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learning that persists over time indicates the existence of ___________________ for that learning

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memory

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memories for surprising, significant moments that are especially clear are called _________________ memories

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flashbulb

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human memory and computer memory can be viewed as

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information processing

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__________________ performs encoding, storage, and retrieval

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information processing

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classic model of memory

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three stage processing

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according to three stage processing model information is first recorded as a fleeting

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sensory memory

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after sensory memory it is processed into

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short term memory

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after sensory memory is processed into short term it is _______________ through rehearsal

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encoded

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short term memory is encoded into

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long term memory

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focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information

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working memory

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subsystems of working memory

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auditory and visual spacial

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working memory subsystems are coordinated by _________________ with the help of an _____________ processor

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central executive processor and episodic

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area of the brain active during complex thinking

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frontal lobe

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area of the brain active when auditory and visual information is in working memory

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parietal and temporal lobes

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encoding that does not require conscious attention or effort

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automatic processing

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encoding that requires attention and effort is called

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effortful processing

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_____________ boosts memory

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rehearsal

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pioneering researcher in verbal memory

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ebbinghaus

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______________ increases retention

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overlearning/ repetition

question

having difficulty remembering the most recent word said

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next in line effect

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distributed rehearsal is more effective for retention

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spacing effect

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tendency to remember the first and last items in a list is called

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serial position effect

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following a delay the first items are remembered ___________ than last items

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better

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encoding the meaning of words

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semantic encoding

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encoding by sound

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acoustic encoding

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encoding the image of words

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visual encoding

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memory is best with

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semantic encoding

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recall of information that relates to ourselves is called

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self reference

question

imagery is highly memorable and aids

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effortful processing

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memory for concrete nouns is facilitated when we encode them

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semantically and visually

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tendency to recall high points of pleasurable events illustrates

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rosy retrospection

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memory aids are known as

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mnemonic devices

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mnemonic device that forms association between a familiar series of locations and to be remembered words is called

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method of loci

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using a jingle is an example of the

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peg word system

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memory may be aided by grouping information into groups called

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chunks

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materials are processed into _____________________ which are composed of a few broad concepts divided into lesser concepts, categories, and facts

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hierarchies

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stimuli from the environment are first recorded in

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sensory memory

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people have a brief ______________ memory lasting a few tenths of a second

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iconic

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sensory memory for sounds

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echoic memory

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echoic memory fades ________ rapidly than photographic lasting for 3 or 4 seconds

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less

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without ________________ short term memory is inhibited

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rehearsal and active processing

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short term memory capacity

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seven chunks of info

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short term memory capacity was discovered by

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George Miller

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short term memory is better for

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digits

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memory for information we hear is ____________ than information we see

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better

question

short term recall is roughly as many words as one can speak in ____________________

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2 seconds

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the capacity of permanent memory is

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unlimited

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who electrically stimulated patients in a study that did not provide reliable evidence that our stored memories are precise and durable

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penfield

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who attempted to locate memory by cutting out pieces of rats' cortexes after they had learned a maze and concluded that no matter where he cut they would still remember

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karl lashley

question

forgetting occurs because

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new experiences interfere

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physical memory trace __________ over time

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decays

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memory involves the strengthening of neural connection at the _______________ between neurons

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synapses

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Kandel and Schwartz discovered that when learning occurs in the sea snail the neurotransmitter ____________________ is released in greater amounts making synapses more efficient

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serotonin

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after learning has occurred, a sending neuron needs ________ prompting to fire and the number of ________________________ may increase this is called:

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less/ receptor sites/ long term potentiation

question

blocking long term potentiation with _________ or genetic engineering can cause an absence of an enzyme and interfere with learning

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drugs

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when given a drug that enhances ___________ rats learn a maze faster

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LTP

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drugs that boost production of protein ___________ or neurotransmitter _______________ may enhance memory

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CREB and glutamate

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after LTP, electric current ______________ disrupt old memories and ______________ wipe out recent experiences

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will not/ will

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hormones released when excited or stressed _________________ learning and memory

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facilitate

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2 emotion processing clusters in the ___________________ in the brain's limbic system increase activity in memory forming areas

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amygdala

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drugs that block the effects of stress hormones _____________ memories of emotional events

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facilitate

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prolonged stress can cause a vital area for laying down memories to shrink

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hippocampus

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loss of memory

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amnesia

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is there a single unified system of memory

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no

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capacity for learning

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implicit memory

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amnesia victims have not lost their implicit memory; however, they do have trouble declaring their memory suggesting a deficit in their:

