Down syndrome is caused by______.

answer

the presence of three number 21 chromosomes

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There is less controversy over "nature versus nurture" because MOST now believe that _______.

answer

nature and nurturance interact in complex ways to determine development

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Sickle-cell anemia is _______.

answer

more prevalent among children of African ancestry

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In prenatal development, MOST major organs of the body are formed during______.

answer

the period of the ovum

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The period of the fetus is considered______.

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a less risky period, but one in which brain growth is rapid and susceptible to environmental hazards

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Which is NOT true about smoking and children's development?

answer

Babies whose mothers smoke during pregnancy are more likely to die of SIDS. Babies whose mothers smoke during pregnancy may be less competent readers in the elementary years. Babies conceived by fathers who smoke are more likely to be born prematurely and to suffer health problems.

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When is the placenta expelled during childbirth?

answer

after the fetus is expelled

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Natural childbirth is _______.

answer

a new philosophy of birthing that emphasizes comfortable, home-like settings, and a reduction in the use of medication.

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The period of development from birth to about two weeks is called the ______ period.

answer

neonatal

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The proximodistal growth gradient refers to ______.

answer

the phenomenal speed of growth in the neonatal period

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MOST newborns ______.

answer

take one hour naps throughout the day. Each is followed by 15 to 20 minutes of alert activity and eating

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Which is the BEST explanation for why sleep is important for newborns?

answer

Newborn sleep enhances parent-infant relations by providing a rest period for parents.

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Which statement is true about Rapid Eye Movement Sleep?

answer

It is a mystery. It exercises the nervous system. It is reduced when babies spend more time awake.

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Which statement is ACCURATE in regard to adult responses to infant crying?

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Mothers and fathers can distinguish among their children's cries of hunger, pain, or anger without external cues.

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Which of the following is TRUE of parents in ALL cultures when an infant cries?

answer

They all respond.

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Which is NOT true of breastfeeding?

answer

It provides emotional protection for babies in impoverished societies who are at risk of poor attachment.

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Reflexes are ______.

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involuntary movements built into the newborn nervous system that involve one or several body parts

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Habituation is a ______.

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process by which a baby learns about something and gradually becomes less interested in it

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Which statement is TRUE about infant olfactory abilities?

answer

Breast-fed babies prefer the smell of their own nursing mothers' breast pads to other odors. These preferences are not found with bottle-fed babies.

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Which of the following is TRUE about normative charts?

answer

They accurately profile the order in which motor skills are acquired, but are not always a good guide to the pace at which they are acquired.

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Which statement BEST describes the physical growth of infants in the first year of life?

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Their legs and trunk grow rapidly and begin to catch up with the rest of their bodies.

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Toddlerhood is defined as the period______.

answer

of 18 months and 2 years

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How are perception and motor development related?

answer

Motor activity is motivated by vision.

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Which statement is ACCURATE about young infants' sense of touch?

answer

Young infants can differentiate touches to one part of the body from those to another part of the body and can use tactile sensations to learn.

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Children look at some patterns or objects for longer periods of time. They seem to prefer_____.

answer

patterns over solid shapes reds and blues over yellows curved lines over straight ones

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A 2- month-old gazes into the eyes of her mother and father. Which is the BEST explanation of this behavior?

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The baby has come to recognize her parents as primary caregivers.

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Myelin is a______.

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protective sheath that develops around nerve fibers

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Which statement BEST describes the auditory discrimination of five-month-olds?

answer

They can distinguish high and low pitched sounds, crying, their own mother's voice, and specific speech sounds and intonation.

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Cognitive Development refers to ______.

answer

intellectual development

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The theorist who has provided the MOST thorough description of infant cognitive development is ______.

answer

Jean Piaget

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Which is the MOST common belief among multicultural scholars about Piaget's theory of infant development?

answer

His theory is generally culture-neutral and applies, for the most part, to children of all societies.

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Infants can remember ______.

answer

at an early age, can .recollect visual stimuli and actions, and can retain memories over a long period

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Egocentrism is ______.

