Chapter 7- Psychical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood - Flashcards

Q: Her pediatrician has just told Sandra that her 4-year-old son, Manuel, has gained 6 pounds in the last year. Sandra should:

d. be content that this is normal for Manuel\'s age.

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The Reggio Emilia approach is an:

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b. educational program for young children.

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Her pediatrician has just told Sandra that her 4-year-old son, Manuel, has gained 6 pounds in the last year. Sandra should:

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d. be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.

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During early childhood, on average, girls are _____ than boys.

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c. slightly smaller

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By the end of early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys.

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a. fatty

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When looking at the heights and weights of preschool children around the world, we know that there are:

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b. ethnic differences among them.

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What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?

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d. Ethnic origin and nutrition

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Who among the following 5-year olds is MOST likely to be the tallest?

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c. Tyrone, African American boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn

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Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?

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c. By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size

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_____ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.

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b. Myelination

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One of the major changes in brain development between the ages of 3 and 15 involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. This change is brought about by _____.

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b. myelination

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Scientists have found that there are _____ the brains of children between the ages of 3 and 15.

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a. dramatic changes in local patterns within

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Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas of the brain.

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c. frontal

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Toby is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around. He cannot seem to sit still. Even when watching his favorite movie on TV, he fidgets and wiggles.

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It is especially frustrating to his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby's parents do? d. Be assured that his behavior is normal for his age

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When 4- and 5-year olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are demonstrating their:

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c. gross motor skills.

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Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds and friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that these activities will:

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a. help the boys develop gross motor skills.

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Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _____ is to _____.

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a. jumping; writing

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Debra is very active. She loves to tumble and show off. She is always trying out what her parents consider to be hair-raising stunts. She also loves races and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of:

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d. 5-year-olds.

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Three-year old Ashley is putting a jigsaw puzzle together, and, as is typical of her age, she:

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a. places the pieces awkwardly.

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Four-year old Nathan is good at stacking his playing blocks to make tall structures. However, he still knocks them over occasionally. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for this?

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b. He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked.

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Leopold asks his pediatrician how many hours of sleep his young child should be getting each night. He is told _____ hours.

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d. 11 to 13

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Children can experience a number of sleep problems including narcolepsy which is characterized by:

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a. extreme daytime sleepiness.

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Researchers have found that children who have sleep problems:

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d. are more likely to use alcohol in adolescence.

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Short sleep duration in children is linked with being:

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c. overweight.

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Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve the eating behavior of children?

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a. Competing activities

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Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight?

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d. Body mass index

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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only children and adolescents at or above the _____ percentile are classified as obese.

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a. 97th

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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a person with a BMI at the 90th percentile is:

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c. at risk of being overweight.

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Gina, 6, has a BMI in the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she would be classified as:

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b. overweight.

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Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?

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a. Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12.

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Guidelines recommend that preschool children engage in _____ of physical activity per day.

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b. two hours

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Which of the following is a factor in increasing the physical activity of preschool children?

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b. Parents' perception that it is safe for their children to play outside

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Shawn's mother took him to the doctor as he complains of fatigue frequently. His doctor diagnosed his condition as _____ that results from a failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables.

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c. iron deficiency anemia

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Young children from _____ families are the most likely to develop iron deficiency anemia.

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d. low-income

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The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is:

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c. motor vehicle accidents.

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Which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is true?

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a. Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes.

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Which of the following can be modified to create conditions that enhance the child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?

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b. Reduce playground hazards

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The poor are the majority in nearly _____ of the nations of the world.

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a. one-fifth

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Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:

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b. with high rates of poverty and low levels of education.

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Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a reduction in:

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c. poverty.

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The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately _____ years of age.

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b. 2 to 7

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Patricia, 6, loves to decorate books by drawing pictures and putting in words to describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now. She has started to analyze and understand things.

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However, she is egocentric and holds what her parents describe as "magical beliefs." Patricia is in Piaget's _____ stage of development. d. preoperational

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Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children at this age:

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a. do not yet perform reversible mental actions.

