question

A historical term meant to belittle and vilify "mixed" marriages is:

answer

miscegenation

question

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups are referred to as:

answer

racism

question

What is described in the text as "an invisible package of unearned assets" that are the legacy of generations of racial discrimination?

answer

white privilege

question

The way people actually look is the result of their genetic traits and the environment they live in. This is known as their:

answer

phenotype

question

What is another name for the "one drop rule" that is used for determining race?

answer

hypodescent

question

Which term refers to laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery?

answer

jim crow

question

The process that preserves an organism through a chemical process that turns it partially or wholly into rock is called:

answer

fossilization

question

Around 15,000 yBP, modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to:

answer

North and South America

question

Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called:

answer

cultural adaptations

question

A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring are called a:

answer

kinship group

question

Gene migration is defined as:

answer

exchange of genes between populations.

question

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n):

answer

ethnicity

question

How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?

answer

never

question

The process though which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as:

answer

multiculturalism

question

What term was used in the past to describe a group of people but now refers to a country?

answer

nation

question

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of:

answer

imagined community

question

The process by which minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups is known as:

answer

assimilation

question

Early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying:

answer

the underlying roots of universal male dominance.

question

Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:

answer

is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.

question

Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that:

answer

masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.

question

Ida Susser's initial research focused on:

answer

social change in Brooklyn (New York City).

question

The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:

answer

women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.

question

Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis of biological sexual identity identifies:

answer

five sexes, including intersexuals.

question

In the United States, ________ are those most subject to nonfatal intimate partner violence.

answer

women between the ages of twenty and twenty-four

question

Gender ideology is defined as:

answer

a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.

question

The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called:

answer

enculturation

question

Among the eight UN Millennial Goals, one that highlights gender issues specifically is to:

answer

promote gender equality and empower women.

question

________ is gender identity displayed through action

answer

performance

question

Inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, and access to resources, coupled with poor health that impacts victims' lives in painful ways, are known as:

answer

structured gender violence

question

The phrases "boys will be boys" and "it's a girls' thing" reflect gender:

answer

stereotypes

question

Which of the following does NOT fit in the definition of sexuality in the text?

answer

the public display of wealth to gain community status

question

The "wedding industry" is which of the following?

answer

the network of commercial activities and social institutions that market weddings in the United States

question

Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey's study on human sexuality revealed which of the following?

answer

a continuum of sexual behavior

question

Under the rules of machismo, the machista is considered:

answer

a manly man

question

Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women in Paramaribo, Suriname, are called:

answer

mati

question

The lives of European women living in the colonies were restricted in all EXCEPT which of the following gender-specific ways?

answer

religious

question

Heterosexuality in the United States:

answer

is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm.

question

Which of the following builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin?

answer

marriage

question

Kinship includes:

answer

biological descent and marriage alliances, but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin.

question

Which of the following types of marriage consists of one individual married to one other individual only (most commonly one man married to one woman)?

answer

monogamy

question

A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?

answer

father's

question

Looking cross-culturally, anthropologists argue that:

answer

definitions of marriage have been made universal by globalization.

question

Which of the following statements about kinship is true?

answer

Kinship is the system that determines who is related to whom in a given society.

question

The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations:

answer

between parents and children and siblings.

question

Clans that do not permit marriages within the group are considered:

answer

exogamous

question

Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman's egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory?

answer

in vitro fertilization

question

Which of the following is a descent group that is constructed through the mother's side of the family?

answer

matrilineal

question

Which of the following are the two primary forms of gift exchange that formalize and legalize marriages, while establishing a relationship tie or alliance between kinship groups?

answer

bridewealth and dowry

question

Cousins who are children of a mother's brother or father's sister are considered which type of cousins?

answer

cross-cousins

question

The process of adoption:

answer

provides further evidence that kinship is constructed rather than biologically inherited.

question

The process by which an individual, whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death, remarries another individual is commonly called:

answer

serial monogamy

question

The most effective strategy humans have developed to form stable, reliable, separate, and deeply connected groups that can last over time and through generations is termed:

answer

kinship

question

Ida Susser's approach to research on HIV prevention in South Africa exemplifies:

answer

engaged anthropology.

question

By studying the "fag discourse" in US schools, anthropologists have learned that:

answer

girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.

question

The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is:

answer

two-spirits

question

Studies of physical differences indicate that:

answer

human male and female bodies are more similar than different.

question

Which of the following factors would a cultural constructionist consider studying when investigating human sexuality?

answer

a Christian dating forum

question

Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:

answer

white european man

question

In Kano, Nigeria, Rudolf Gaudio found that the code term for men who have sex with other men is:

answer

masu harka.