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a cognitive limitation in which children cannot take others' perspectives

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Object permanence is a(n) ______.

answer

awareness that objects still exist when they can no longer be seen

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Which of the following is the stage of infant cognitive development?

answer

sensorimotor period

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Which of the following does NOT affect infant cognitive development?

answer

unique developmental time clocks poverty cultural experience

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Babies can understand cause and effect ______.

answer

between about 8 and 12 months

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Receptive communication is ______.

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the capacity of an infant to understand or process language

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Infants learn words quickly because ______.

answer

their brains develop rapidly

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The first words babies learn are often ______.

answer

labels for objects

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Which of the following is TRUE about cultural differences in infant crying?

answer

Infants vary significantly from one culture to another in the frequency of their crying.

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Infants whose parents respond quickly to their cring ______.

answer

may be somewhat advanced in language development

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Babbling is considered to be ______.

answer

play with noise that is not intended to convey meaning

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The babbling of babies living in bilingual homes ______.

answer

is similar to that of babies living in monolingual homes until six months of age when it becomes quite distinct

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Which of the following is the BEST description of overgeneralization?

answer

an infant's use of a word to stand for a broader category of things than it should

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When infants from bilingual homes acquire the meanings of words, they learn ______.

answer

words as if they were part of a single mental dictionary, rarely using words from both languages to describe the same concept or object

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Which of the following MOST accurately describes toddlers' reactions to being read to by adults?

answer

They show interest, help turn pages, and display an understanding of the pacing and intonation of story reading.

question

Which of the following is the BEST example of scaffolding the literacy development in toddlerhood?

answer

providing reading materials in the home or child care center that match the reading preferences of unique families and cultural groups

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Between what ages do children begin to put two words together?

answer

18 and 2 years

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Which are suspected causes of language delay?

answer

poverty, poor health, and minimal brain dysfunction

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Children with language delays in toddlerhood are _____.

answer

often the same children who will be identified as having learning disabilities and other school-related problems later in childhood

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the capacity of an infant to understand or process language

answer

Korean-American and Ugandan parents and infants are more likely to suffer separation anxiety problems than are Euro-American parents.

question

Temperament refers to ______.

answer

an in-born pattern of affective responses to the environment that is present at birth and remains relatively stable into adulthood

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According to Erikson, infancy is characterized by which emotional struggle?

answer

trust versus mistrust

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Babies are found to have less separation and stranger anxiety if ______.

answer

they are exposed to other caregivers, such as extended family members or neighbors

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According to some studies, children who attended child care beginning in infancy are more likely to ______.

answer

exhibit problem behaviors later in school

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Early empathy may vary in children due to ______.

answer

the unique social styles of cultural groups

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Attachment is ______.

answer

a psychological process in which a baby comes to know and form a relationship with a small number of other persons.

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Which of the following would be the BEST attachment intervention to use with parents of Mexican-American and Central-American families?

answer

an informal, open-ended support program which focuses on affective aspects of parenting

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Which of the following is the BEST description of the attachment process described by John Bowlby?

answer

Young babies smile and attend to all people; by four or five months they direct these behaviors mainly to significant caregivers. By six months, they have intense desires to be with these caregivers.

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Which is the MOST accurate description of autonomy in children around the world?

answer

Euro-American and African-American toddlers are more likely to be autonomous; Native-American and Japanese-American toddlers are less likely to be.

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Parents help teach their babies emotions PRIMARILY through their use of ______.

answer

facial expressions

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Which of the following is the BEST description of autonomy, according to Erikson?

answer

an emotional state--opposite from shame and doubt--which is found in young children around the world

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Which infants are MOST likely to have difficulty in becoming attached to their parents?

answer

infants who are malnourished

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According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to ______.

answer

a cognitive phenomenon

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Which of the following adult interactions will foster healthy social and emotional development in infants with special needs?

answer

exaggerated smiling and expressions of delight or concern

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Which group is MOST likely to encourage independence in male toddlers, rather than in female toddlers?

answer

Euro-American families

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Some babies are at greater risk for social and emotional development. These include ______.

answer

both answer choices a and b

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Which of the following is TRUE about attachment and children with special needs?

answer

Children with handicaps--severe or mild--are likely to become attached to parents.

