question

How might protective optimism lead to a child's acquisition of new skills and competencies?

answer

By age 3 autonomy is transformed to become initiative, as children act on their eagerness to learn new skills. They also develop self concept. Protective optimism encourages children to try unfamiliar activities, make friends, begin school, and so on. The same is true for mastering skills: They learn to pour juice, zip pants, and climb trees. Faith in themselves helps them persist.

question

What is an example of an intrinsic motivation motivation and an extrinsic motivation for reading a book?

answer

Intrinsic: You may read a book because it is what you love to do. It pleases or interests you. Extrinsic: You may read because it is required for you to pass an exam.

question

What is the connection between psychopathology and emotional regulation?

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Impaired emotional regulation universally signals mental imbalance. Undercontrol produces externalizing behavior, and overcontrol produces internalizing behavior.

question

In what ways might playing with peers teach emotional regulation, empathy, and cultural understanding?

answer

They know how to join a peer group, manage conflict, take turns, find friends, and keep playmates. This social play/interaction is what teaches children emotional regulation, empathy, and cultural understanding.

question

Hoes does culture affect the development of social play?

answer

All young children play. Everywhere, play is the prime activity. Basic play is similar in every culture, such as throwing and catching; pretending to be adults; drawing with chalk, markers, sticks, or what you have. Some cultures fly kites, tell dreams and stories, pretend to be animals, hunt, do chores, etc.

question

Why might children's muscle strength and control devel better when playing with peers than when playing alone?

answer

Peers provide an audience, role models, and sometimes competition. For instance, running skills develop best when children chase or race each other, not when a child runs alone. Gross motor play is favored (climbing, kicking, and tumbling)

question

What do children learn from rough-and-tumble play?

answer

It helps the prefrontal cortex develop. It helps children learn to regulate emotions, practice social skills, and strengthen their bodies.

question

What do children learn from sociodramatic play?

answer

They learn to explore and rehearse social roles, explain their ideas and persuade playmates, practice emotional regulation by pretending to be afraid, angry, brave, and so on, develop self-concept in a nonthreatening context. It allows children to advance their theory of mind.

question

Which parenting style seems to promote the happiest, most successful children?

answer

Authoritative (expressing warmth and setting guidelines)

question

Why do American childhood professionals advise limitations on electronic media for young children?

answer

The problems that arise from this exposure include increased aggression and less creative play. In addition, time spent with media is time taken away from more productive activities.

question

What does psychoanalytic theory say about the origins of sex differences and gender roles.

answer

According to Freud, the phallic stage (penis) is the stage boys and girls become more aware of themselves and their genitals, especially boys. Boys go through the Oedipus complex and Girls the Electra Complex (these are where the origins of sex differences and gender roles came about). They go through identification as well. They use sex-specific labels. They become aware of gender differences in clothes, toys, playmates, and future careers, and typically more gender stereotyped than their parents.

question

What do behaviorists say about the origins of sex differences and gender roles?

answer

Behaviorists hold that gender-related behaviors are learned through reinforcement and punishment (especially for males) and social modeling. Parents are crucial teachers of gender roles.

question

How do evolutionary theory explain why children follow gender norms?

answer

Evolutionary contends that sex and gender differences are crucial for the survival and reproduction of the species.

question

What did Piaget believe about the moral development of children?

answer

For preoperational children, appearance is crucial. When they see men and women style their hair, use makeup, and wear clothes in distinct, gender-typed ways, static preoperational thinking makes them conclude that what they see is permanent, irreversible. They form gender schemas.

question

How might evolutionary theory explain moral development?

answer

Both nature and nurture play a role in moral development, which is intertwined with emotional regulation and the emergence of empathy. Moral development includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.

question

What is the nature perspective on how people develop morals? What is the nurture perspective?

answer

- The nature perspective suggests that morality is genetic, an outgrowth of natural bonding, attachment, and cognitive maturation. - To survive, people need to rely on each other. - The nurture perspective contends that culture is crucial to the development of morality.

question

How might children develop empathy and antipathy as they play with one another?

answer

With increasing social experiences and decreasing egocentrism, children develop empathy and antipathy. Children may become aware of prosocial behavior from parents helping their children become aware of emotions. With more social experiences and with guidance children learn to balance giving and taking.

question

What is the connection between empathy and prosocial behavior?

answer

Empathy, the ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, leads to prosocial behavior--extending helpfulness and kindness without any obvious benefit to oneself. Expressing concern, offering to share, and including a shy child in a game or conversation are examples of prosocial behavior among young children.

question

What are the four kinds of aggression?

answer

Instrumental, Reactive, Relational, and Bullying

question

How does moral development relate to discipline?

answer

Adults guide children toward good behavior and internalized standards of morality so that children always behave well. Misbehavior cannot always be prevented though and that is when different forms of discipline are used.

question

Why have many nations made corporal punishment illegal?

answer

It is considered a violation of their rights. Also, children who are physically punished are more likely to become bullies, delinquents, and then abusive adults.

question

How might a parent use time-out as an effective form of discipline?

answer

Time-outs don't include physical punishment. An adult just simply places a child in a separated area (without toys or playmates) for a certain amount of time. An increase in time-outs implies a sign of improved parental discipline.

question

What are the benefits of induction as a form of discipline? What are its challenges?

answer

Parents listen as children articulate their emotions and then encourage the children to imagine what they might have done instead of what they did do. Such conversation helps children internalize standards but it takes time and patience.