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Three-year-old Betty's favorite pastime is scribbling designs. She says the drawings represent her parents, cat, bicycle, and home. This indicates that Betty is in the _____ substage of Piaget's preoperational stage.

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a. symbolic function

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Three-and-a-half-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. "It's a boat on the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!" she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does this explain?

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d. Symbolic function

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The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as _____.

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c. egocentrism

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While talking with his grandmother on the phone, five-year old Danny suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Danny says, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of:

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b. egocentrism.

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A young child might be heard saying, "That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down." The child's belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as _____.

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c. animism

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"My computer doesn't like me—it keeps eating my pictures," says 3-year old Kimberly. This is an example of:

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a. animism.

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The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of:

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c. primitive reasoning.

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Ethan, age 4, reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky, angels are turning on their flashlights. Ethan's primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic of:

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b. intuitive thought.

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Piaget called the second substage in preoperational thought "intuitive" because of the absence of the use of _____ in children in that stage.

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d. rational thinking

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Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of:

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b. conservation.

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Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?

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c. Centration is reflected in lack of conservation.

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Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from:

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b. considering combinations of features.

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In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement:

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a. do not change an object's basic properties.

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In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:

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c. centration.

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According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining conservation.

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c. attention

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Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for:

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d. the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults.

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A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:

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c. the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.

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Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support, but he can walk out into the middle of the room only if one of his parents holds his hands.

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Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking? c. Kevin walking alone by holding onto a piece of furniture with his hands

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Sharon, 3, can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own, but needs her parents' help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?

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b. Sharon solving a 6-piece puzzle on her own

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Which of the following did Vygotsky call the "buds" or "flowers" of development?

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c. A child's cognitive skills in the process of maturing

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When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children demonstrate they can do

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more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these supports. This shows the adults' involvement in the children's: a. zone of proximal development.

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Which of the following refers to teachers' adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student?

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c. Scaffolding

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Over the past week, Walter has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother was holding his hands and working his fingers through the process, but now that Walter's gotten better at it, she only guides him verbally. Which of the following is this an example of?

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c. Scaffolding

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When four-year-old Jared plays, he often talks to himself. This form is self-talk is used for self-regulation. Developmentalists call this:

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d. private speech.

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Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language?

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c. Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.

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In the development of language and thought:

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c. external speech precedes internal speech.

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Michelle, 4, talks to herself frequently, especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is:

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b. likely to be socially competent.

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Amy, age 3, walks by her grandmother's collection of glass animals and says, "Those are a 'no-no'; don't touch." It would appear that Amy is using _____ to regulate her own behavior.

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c. private speech

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Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's educational applications?

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d. Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development.

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Which of the following scenarios best represents Lev Vygotsky's view of mental and behavioral development?

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b. An instructor helps students with laboratory work, showing them how to do things the students cannot yet do.

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Which of the following educational strategies would Vygotsky say should be incorporated into the classroom?

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d. Offering just enough assistance to the child to accomplish the task

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Vygotsky's view of the importance of _____ on children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.

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b. sociocultural influences

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In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from:

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a. the individual to collaboration.

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Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

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b. social interaction.

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"Tools of the Mind" is a program that is grounded in _____ theory of cognitive development.

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a. Vygotsky's

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In a "Tools of the Mind" classroom, _____ has a central role.

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c. dramatic play

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Tale is in a "Tools of the Mind" classroom. His teacher guides him to plann his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Tale then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he/she says the word. Finally,

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Tale writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called: b. scaffolding writing.

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Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky's theory?

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b. Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.

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_____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

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c. Executive

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_____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.

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d. Sustained

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A police officer visits Ben and Heather's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later,

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Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer presented. Heather obviously paid more attention to what was _____. a. salient

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A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later,

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Timothy tells his parents all about the safety rules the officer discussed. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was _____. b. relevant

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After the age of _____, children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task that are relevant.

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c. 6 or 7

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When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of:

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d. planfulness.

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In Central European countries, such as Hungary, kindergarten children participate in exercises designed to improve their _____. An eye-contact exercise, in which the teacher sits in the center of a

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circle of children and each child is required to catch the teacher's eye before being permitted to leave the group, is an example of this type of exercise. b. attention

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In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _____ if there is no rehearsal of the information.