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Piaget was MOST concerned about which aspect of cognitive development?

answer

the process of intellectual development

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Long term memory is ______.

answer

information which is drawn from short term memory and organized into a knowledge base

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Which of the following statements MOST accurately represents Piaget's view about knowledge and learning?

answer

Knowledge is as important as the process by which it is acquired.

question

Children in the primary years ______.

answer

can better regulate and focus their attention

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Which of the following is TRUE about schools around the world?

answer

They vary in teacher-student interactions, behavioral expectations, and level of competition, but are similar in emphasis on evaluation.

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Which of the following is TRUE about Piaget's concrete operational stage?

answer

It begins in the late preschool and early primary years and is characterized by freedom from some cognitive constraints, and continued limitation by others.

question

Some recent research has shown that Piaget ______.

answer

may have underestimated the cognitive competence of primary children

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In playing a math game in which sticks are ordered from longest to shortest, children must use ______.

answer

seriation

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We often assume that children in the primary grades find it easy to understand number tasks when given a series of abstract, mathematical worksheets. In fact, ______.

answer

many children need concrete objects to organize and reorganize as they compute problems found in these worksheets

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School age begins ______.

answer

at 5 to 8 years of age in almost all cultures

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If a bilingual child is new to a dominant-language school, something she probably will NOT do is:

answer

avoid all contact with dominant culture peers.

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Which of the following unusual speech and language behaviors in a 7-year-old child would raise the greatest concern from a speech-language pathologist?

answer

A child is unable to imitate the "p" sound after hearing it spoken by an adult.

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Which of the following helps bilingual children to separate their two mental dictionaries in the primary years?

answer

all of the above.

question

Children in the primary grades:

answer

possess nearly full adult competence in language, but are just beginning to possess a conscious awareness of the process of selecting and using language.

question

Phonemes are: Phonemes are:

answer

individual speech sounds.

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If a bilingual seven-year-old pronounces the speech sounds of English and Spanish flawlessly, she has probably experienced:

answer

simultaneous bilingual learning.

question

answer

use different kinds of language in different contexts.

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At what stage should teachers assume that bilingual children will be able to respond to open-ended questions using full sentences in their second language?

answer

expansion of production stage

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A successive bilingual learner:

answer

may not be able to pronounce or even hear some sounds of a second language.

question

If there are no picture books in their homes, children:

answer

will likely have had experiences with other kinds of print that should be incorporated into the reading program.

question

Which of the following does NOT contribute to cultural differences in stature in the primary years?

answer

cultural differences in activity level

question

Which of the following is TRUE about recess in the primary years?

answer

Recess contributes to attention span in the classroom.

question

Which of the following BEST describes physical changes in the elementary years?

answer

Physical growth slows in pace in the elementary years.

question

In which manner is a seven-year-old MOST likely to throw a ball?

answer

by shifting body weight first to one foot, then transferring it to the other foot as the throw is made

question

Which of the following activities can be observed in the play of children across many different cultures?

answer

all of the above

question

Several factors of contemporary society may impede gross motor development in young children. These factors include ______.

answer

all of the above

question

By the time they reach adolescence, two-thirds of children living in poverty will have ______.

answer

witnessed a homicide.

question

Which of the following is NOT true about primary children in poverty?

answer

All of the above are true of primary children in poverty.

question

Which of the following is the BEST description of a neuron cluster?

answer

a group of neurons responsible for a particular perceptual-motor action

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Poverty is most harmful to physical development in ______.

answer

any age

question

An external locus of control is a belief:

answer

that what happens to a person is due to external forces.

question

Which of the following best describes how 7 year olds view ethnicity and race?

answer

They are aware of the distinct ethnic groups of peers, teachers, and neighbors.

question

As children enter the primary school years, their feelings of competence:

answer

become more closely tied to their actual skill level.

question

Which of the following is a universal criteria for self-evaluation in the primary years in the U.S.?

answer

There are no universal criteria for self-evaluation.

question

How are feelings of competence and social acceptance related in the primary years (ages 4-7)?

answer

These feelings are somewhat unrelated; children can feel competent, but not accepted or accepted, but not competent.

question

Obedience of primary children contributes to feelings of moral self-worth:

answer

n some cultures, but not others, depending on cultural beliefs about obedience.

question

According to Erikson, feelings of inferiority in the primary years can result from:

answer

failure in school.

question

According to Erikson, children who have acquired a sense of initiative will, in the primary years strive:

answer

toward feelings of competence.

