question

A historical term meant to belittle and vilify "mixed" marriages is:

answer

miscegenation.

question

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups are referred to as:

answer

racism

question

What is described in the text as "an invisible package of unearned assets" that are the legacy of generations of racial discrimination? Correct

answer

white privilege

question

The way people actually look is the result of their genetic traits and the environment they live in. This is known as their:

answer

phenotype

question

What is another name for the "one drop rule" that is used for determining race?

answer

hypodescent

question

Which term refers to laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery?

answer

jim crow

question

The process that preserves an organism through a chemical process that turns it partially or wholly into rock is called:

answer

fossilization

question

Around 15,000 yBP, modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to:

answer

north and south america

question

Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called:

answer

cultural adaptations

question

A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring are called a: Incorrect

answer

species

question

Gene migration is defined as:

answer

exchange of genes between populations.

question

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n):

answer

ethnicity

question

How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?

answer

never

question

The process though which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as:

answer

multiculturalism

question

What term was used in the past to describe a group of people but now refers to a country?

answer

nation

question

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of:

answer

imagined community

question

The process by which minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups is known as:

answer

assimilation

question

Among the eight UN Millennial Goals, one that highlights gender issues specifically is to:

answer

promote gender equality and empower women.

question

By studying the "fag discourse" in US schools, anthropologists have learned that:

answer

girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.

question

Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:

answer

is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.

question

Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that:

answer

masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.

question

Ida Susser's initial research focused on:

answer

social change in Brooklyn (New York City).

question

Cross-cultural studies indicate that biology predicts:

answer

the roles men and women play in a given culture.

question

More than 80 percent of victims of domestic violence in the United States:

answer

are female

question

Which of the following does not factor into biological differences between men and women?

answer

hair length

question

Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:

answer

white European men.

question

Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey's study on human sexuality revealed which of the following?

answer

a continuum of sexual behavior

question

Mati may engage in sexual relationships with:

answer

men and women

question

________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are created, enforced, and contested.

answer

Michel Foucault

question

DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, stated which of the following about marriage?

answer

Marriage is the legal union between one man and one woman.

question

Heterosexuality in the United States:

answer

is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm.

question

The lives of European women living in the colonies were restricted in all EXCEPT which of the following gender-specific ways?

answer

religious

question

The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:

answer

women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.

question

Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis of biological sexual identity identifies:

answer

five sexes, including intersexuals

question

In the United States, ________ are those most subject to nonfatal intimate partner violence

answer

women between the ages of 20 and 24

question

Gender ideology is defined as:

answer

a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification

question

The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called

answer

enculturation

question

Ida Susser's approach to research on HIV prevention in South Africa exemplifies:

answer

engaged anthropology

question

Early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying:

answer

the underlying roots of universal male dominance.

question

Through the Zar Cult of Sudan, women:

answer

resisted subordination by speaking out while in a trance state.

question

Individuals whose culture identifies them as "neither man nor women" in India are called:

answer

hijras.

question

Studies of physical differences indicate that:

answer

human male and female bodies are more similar than different.

question

The "wedding industry" is which of the following?

answer

the network of commercial activities and social institutions that market weddings in the United States

question

All of the women in Patty Kelly's research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT:

answer

work out unresolved childhood issues.

question

Which of the following is NOT a motivation that cultural anthropologist Denise Brennan lists for young, rural, poor Dominican women to migrate to towns like Sosua?

answer

to have a vacation

question

Which of the following does NOT fit in the definition of sexuality in the text?

answer

the public display of wealth to gain community status

question

Under the rules of machismo, the machista is considered:

answer

a manly man

question

________is a gift exchange practice that helps stabilize a marriage by establishing a vested interest for both the groom's and bride's extended families in the success of the marriage.

answer

bridewealth

question

Which of the following statements about kinship is true?

answer

Kinship is the system that determines who is related to whom in a given society.

question

Looking cross-culturally, anthropologists argue that:

answer

definitions of marriage vary across cultures and over time.

question

Which of the following refers broadly to actions and/or policies that use imagined differences between human groups to justify unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities? Choose the single best answer.

answer

racism

question

The belief that whites are genetically different from, and intellectually superior to, other races is known as ____________.

answer

white supremecy

question

President Barack Obama has a white mother from Kansas and a black father from Kenya. His race is commonly described as African American, or black. This is most closely an example of which term from Chapter 6?