question

Individuals learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families in a process termed:

answer

enculturation

question

Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to ensure reproduction of which of the following?

answer

the next generation

question

Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?

answer

arranged

question

Enculturation that takes place within a family shapes individuals' lives:

answer

outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.

question

________is a gift exchange practice that helps stabilize a marriage by establishing a vested interest for both the groom's and bride's extended families in the success of the marriage.

answer

Bridewealth

question

Which of the following commonly creates socially recognized relationships that may involve physical and emotional intimacy, sexual pleasure, reproduction and raising of children, mutual support and companionship, and shared legal rights to property and inheritance?

answer

marriage

question

Early anthropologists identified how many primary systems used to classify relatives in the parental generation, including the bifurcate merging system?

answer

four

question

Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as:

answer

cognatic descent groups.

question

Changing patterns over time demonstrate that marriage, family, and kinship are cultural:

answer

constructs

question

One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:

answer

descent

question

deep time

answer

framework for considering the span of human history within the much larger age of universe and earth

question

the Mitochondrial Eve study

answer

lineage can be traced back to single common female ancestor

question

The four principles to evolution

answer

Mutation, Genetic Migration. Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow

question

global migration

answer

human beings, largely through their use of culture (particularly material culture) have expanded to all corners of the globe. No other species has been able to do that.

question

A vitally necessary nutrient for healthy bone growth:

answer

vitamin D

question

melanocytes

answer

a mature melanin-forming cell, typically in the skin.

question

For a chief in a ranked society, his or her rank and status are reinforced through reciprocity and:

answer

generosity

question

Which of the following is defined as the act of gift giving within a ranked society that serves as a form of sharing accumulated wealth and enhancing the chief's prestige?

answer

redistribution

question

The work of which of the following more recent theorists has led anthropologists to reexamine class by analyzing the deep connections between class, race, and gender?

answer

Leith Mullings

question

According to Max Weber, the reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups are called:

answer

prestige

question

Categories found within a class system serve as a basis for unequal access to which of the following?

answer

status

question

Globalization has produced unprecedented opportunities for the creation of wealth:

answer

but it has also produced widespread poverty worldwide.

question

Anthropologists such as Setha Low have demonstrated that class is largely invisible in the United States due to which of the following actions carried out by portions of the population?

answer

voluntary isolation

question

In India's caste system, the population is divided into how many different castes, or varna?

answer

four

question

The movement of one's class position-whether upward or downward-in stratified societies is called:

answer

social mobility

question

Which of the following is the term used to describe a framework for analyzing many factors that determine how class is lived rather than examining class in isolation?

answer

intersectionality

question

In ranked societies, the social rank of each member of the society is determined by:

answer

heredity

question

Systems of class and inequality:

answer

create an unequal distribution of a society's resources.

question

The total value of what someone owns-including stocks, bonds, and real estate-minus any debt, such as a mortgage, student educational loans, or credit card debt, is considered:

answer

wealth

question

The unequal distribution of a society's resources within a class system typically:

answer

involves moving surpluses steadily upward into the hands of the elite.

question

Stratification and inequality became:

answer

more pronounced in industrialized capitalist economies over recent centuries, resulting in the concentration of wealth in the hands of fewer people.

question

social patterns entrenched in hierarchy and stratification have emerged:

answer

mostly in societies with a strong principle of reciprocity

question

which of the following statements is true?

answer

wealth in the United States is even more unevenly distributed than income, and the gap continues to widen

question

which of the following is defined as a closed system of social stratification in which members are organized into hierarchy ranked groups with unequal access to rewards and privileges based on ascribed status?

answer

caste

question

archaeological evidence suggests that hierarchy, violence, and aggression:

answer

emerged relatively recent in human history

question

since the mid- 1970's, class inequality in the United States has:

answer

increased due to decreasing tax rates for the wealthy and stagnating salaries for the middle class

question

according to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned the means of:

answer

production

question

societies in which prestige and status are stratified but wealth is not are considered:

answer

ranked

question

a marginalized group outside of India's primary castes who are typically assigned the most spiritually polluting work and are deemed "untouchable" by the general population are there:

answer

Dalits

question

efforts to establish more egalitarian systems of economic and social relations within highly stratified societies include which of the following communities?

answer

hutterite

question

Max Weber referred to the opportunities that individuals have to improve their quality of life and realize their life goals as:

answer

life chances

question

Karl Marx examined social inequality by distinguishing between which two distinct classes of people?

answer

bourgeoisie and proletariat

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