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Which of the following is a way that gender is defined in the primary grades?

answer

Gender is defined as a set of expectations for behavior.

question

Peer groups in the primary years:

answer

are organized and include clear role assignments.

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question

In the Middle Ages in Western society, children were ______.

answer

believed to be nonpersons in infancy and little adults by age 7

question

Development is defined as ______.

answer

a process of changing both qualitatively and quantitatively with age

question

Observation:

answer

requires noting and recording facts

question

Which of the following statements BEST describes the process of child development?

answer

Children's knowledge and physical abilities increase and also change qualitatively over time.

question

answer

erroneous assumption that cultural and ethnic differences are deficits

question

Which of the following has NOT been a common family response to the experience of oppression?

answer

a commitment to childhood independence.

question

Socioeconomic status, or SES, is determined by the following factor(s):

answer

all of the above

question

When being observed, young children often change their behavior.

answer

False

question

Observers:

answer

all answers are correct

question

New research has shown that in current-day Western society______.

answer

children are increasingly unhealthy, abused, neglected, poorly educated, and traumatized by community violence

question

Which of the following is NOT a result of the recent standards movement in the United States?

answer

Research findings indicate that, overall, children's motivation to learn and sense of achievement have increased nationwide.

question

During the early child-study movement, which of the following was NOT a limitation of research?

answer

The research included experimental methods which were conducted in artificial laboratories.

question

Piaget believed that young children are egocentric, and new evidence indicates he was right.

answer

False

question

Dangerous neighborhoods have led parents of some cultural groups to ______.

answer

adopt firm and directive parenting practices

question

Early childhood development is defined in the field of education as development ______.

answer

from conception and birth to age eight

question

answer

cultural differences with socioeconomic status

question

answer

question

answer

an understanding of cultural diversity in social development

question

Which description BEST explains the practice of "breaking the will" of children during the Renaissance period in Western society?

answer

Children were believed to be bad at birth, so parents were required to "beat the devil" out of them.

question

Which of the following would NOT be included as part of a case study?

answer

significant research findings

question

The MAIN focus of the very earliest research on children was ______.

answer

describing the course of normal development

question

Observations can help you understand the theories you are studying.

answer

True

question

The ethnic composition of the United States will change dramatically because ______.

answer

question

You are writing a case report about an African American child with autism whose family lives in poverty. The MOST appropriate term to use in describing this child would be ______.

answer

all of the above

question

A case study ______.

answer

provides more description of individual subjects and their lives than anecdotal records

question

A child development theory is ______.

answer

an integrated collection of beliefs about why children behave, think, and feel as they do

question

According to Erikson ______.

answer

each stage of development is characterized by a struggle between polar emotional states

question

Which is the BEST definition of a theory?

answer

a system of beliefs about something

question

The theory of child development that MOST fully addresses societal conditions and informs policy-making and advocacy is ______.

answer

ecological systems theory

question

Social learning theory emphasizes _____.

answer

modeling desirable behavior

question

Behaviorists believe that a child is born as ______.

answer

a blank slate to be filled in by adults and the environment

question

A parent using operant conditioning ______.

answer

shapes children's desirable behavior with reinforcers

question

Vygotsky's theory of human development emphasizes the ______.

answer

important role of language and social interaction in learning

question

Which of the following theorists is NOT a behaviorist?

answer

Jean Piaget

question

Piaget believes that ______.

answer

learning involves the active, internal construction of knowledge by the learner

question

Ecological systems are defined as ______.

answer

all of the settings and institutions--and the interactions among these--which surround and affect the developing child

question

Which theorist is a maturationist?

answer

Arnold Gesell

question

Movement style, activity level, and motor ability ______.

answer

are universal in any child at any age level

question

Southeast Asian children are sometimes shorter in stature because of ______.

answer

both a. and b.

question

Which of the following is recommended for young children with physically challenging conditions in school?

answer

larger-than-usual materials

question

True running is the ability to ______.

answer

Correct run with both feet leaving the ground

question

Which of the following is usually accomplished by the end of the preschool years?

