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Psychologist define learning as the process of

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acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors

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conditioning is the process of

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learning associations

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Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

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classical conditioning

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The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching other, or through language is called

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cognitive learning

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John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n)

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behaviorist

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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

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neutral stimulus

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In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

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conditioned response

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In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

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conditioned stimulus

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Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

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biological predisposition

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In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?

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operant conditioning

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A Skinner box is a(n)

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chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

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An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

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reinforcement

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Five year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

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shaping

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Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens that response is called a(n)

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positive reinforcer

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Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

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negative reinforcer

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A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce is called a _______ reinforce.

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conditioned

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The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

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partial reinforcement

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Negative reinforcers _______ the rate of operant responding, and punishments __________ the rate of operant responding.

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increase; decrease

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Learning that same responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called

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discrimination

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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

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associative learning

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It's easier to train a pigeon to peck for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of __________ in learning.

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biological predisposition

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After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a

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cognitive map

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Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates

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observational learning

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In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of

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observational learning

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Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of

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observational learning

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Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for

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observational learning

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If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates

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Latent Learning

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Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)

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stimulus

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Shaping is a (n) ________ procedure.

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operant conditioning

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After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

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generalization

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