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a. 30 seconds

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Irene is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers, which she is then asked to repeat in the right order. Irene is having her _____ memory tested.

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d. short-term

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Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means:

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c. repeating information after it has been presented.

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Research with the memory-span task suggests that:

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a. short-term memory increases during early childhood.

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In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how:

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b. older children rehearse the digits more than younger children do.

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Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because:

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b. her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion.

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The theory of _____ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

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c. mind

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With regard to perception, by _____ years of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what is in front of his/her own eyes instead of what is in front of the child's eyes.

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a. 2

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Alan, who is 18 months old, hates spinach but says "Yum!" when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that:

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d. he has started to understand that people can have ambivalent feelings.

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The realization that people can have false beliefs develops in a majority of children by the time they are _____ years old.

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d. 5

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One of the criticisms of "false-belief tasks" as indicators of understanding the thoughts of children is that:

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a. the false-belief task is a complicated one that involves a number of factors.

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It is only by age 7 that children begin to recognize all of the following EXCEPT:

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d. people can have ambivalent feelings.

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Several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and may also be connected to theory of mind development are known as:

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c. executive function.

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A group of children were put through a task where they were asked to say the word "night" when they see a picture of a sun, and the word "day" when they see a picture of a moon and stars.

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This is an example of a(n) _____ function, which describes several functions—such as inhibition and planning—that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior. a. executive

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Approximately _____ children is estimated to have some sort of autism spectrum disorder.

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b. 1 in 150

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It is now accepted that autism is linked to:

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a. genetic and brain abnormalities.

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Cynthia is showing a number of behaviors different from children her age, including deficits in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors or interests. She is indifferent toward others and prefers to be alone. She is more interested in objects than people.

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It is MOST likely that she suffers from _____. d. autism

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Which of the following statements regarding autism in children is true?

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a. Higher-functioning children with autism show reasonable progress in understanding others' desires.

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Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, "Bird flied away." Leo's interesting but incorrect use of the "-ed" word ending shows that he is trying to learn the _____ rules of language.

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b. morphological

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Zelda, 3, is always asking questions like "Where Daddy is going?" and "What Mommy is doing?" This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply rules of:

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c. syntax.

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Jean Berko's experiment involving "wugs" demonstrated that the young children who took part in the experiment knew:

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d. the morphological rules.

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By the time they enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about _____ words.

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c. 14,000

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Around _____ years of age, children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation.

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d. 4 to 5

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Five-year old Donna speaks in shorter, simpler sentences to her baby brother, in a very informal way with friends, and uses a more formal language with her father's friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of:

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a. pragmatics.

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Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be:

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a. child-centered.

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The _____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

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b. Montessori approach

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Nurturing is a key aspect of the _____, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his/her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.

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a. child-centered kindergarten

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Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activity. She plays with different toys she chooses, and her teacher facilitates rather than teaches. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy's preschool using?

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c. Montessori

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Which of the following is a criticism related to the Montessori approach?

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d. It neglects children's socioemotional development.

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Educators refer to this type of schooling as _____, which is based on knowledge of the typical progress of children within an age span, as well as the uniqueness of the child.

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b. developmentally appropriate practice

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In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through:

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d. Project Head Start.

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Early Head Start was established in 1995 to serve children from _____ years of age.

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d. birth to 3

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Which of the following is true about Head Start programs?

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a. They only provide for low-income families.

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Two current controversies in early childhood education, as given in the text, involve:

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a. curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States.

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Competent early childhood programs should focus:

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a. on cognitive development and socioemotional development.

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Which of the following was cited by Zigler and his colleagues supporting universal preschool in the United States?

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d. Universal preschool would bring billions of dollars of cost savings because of a diminished need for remedial and justice services.

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Critics of universal preschool education argue that:

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b. research has not proven that nondisadvantaged children benefit from attending a preschool.

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According to critics of universal preschool education:

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b. it is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are disadvantaged rather than funding preschool education for all 4-year-old children.

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This researcher showed that when the child's attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve.