answer

skill in "toddle-running," in which one foot is always touching the ground

question

Movement constancy refers to the ______.

answer

ability to coordinate two or more specific motor skills at one time

question

Which of the following is NOT a motor ability?

answer

none of the above are motor abilities

question

Some patterns of physical and motor development are universal. These patterns include ______.

answer

all of the above

question

Changing body proportions during the preschool years leads to a ______.

answer

lower center of gravity

question

Fine motor development is ______.

answer

the coordination of movement with perception and cognition

question

Which of the following is TRUE of preschool children with mental retardation?

answer

They progress through the same cognitive stages as typically developing children, but do so more slowly.

question

Which of the following is a kind of preschool-age thinking in which children are unable to take the perspectives of others?

answer

egocentric thinking

question

Which statement is TRUE about preschool children's abilities to complete Piagetian tasks?

answer

Minor variations exist in children's performance on these tasks from one cultural group to another.

question

Which of the following is recommended for preschool children with mental retardation?

answer

providing props for simple pretense

question

A preschool child with mental retardation has been enrolled in a child care program. Which adaptation to the classroom environment would be MOST important to support this child's development?

answer

providing a multimodal learning environment--rich in texture and visual and auditory stimulation--which will address sensory-motor needs

question

answer

a child with autism

question

A child mumbles to himself while completing a puzzle in a preschool classroom. Vygotsky would call this ______.

answer

self-directed speech

question

Which of the following is the BEST example of how a "hands-on" activity can be transformed into a "hands-on/minds-on" activity?

answer

Children are pouring at the water table. A teacher asks children to guess how many cupfuls of water will fill up a large bowl.

question

According to Piaget, children in the preschool years ______.

answer

can think about persons or objects that are not present

question

answer

they could talk and socialize with adults and more experienced peers

question

Piaget felt the BEST way for preschool children to learn was through ______.

answer

active manipulation of play materials AND the use of a variety of sensory experiences

question

Which of the following is the BEST explanation of irreversibility?

answer

Children cannot reverse steps in an action or mental process.

question

What is a "hands-on/minds-on" activity?

answer

an activity in which children must think about the objects they are manipulating

question

A child is struggling with a sorting game in a child care center. Which method would Vygotsky recommend for helping the child overcome this challenge?

answer

A teacher invites a competent peer to work with this child on the task.

question

Social pretend play is ______.

answer

group dramatic play that involves some level of social participation

question

Which type of aggression is MOST likely to lead to peer rejection in the preschool years?

answer

unpredictable aggression

question

Which of the following has NOT been found to lead to peer acceptance among Western children?

answer

moderate degree of quietness

question

Which of the following is a peer status which has been identified in preschool groups?

answer

all of the above

question

Parents can avoid promoting feelings of guilt in their children by ______.

answer

avoiding an overly-restrictive environment

question

Developing positive self-concept in children is simply a matter of ______.

answer

None of the above will ensure the child's positive self-concept

question

Within some cultural groups, the assignment of family responsibilities to preschool children ______.

answer

increases altruism

question

Children with challenging conditions are ______.

answer

more or less likely to be rejected or neglected by peers, depending on type and extremity of exceptionality

question

Neglected children are ______.

answer

often quiet, reticent, and nonsocial

question

Children have positive views of self in the preschool years; these decline in the elementary years.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is a common response by popular children to the demands of peers?

answer

They reject demands in a tactful way.

question

During the preschool years, friendships are temporary and fluctuate day-to-day.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is the earliest stage of social participation in the preschool years?

answer

watching peers play

question

Research suggests that bilingual children will acquire social skills most readily in ______.

answer

a school setting with several linguistically-similar peers

question

Which of the following is considered aggression in the preschool years?

answer

tattling

question

A typical human cell contains 14 chromosomes.

answer

Chromosomes are comprised of molecules of DNA, which carry biological information from ancestors.

question

Which pair of chromosomes will cause a human to become a female?

answer

question

Down syndrome is caused by______.

answer

the presence of three number 21 chromosomes

question

There is less controversy over "nature versus nurture" because MOST now believe that _______.

answer

nature and nurturance interact in complex ways to determine development

question

Sickle-cell anemia is _______.