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- Ability to control when and how emotions are expressed. - Related to maturity of connections between limbic system and prefrontal cortex.

answer

Emotional Regulation

question

Ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination - Requires practice, maturation, and work.

answer

Effortful control.

question

When does the process of learning to regulate emotion start?

answer

From ages 3 to 5

question

Erikson's third developmental stage, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.

answer

Initiative versus Guilt

question

What may be a reason a child won't learn emotional regulation?

answer

If the parent ignores them rather than guide their emotions.

question

A stage often characterized by stubbornness and nicknamed the "terrible twos"

answer

Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Ages 1 and 2

question

What age are children in the Initiative vs Guilt stage?

answer

3 to 5

question

A person's understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits. - Connected to protective optimism

answer

Self-concept

question

- Encourages children to try unfamiliar activities and master skills. - Faith that children have - Children are not realistic

answer

Protective optimism

question

Why does the capacity for self-control improve? Why does social awareness and self-concept become stronger?

answer

Because of myelination of the limbic system, growth of the prefrontal cortex, and a longer attention span

question

What makes children less likely to throw tantrums, provoke attacks, or giggle during prayer? What age?

answer

Neurological advances in the prefrontal cortex at about age 4 or 5

question

The impulse that propels someone to act - comes either from a person's own desires or from the social context.

answer

Motivation

question

What is intrinsic motivation?

answer

It comes from inside.. - A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the desire to feel smart or competent

question

What is extrinsic motivation?

answer

Arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person's esteem.

question

Make-believe friends who exist only in a child's imagination; increasingly common from ages 3 through 7. They combat loneliness and aid emotional regulation.

answer

Imaginary Friends

question

What is a sign of psychopathology?

answer

Lack of emotional regulation

question

an illness of the mind, or psyche.

answer

Psychopathology

question

difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking thing.

answer

Externalizing problems

question

difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless.

answer

Internalizing problems?

question

Boy/Girls Internalize/Externalize more.

answer

Boys externalize more often (aggressive). Girls internalize more often (anxious).

question

Undercontrol of emotional regulations leads to what?

answer

externalizing problems

question

Overcontrol of emotional regulations leads to what?

answer

internalizing problems

question

Externalizing problems and internalizing problems are more common in who?

answer

3 year olds

question

Play is experience-__

answer

Expectant

question

__ provide practice in emotional regulation, empathy, and social understanding. (Who?)

answer

Playmates

question

__ are people of about the same age and social status

answer

Peers

question

A child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby.

answer

Solitary play

question

A child watches other children play

answer

Onlooker play

question

Children play with similar objects in similar ways, but not together.

answer

Parallel play

question

Children interact, sharing material but their play is not mutual or reciprocal... One may say, "I'll be mommy and you be baby." The other may say "I'll go to work and you be auntie."

answer

Associative play

question

Children play together, creating dramas or taking turns

answer

Cooperative play

question

Who developed the five types of social play?

answer

Mildred Parten

question

• Mimics aggression, but with no intention for harm • Is particularly common among young males • Advances children's social understanding • May positively affect prefrontal cortex development

answer

Rough-and-tumble play

question

Explore and rehearse the social roles • Test their ability to explain • Practice regulating their emotions • Develop a self-concept • Create gender-related play themes

answer

Sociodramatic play

question

Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create

answer

Sociodramatic play

question

Name the four important dimensions of caregiver styles

answer

Expression of warmth, Strategies for discipline, Communication, Expectations for Maturity

question

some parents are warm and affectionate; others cold and critical

answer

Expression of warmth

question

parents vary in how they explain, criticize, persuade, and punish

answer

Strategies for discipline

question

Some parents listen patiently; others demand silence

answer

Communication

question

Parents vary in expectations for responsibility and self-control

answer

Expectations for maturity

question

- Word is law, not to be questioned. - Misconduct brings strict punishment, usually physical - Clear rules and high standards - Don't expect children to offer opinions - Discussions about emotions are rare (High behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication)

answer

Authoritarian

question

- Also called indulgent - make few demands - little discipline - low expectations for maturity - nurturing and accepting - listens to whatever their child says, even if it is profanity or criticism (High nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control)

answer

Permissive

question

- Set limits but are flexible - encourage maturity - usually listen and forgive (not punish) if the child falls short - consider themselves guides, not authorities - not friends (Parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children)

answer

Authoritative

question

- seem not to care about their children's behavior - Parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives.