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explicit memory

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amnesia patients have typically suffered damage to the

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hippocampus of their limbic system

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the hippocampus is important to the processing and storage of

answer

explicit memory

question

damage to the left of the hippocampus impairs

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verbal memory

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damage to the right of the hippocampus impairs memory for

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visual designs and locations

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damage to the rear of the hippocampus impairs

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spatial memory

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memories are temporarily stored in the

answer

hippocampus

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hippocampus is active during ___________________ while processing memories

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slow wave sleep

question

recalling memory activates the

answer

frontal and temporal lobes

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cerebellum is important in processing of _________________ memories

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implicit

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damage to the cerebellum prevents

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eye blink conditioning

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damage to the amygdala prevents _____________ meaning it is important to the formation of implicit memories

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fear conditioning

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dual explicit implicit memory explains

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infantile amnesia

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we don't have explicit memories of our first 3 years because the : is one of the last to mature

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hippocampus

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ability to receive information not in conscious awareness

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recall

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easier to learn something if you have already ___________________ it

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learned

question

process by which associations can lead to retrieval is

answer

priming

question

best retrieval cues come from the associations at the time we ________________ a memory

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encode

question

retention is best when learning and testing are done in _______________ contexts

answer

the same

question

memory in which emotions serve as retrieval cues

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state dependent

question

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current emotional state are

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mood congruent

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people who are depressed view their parents as

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rejecting, punitive, and guilt promoting

question

people who have recovered from depression view their parents the same as people who

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have never been depressed

question

moods can influence how we ______________ other people's behavior

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interpret

question

without the ability to ___________ we would constantly be overwhelmed by information

answer

forget

question

schacter identified the seven sins of memory into 3 categories:

answer

the three sins of forgetting, distortion, and intrusion

question

first type of forgetting is caused by

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encoding failure

question

_________________ results because some of the information we sense never actually enters the memory system

answer

encoding failure

question

age related memory decline is because the brain areas responsible for encoding are _______________ responsive in older adults

answer

less

question

most forgetting occurs _________ after the material is learned, this is called: and is caused by:

answer

soon/ storage decay/ the fading of physical memory trace

question

if we simultaneously learn similar new material memories can be lost due to

answer

interference

question

the effect of previous learning on current learning is called

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proactive interference

question

the disruptive effect of learning new material on efforts to recall material previously learned is called

answer

retroactive interference

question

old info facilitates our learning of new information

answer

postive transfer

question

motivated forgetting or ________________________ may protect a person from painful memories

answer

repression

question

recall of events is often influenced by past experiences and present assumptions. this illustrates the process of memory

answer

construction

question

when witnesses to an event receive misleading information about it, they experience ________________________ and misremember the event

answer

misinformation effect

question

false memories can be created when people are induced to imagine nonexistent events, they later experience

answer

imagination inflation

question

what is found at the heart of many false memories

answer

source amnesia

question

source amnesia occurs when we

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misattribute an event to the wrong source

question

researchers compare memories to perceptions to note how people's initial ____________________ of events influence their memories

answer

interpretations

question

real memories have more

answer

details

question

gist memories are more

answer

durable

question

memory construction explains why what is inaccurate

answer

hypnosis

question

memories of events before age _______ are unreliable, this is called

answer

3/ infantile amnesia

question

memory is best understood as a cognitive and biological event as well as a

answer

social cultural phenomenon

question

SQ3R =

answer

survey, question, read, rehearse, review

question

motivated forgetting

answer

repression

question

sensory memories of auditory stimuli

answer

echoic

question

encoding of information according to its meaning

answer

semantic

question

activating associations in order to retrieve a specific memory

answer

priming

question

mental picutres

answer

imagery

question

believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory

answer

LTP

question

visual sensory memory

answer

iconic

question

unusually vivid memory of an emotionally important moment

answer

flashbulb

question

measure of retention that requires identifying previously learned material

answer

repression

question

immediate, initial recording of information in memory

answer

sensory

question

eyewitnesses incorporate misleading info into their memories

answer

misinformation

question

processing that requires attention and work

answer

effortful

question

type of memory of skills, preferences, and dispositions

answer

implicit

question

encoding of info into memory according to its sound

answer

acoustic

question

unconscious encoding of incidental information into memory

answer

automatic

question

old knowledge interferes with new

answer

proactive interference

question

permanent memory that is unlimited in capacity

answer

long term memory

question

encoding that uses imagery to process information into memory

answer

visual

question

false sense of having already experienced a situation

answer

deja vu

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