answer

more prevalent among children of African ancestry

question

In prenatal development, MOST major organs of the body are formed during______.

answer

the period of the ovum

question

The period of the fetus is considered______.

answer

a less risky period, but one in which brain growth is rapid and susceptible to environmental hazards

question

Which is NOT true about smoking and children's development?

answer

question

When is the placenta expelled during childbirth?

answer

after the fetus is expelled

question

Natural childbirth is _______.

answer

a new philosophy of birthing that emphasizes comfortable, home-like settings, and a reduction in the use of medication.

question

The period of development from birth to about two weeks is called the ______ period.

answer

neonatal

question

The proximodistal growth gradient refers to ______.

answer

the phenomenal speed of growth in the neonatal period

question

MOST newborns ______.

answer

take one hour naps throughout the day. Each is followed by 15 to 20 minutes of alert activity and eating

question

Which is the BEST explanation for why sleep is important for newborns?

answer

Newborn sleep enhances parent-infant relations by providing a rest period for parents.

question

Which statement is true about Rapid Eye Movement Sleep?

answer

It is a mystery. It exercises the nervous system. It is reduced when babies spend more time awake.

question

Which statement is ACCURATE in regard to adult responses to infant crying?

answer

Mothers and fathers can distinguish among their children's cries of hunger, pain, or anger without external cues.

question

Which of the following is TRUE of parents in ALL cultures when an infant cries?

answer

They all respond.

question

Which is NOT true of breastfeeding?

answer

It provides emotional protection for babies in impoverished societies who are at risk of poor attachment.

question

Reflexes are ______.

answer

involuntary movements built into the newborn nervous system that involve one or several body parts

question

Habituation is a ______.

answer

process by which a baby learns about something and gradually becomes less interested in it

question

Which statement is TRUE about infant olfactory abilities?

answer

Breast-fed babies prefer the smell of their own nursing mothers' breast pads to other odors. These preferences are not found with bottle-fed babies.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about normative charts?

answer

They accurately profile the order in which motor skills are acquired, but are not always a good guide to the pace at which they are acquired.

question

Which statement BEST describes the physical growth of infants in the first year of life?

answer

Their legs and trunk grow rapidly and begin to catch up with the rest of their bodies.

question

Toddlerhood is defined as the period______.

answer

of 18 months and 2 years

question

How are perception and motor development related?

answer

Motor activity is motivated by vision.

question

Which statement is ACCURATE about young infants' sense of touch?

answer

Young infants can differentiate touches to one part of the body from those to another part of the body and can use tactile sensations to learn.

question

Children look at some patterns or objects for longer periods of time. They seem to prefer_____.

answer

patterns over solid shapes reds and blues over yellows curved lines over straight ones

question

A 2- month-old gazes into the eyes of her mother and father. Which is the BEST explanation of this behavior?

answer

The baby has come to recognize her parents as primary caregivers.

question

Myelin is a______.

answer

protective sheath that develops around nerve fibers

question

Which statement BEST describes the auditory discrimination of five-month-olds?

answer

They can distinguish high and low pitched sounds, crying, their own mother's voice, and specific speech sounds and intonation.

question

Cognitive Development refers to ______.

answer

intellectual development

question

The theorist who has provided the MOST thorough description of infant cognitive development is ______.

answer

Jean Piaget

question

Which is the MOST common belief among multicultural scholars about Piaget's theory of infant development?

answer

His theory is generally culture-neutral and applies, for the most part, to children of all societies.

question

Infants can remember ______.

answer

at an early age, can .recollect visual stimuli and actions, and can retain memories over a long period

question

Egocentrism is ______.

answer

a cognitive limitation in which children cannot take others' perspectives

question

Object permanence is a(n) ______.

answer

awareness that objects still exist when they can no longer be seen

question

Which of the following is the stage of infant cognitive development?

answer

sensorimotor period

question

Which of the following does NOT affect infant cognitive development?

answer

unique developmental time clocks poverty cultural experience

question

Babies can understand cause and effect ______.

answer

between about 8 and 12 months

question

Receptive communication is ______.

answer

the capacity of an infant to understand or process language

question

Infants learn words quickly because ______.

answer

their brains develop rapidly

question

The first words babies learn are often ______.