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Answer: Rochel Gelman

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A cognitive theorist who emphasized the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction.

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Answer: Lev Vygotsky

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An Italian physician-turned-educator, who at the beginning of the twentieth century crafted a revolutionary approach to young children's education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

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Answer: Maria Montessori

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A common nutritional problem in early childhood, which results from the failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables. and causes chronic fatigue.

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Answer: Iron deficiency anemia

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The substage of preoperational thought in which the young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

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Answer: Symbolic function substage

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The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and the perspective of another.

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Answer: Egocentrism

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The awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties.

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Answer: Conservation

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The range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children.

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Answer: Zone of proximal development

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The awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

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Answer: Theory of mind

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Aubrey is in a school that takes into account the typical development of children within an age span, as well as the uniqueness of the child. It also emphasizes the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect the child's interests and capabilities.

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This view represents a _____. Answer: developmentally appropriate practice aka DAP

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Define what Piaget meant by an operation. What would be one task that preoperational children fail at because they lack operations?

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Answer: An operation is a reversible mental action that allows children to do mentally what before they could only do physically. Tasks that illustrate lack of operations could be conservation, serration, the three mountain task, etc

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Briefly describe the two stages of preoperational thought. Provide an example of children's thinking at each stage.

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Answer: The Piagetian preoperational stage in cognitive development can be divided into two substages: the symbolic function substage and the intuitive thought substage...

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The symbolic function sub-stage occurs roughly between the ages of 2 and 4. In this substage, the young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present but still suffer from limitations like egocentrism and animism...

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The intuitive thought substage occurs between approximately 4 and 7 years of age when children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions.

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What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)? What are its lower and upper limits? How could you use peer scaffolding to teach children mathematics within the zone? Answer: The zone of proximal development (ZPD), developed by Lev Vygotsky, consists of the range of tasks that are too

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difficult for children to master alone but can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children. The lower limit are the level of skill reached by the child working independently. The upper limit additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor.

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List three ways that Lev Vygotsky's theory can be incorporated in classrooms. Answer: Some of the ways that Vygotsky's theory can be incorporated in classrooms are:

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1) Assess the child's zone of proximal development. 2) Use the child's ZPD in teaching. 3) Use more-skilled peers as teachers. 4) Place instruction in a meaningful context. 5) Transform the classroom with Vygotskian ideas.

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Briefly state two criticisms leveled against Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.

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Answer: One criticism of Vygotsky's theory is that Vygotsky was not specific enough about age-related changes. Another criticism is that Vygotsky did not adequately describe how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development.

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Describe two reasons for developmental changes in memory span. Answer: One of the reasons that memory span improves with age is that rehearsal of information is important in increasing short-term memory.

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Older children rehearse the digits more than younger children do. Speed—especially the speed with which memory items can be identified—and efficiency of processing information are important, too.

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Identify the factors that can influence the accuracy of a young child's memory. Answer: Several factors can influence the accuracy of a young child's memory. There are age differences in children's susceptibility to suggestion. Preschoolers are the most suggestible age group in comparison

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with older children and adults. Some preschoolers are highly resistant to interviewers' suggestions, whereas others immediately succumb to the slightest suggestion. Interviewing techniques can produce substantial distortions in children's reports about highly salient events.

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Briefly describe what is meant by a child's "theory of mind"? What is one way to measure theory of mind?

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Answer: Even young children are curious about the nature of the human mind. They have a theory of mind, which refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

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What are the criticisms of the Montessori approach to early education? Based on the text and in class discussion, do you agree with these criticisms? Answer: Critics of the Montessori approach believe that it neglects children's socioemotional development. For example, although Montessori

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fosters independence and the development of cognitive skills, it deemphasizes verbal interaction between the teacher and child, and between peers. it restricts imaginative play and that its heavy reliance on self-corrective materials may not adequately allow for creativity and for a variety of learning styles.

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What are the current areas of controversy in early childhood education?

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Answer: Two current controversies in early childhood education involve (1) what the curriculum for early childhood education should be, and (2) whether preschool education should be universal in the United States.

Chapter 7- Psychical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood – Flashcards

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