question

______, is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

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behaviorism

question

____ learning, is learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events.

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associative

question

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience is called ______.

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learning

question

The process of learning associations between 2 events as a part of associative learning.

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conditioning

question

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

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classical conditioning

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In ____ conditioning, organisms learn the associations between a behavior and a consequence such as a reward.

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operant

question

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior.

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observational learning

question

A _______ response is an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditional stimulus.

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unconditioned

question

A ______ _____ is a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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conditioned stimulus

question

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired is called _______.

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acquisition

question

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning is an ________ __________.

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unconditioned stimulus

question

A ______ response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus--unconditioned stimulus pairing.

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conditioned

question

(classical conditioning) The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is called _________.

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generalization

question

(Classical conditioning) The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is called ____.

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extinction

question

The process in classical conditioning by with a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called ______ ______.

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spontaneous recovery

question

_____ conditioning is a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

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aversive

question

____-conditioning is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

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counter

question

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations is called _______.

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habituaton

question

_____ behavior is behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea producing drug, and later to a conditioned stimulus such as sweet water that was paired with the drug.

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respondant

question

_____ conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurence.

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operant

question

Thordike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened an that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened is called the ___ _____ ____.

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law of effect

question

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

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shaping

question

The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behaviors increases the probability that the behaviors will happen again is called ________.

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reinforcement

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____ reinforcement: The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

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positive

question

_________ reinforcement: The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

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negative

question

The _______ reinforcer is a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.

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primary

question

(operant conditioning) ______ is Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

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generalization

question

_______ learning: An organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response.

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avoidance

question

Through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes in what is called ______ _________.

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learned helplessness

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A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a _____ reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer.

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secondary

question

______ (operant conditioning): Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will not be reinforced.

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discrimination

question

_______ (operant conditioning): Decreases in the frequency of behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.

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extinction

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____ of reinforcement are specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

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schedules

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_______ is a consequence that decreases the liklihood that a behavior will occur.

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punishment

question

______ punishment: The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

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positive

question

____ punishment: The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

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negative

question

_______ ______ _______ (behavior modification) is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

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applied behavior analysis

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______ learning, also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior.

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observational

question

The 2nd process required for observational learning to occur, encoding information to keep it in memory.

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retention

question

____ ____, a 3rd element of observational learning is the process of imitating a model's actions.

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motor reproduction

question

____ learning (implicit learning): Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

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latent

question

______ learning: A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.

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insight

question

_____ _____: The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

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instinctive drift

question

The species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

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preparedness

question

_______ mindset: An individual believes their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.

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fixed

question

_______ mindset: An individual believes their qualities can change and improve through their effort.

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growth

question

_____ are automatic stimulus response connections.

answer

reflexes

question

The conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time-- even a mere fraction of a second is called ______. It is an important part of classical conditioning in which the occurrence of one stimulus can be predicted from the absence of of another one.

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contiguity

question

______ is when the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

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contingency

question

A decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a person's ability to fight disease is called ______.

answer

immunosuppression

question

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, which involves learning that two events are _____.

answer

connected

question

A ______ ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

answer

fixed

question

A _____ ratio schedule is set on a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.

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variable

question

An ______ reinforcement schedule is determined by time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded.

answer

interval

question

A fixed ______ schedule reinforces the first behvior after a fixed amount of time has passed.

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interval

question

A ______ ______ schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

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variable interval

question

The statement, "We can understand all human behavior as being influenced by rewards and punishments. If we can figure out what rewards and punishers are controlling a person's behavior, we can change them---and eventually change the behavior itself," comes from what mode of thought? a________ b_________ a __________

answer

applied behavioral analysis

question

The purposiveness of behavior is the idea that much of behavior is _______ ________.

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goal directed

question

The ____ learner is someone who learns through hands on experience.

answer

kinesthetic

question

The ___ learner learns by listening.

answer

aural

question

The _____ learner learns by seeing.

answer

visual

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