answer

labels for objects

question

Which of the following is TRUE about cultural differences in infant crying?

answer

Infants vary significantly from one culture to another in the frequency of their crying.

question

Infants whose parents respond quickly to their cring ______.

answer

may be somewhat advanced in language development

question

Babbling is considered to be ______.

answer

play with noise that is not intended to convey meaning

question

The babbling of babies living in bilingual homes ______.

answer

is similar to that of babies living in monolingual homes until six months of age when it becomes quite distinct

question

Which of the following is the BEST description of overgeneralization?

answer

an infant's use of a word to stand for a broader category of things than it should

question

When infants from bilingual homes acquire the meanings of words, they learn ______.

answer

words as if they were part of a single mental dictionary, rarely using words from both languages to describe the same concept or object

question

Which of the following MOST accurately describes toddlers' reactions to being read to by adults?

answer

They show interest, help turn pages, and display an understanding of the pacing and intonation of story reading.

question

Which of the following is the BEST example of scaffolding the literacy development in toddlerhood?

answer

providing reading materials in the home or child care center that match the reading preferences of unique families and cultural groups

question

Between what ages do children begin to put two words together?

answer

18 and 2 years

question

Which are suspected causes of language delay?

answer

poverty, poor health, and minimal brain dysfunction

question

Children with language delays in toddlerhood are _____.

answer

often the same children who will be identified as having learning disabilities and other school-related problems later in childhood

question

the capacity of an infant to understand or process language

answer

Korean-American and Ugandan parents and infants are more likely to suffer separation anxiety problems than are Euro-American parents.

question

Temperament refers to ______.

answer

an in-born pattern of affective responses to the environment that is present at birth and remains relatively stable into adulthood

question

According to Erikson, infancy is characterized by which emotional struggle?

answer

trust versus mistrust

question

Babies are found to have less separation and stranger anxiety if ______.

answer

they are exposed to other caregivers, such as extended family members or neighbors

question

According to some studies, children who attended child care beginning in infancy are more likely to ______.

answer

exhibit problem behaviors later in school

question

Early empathy may vary in children due to ______.

answer

the unique social styles of cultural groups

question

Attachment is ______.

answer

a psychological process in which a baby comes to know and form a relationship with a small number of other persons.

question

Which of the following would be the BEST attachment intervention to use with parents of Mexican-American and Central-American families?

answer

an informal, open-ended support program which focuses on affective aspects of parenting

question

Which of the following is the BEST description of the attachment process described by John Bowlby?

answer

Young babies smile and attend to all people; by four or five months they direct these behaviors mainly to significant caregivers. By six months, they have intense desires to be with these caregivers.

question

Which is the MOST accurate description of autonomy in children around the world?

answer

Euro-American and African-American toddlers are more likely to be autonomous; Native-American and Japanese-American toddlers are less likely to be.

question

Parents help teach their babies emotions PRIMARILY through their use of ______.

answer

facial expressions

question

Which of the following is the BEST description of autonomy, according to Erikson?

answer

an emotional state--opposite from shame and doubt--which is found in young children around the world

question

Which infants are MOST likely to have difficulty in becoming attached to their parents?

answer

infants who are malnourished

question

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to ______.

answer

a cognitive phenomenon

question

Which of the following adult interactions will foster healthy social and emotional development in infants with special needs?

answer

exaggerated smiling and expressions of delight or concern

question

Which group is MOST likely to encourage independence in male toddlers, rather than in female toddlers?

answer

Euro-American families

question

Some babies are at greater risk for social and emotional development. These include ______.

answer

both answer choices a and b

question

Which of the following is TRUE about attachment and children with special needs?

answer

Children with handicaps--severe or mild--are likely to become attached to parents.

question

Piaget was MOST concerned about which aspect of cognitive development?

answer

the process of intellectual development

question

Long term memory is ______.

answer

information which is drawn from short term memory and organized into a knowledge base

question

Which of the following statements MOST accurately represents Piaget's view about knowledge and learning?

answer

Knowledge is as important as the process by which it is acquired.

question

Children in the primary years ______.

answer

can better regulate and focus their attention

question

Which of the following is TRUE about schools around the world?