answer

Neglectful/uninvolved

question

What is the difference between a permissive parent and a neglectful/uninvolved one?

answer

A permissive parent actually cares. A neglectful one does not.

question

Become conscientious, obedient, and quiet but guilty or depressed • Rebel as adolescents and leave home before age 20 These are children of which type of parenting style?

answer

Authoritarian

question

Are immature, lack self-control and adequate emotional regulation • Friendships are few and unstable • In early adulthood, still dependent on parents These are children of which type of parenting style?

answer

Permissive

question

Are successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others • Are well-liked by teachers and peers These are children of which type of parenting style?

answer

Authoritative

question

Are immature, sad, lonely • Are at increased risk for injury and abuse, throughout life These are children of which type of parenting style?

answer

Neglectful/uninvolved

question

What are some problems with Baumrind's Styles?

answer

- Her participants were not diverse in SES, ethnicity, or culture. - She focused more on adult attitudes than on adult actions - She overlooked children's temperamental differences - She did not recognize that some "authoritarian" parents are also affectionate. - She did not realize that some "permissive" parents provide extensive verbal guidance.

question

At what age do children apply gender labels?

answer

2

question

By what age are children convinced that certain toys and roles are "best suited" for one sex or the other?

answer

4

question

Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body type

answer

sex differences

question

Differences in the roles and behaviors of males and females that are prescribed by the culture

answer

Gender differences

question

Concepts of gendered behavior are affected by many aspects of biology and culture, changing as humans grow older

answer

Dynamic-systems theory

question

Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

answer

Phallic stage

question

The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's romantic love.

answer

Oedipus complex

question

In psychoanalytic theory, the judgemental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.

answer

superego

question

The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

answer

Electra Complex

question

An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else. - try to become like the same-sex parent

answer

identification

question

Product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment • Learned through all roles, values, and morals

answer

Behaviorism

question

Children notice the ways men and women behave and internalize the standards they observe.

answer

Social learning theory

question

Child's cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences • Based on his or her observations and experiences • Young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either male or female, and then they think and behave accordingly.

answer

Gender schema/Cognitive theory

question

Stresses the importance of cultural values and customs

answer

Sociocultural theory

question

• Stresses the hierarchy of needs, beginning with survival, then safety, then love and belonging • Suggests children increasingly prefer to play with boys or girls because humans are social beings who want to be validated for who they are

answer

Humanism

question

Holds that sexual attraction is crucial for humankind's most basic urge, to reproduce • Suggests young boys and girls practice becoming attractive to the other sex so they will be ready after puberty to find each other and ensure extension of the next generation

answer

Evolutionary theory

question

__ is multifaceted and includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral components. (What?)

answer

Morality

question

Suggests that morality is genetic, an outgrowth of natural cognitive maturation

answer

Nature perspective

question

Contends that culture is crucial to the development of morality

answer

Nurture perspective

question

Extending helpfulness and kindness without any obvious benefit to oneself

answer

Prosocial behavior

question

Understanding the emotions and concerns of another person

answer

Empathy

question

Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

answer

Antisocial behavior

question

Hurtful behavior intended to get something that another person has and to keep it

answer

Instrumental Aggression

question

n impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical

answer

Reactive Aggression

question

Nonphysical acts aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people

answer

Relational Aggression

question

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack

answer

Bullying Aggression

question

What affects the way children respond to discipline?

answer

Adults' values, temperament, experiences, and culture affect their responses when their children misbehave.

question

Punishment that physically hurts the body, such as slapping, spanking • Increases obedience temporarily, but increases the possibility of later bullying, delinquency, and abusive behavior. • Correlates with delayed theory of mind and lower educational achievement

answer

Corporal punishment

question

Disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support • Relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents

answer

Psychological Control

question

What are some downsides of psychological control?

answer

Depressed child achievement, creativity, social acceptance • Increased relational aggression

question

Disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and activities for a specified time

answer

Time-out

question

When parents talk extensively with the offender, helping the child understand why his or her behavior was wrong. Ideally parents listen as children articulate their emotions and then encourage the child to imagine what they might have done instead of what they did do.

answer

Induction

question

Does spanking help?

answer

Spanking only temporarily helps. They will return to that same behavior later.

question

What are some problems with spanking?

answer

Not only the attitudes but also the emotions of the adult. Angry spankers may become abusive. Another problem is the child's thoughts, as he or she may not understand the reasoning behind the spanking.

question

What is one problem with time-outs?

answer

It may benefit some but for others it only produces an angry child without changing the child's behavior.

question

What happens to children who are disciplined with psychological control?

answer

Slow willingness to learn because they want to please their parents. Depressed, anxious and relationally aggressive children.

Chapter 10 EArly Childhood: Psychosocial Development – Flashcards

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