answer

They vary in teacher-student interactions, behavioral expectations, and level of competition, but are similar in emphasis on evaluation.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about Piaget's concrete operational stage?

answer

It begins in the late preschool and early primary years and is characterized by freedom from some cognitive constraints, and continued limitation by others.

question

Some recent research has shown that Piaget ______.

answer

may have underestimated the cognitive competence of primary children

question

In playing a math game in which sticks are ordered from longest to shortest, children must use ______.

answer

seriation

question

We often assume that children in the primary grades find it easy to understand number tasks when given a series of abstract, mathematical worksheets. In fact, ______.

answer

many children need concrete objects to organize and reorganize as they compute problems found in these worksheets

question

School age begins ______.

answer

at 5 to 8 years of age in almost all cultures

question

If a bilingual child is new to a dominant-language school, something she probably will NOT do is:

answer

avoid all contact with dominant culture peers.

question

Which of the following unusual speech and language behaviors in a 7-year-old child would raise the greatest concern from a speech-language pathologist?

answer

A child is unable to imitate the "p" sound after hearing it spoken by an adult.

question

Which of the following helps bilingual children to separate their two mental dictionaries in the primary years?

answer

all of the above.

question

Children in the primary grades:

answer

possess nearly full adult competence in language, but are just beginning to possess a conscious awareness of the process of selecting and using language.

question

Phonemes are: Phonemes are:

answer

individual speech sounds.

question

If a bilingual seven-year-old pronounces the speech sounds of English and Spanish flawlessly, she has probably experienced:

answer

simultaneous bilingual learning.

question

answer

use different kinds of language in different contexts.

question

At what stage should teachers assume that bilingual children will be able to respond to open-ended questions using full sentences in their second language?

answer

expansion of production stage

question

A successive bilingual learner:

answer

may not be able to pronounce or even hear some sounds of a second language.

question

If there are no picture books in their homes, children:

answer

will likely have had experiences with other kinds of print that should be incorporated into the reading program.

question

Which of the following does NOT contribute to cultural differences in stature in the primary years?

answer

cultural differences in activity level

question

Which of the following is TRUE about recess in the primary years?

answer

Recess contributes to attention span in the classroom.

question

Which of the following BEST describes physical changes in the elementary years?

answer

Physical growth slows in pace in the elementary years.

question

In which manner is a seven-year-old MOST likely to throw a ball?

answer

by shifting body weight first to one foot, then transferring it to the other foot as the throw is made

question

Which of the following activities can be observed in the play of children across many different cultures?

answer

all of the above

question

Several factors of contemporary society may impede gross motor development in young children. These factors include ______.

answer

all of the above

question

By the time they reach adolescence, two-thirds of children living in poverty will have ______.

answer

witnessed a homicide.

question

Which of the following is NOT true about primary children in poverty?

answer

All of the above are true of primary children in poverty.

question

Which of the following is the BEST description of a neuron cluster?

answer

a group of neurons responsible for a particular perceptual-motor action

question

Poverty is most harmful to physical development in ______.

answer

any age

question

An external locus of control is a belief:

answer

that what happens to a person is due to external forces.

question

Which of the following best describes how 7 year olds view ethnicity and race?

answer

They are aware of the distinct ethnic groups of peers, teachers, and neighbors.

question

As children enter the primary school years, their feelings of competence:

answer

become more closely tied to their actual skill level.

question

Which of the following is a universal criteria for self-evaluation in the primary years in the U.S.?

answer

There are no universal criteria for self-evaluation.

question

How are feelings of competence and social acceptance related in the primary years (ages 4-7)?

answer

These feelings are somewhat unrelated; children can feel competent, but not accepted or accepted, but not competent.

question

Obedience of primary children contributes to feelings of moral self-worth:

answer

n some cultures, but not others, depending on cultural beliefs about obedience.

question

According to Erikson, feelings of inferiority in the primary years can result from:

answer

failure in school.

question

According to Erikson, children who have acquired a sense of initiative will, in the primary years strive:

answer

toward feelings of competence.

question

Which of the following is a way that gender is defined in the primary grades?

answer

Gender is defined as a set of expectations for behavior.

question

Peer groups in the primary years:

answer

are organized and include clear role assignments.

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