answer

hypodescent

question

________________ laws seek to prevent interracial marriage. Incorrect

answer

miscegenation

question

Early European settlers to North America believed themselves to be intellectually superior to Native Americans, and thus destined to rule them. This is an example of ______________.

answer

racial ideology

question

Which of the following is an example of nativism?

answer

policies providing more social services to native-born citizens than to immigrants

question

Which of the following can be seen by the naked eye?

answer

phenotype

question

Biologically, we can categorize humans based on which of the following?

answer

all of the above (skin color, hair texture, earwax type)

question

Which of the following is an example of colonialism?

answer

the control of one country over another

question

Eugenics is a pseudoscience that arose in the late 1800s and maintained popularity in the early 1900s. It was an attempt to "measure" attributes such as intelligence in a way that proved the superiority of some races over others. What event was an outcome of eugenic practice?

answer

the holocaust

question

"Middle Easterners" is a categorization that arose in popular American discourse after 9/11/2001. The creation of this categorization is known as _______________. Correct

answer

racialization

question

What percentage of DNA do all humans share in common?

answer

99.9%

question

In which of the following areas do we see whiteness privileged in the United States?

answer

all of the above (employment rate, criminal sentencing patterns, infant mortality, college enrollments)

question

The "invisible knapsack" refers to ________________.

answer

a set of unearned advantages that white people retain in contemporary society

question

Which of the following are reasons why there is no biological basis for race?

answer

all of these.. Racial categories existed in human societies before we had knowledge of genetics, and thus are based on cultural observation as opposed to genotypic reality.Because of rates of human interbreeding over the past 200,000 years, attempts to divide humans into biologically distinct categories require the creation of arbitrary, or "fuzzy," boundaries.Racial categories vary tremendously from one culture to the next.If we line up all humans and divide them into groups based on skin color, those groups would not align with existing racial categories.

question

Since there is no biological basis for race, we can argue which of the following?

answer

Race must be based on ideas and observations separate from biology.

question

Which of the following pairs demonstrate the smallest amount of genetic difference?

answer

two humans

question

According to the text, increased participation in the global economy means that many women who migrate from the global South find work as ________ in industrialized nations.

answer

nannies

question

Rape of men and women was one of the most brutal and powerful ways that gender stratification was performed in:

answer

the civil war of el salvador

question

Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women in Paramaribo, Suriname, are called:

answer

mati

question

________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are created, enforced, and contested.

answer

micheal foucault

question

Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of ________ and ________ most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011

answer

race ; sexuality

question

Similar to membership in a family, citizenship in a nation-state derives mostly from:

answer

birth and biology.

question

Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman's egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory?

answer

in vitro fertilization

question

Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?

answer

arranged

question

Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to ensure reproduction of which of the following?

answer

the next generation

question

Which of the following builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin?

answer

marriage

question

Which of the following types of marriage consists of one individual married to one other individual only (most commonly one man married to one woman)?

answer

monogamy

question

Enculturation that takes place within a family shapes individuals' lives:

answer

outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.

question

Clans that do not permit marriages within the group are considered:

answer

exogamous

question

By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that:

answer

there were only six different ways of organizing relatives.

question

Which of the following are the two primary forms of gift exchange that formalize and legalize marriages, while establishing a relationship tie or alliance between kinship groups?

answer

bridewealth and dowry

question

The concept of kinship groups based chiefly on biological assumptions and the nuclear family consisting of solely a mother, a father, and their children is:

answer

a euro-american ideal

question

Which of the following cultures has generally NOT constructed large social networks based on descent and kinship connections?

answer

united states

question

The form of reproductive technology that involves the creation of genetically identical copies of cells or whole organisms is called:

answer

cloning

question

Kinship includes:

answer

biological descent and marriage alliances, but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin.

question

Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?

answer

arranged

question

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father?

answer

ambilineal

question

Individuals learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families in a process termed:

answer

enculturation

question

Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as:

answer

cognatic descent groups.

question

Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:

answer

is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.

question

The United States requires that individuals identify legally as:

answer

either male or female

question

During the El Salvador civil war (1977-1992), the group Co-Madres emerged as a political force that initially formed as a group of:

answer

mothers and relatives who demanded information about the missing.

question

An uneven distribution of power and access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges is known as gender:

answer

stratification

question

In Kano, Nigeria, Rudolf Gaudio found that the code term for men who have sex with other men is:

answer

masu harka.

question

Masu harka and yan daudu see homosexual behavior as:

answer

compatible with marrying women and having families, and as compatible with their Muslim faith.

question

All of the women in Patty Kelly's research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT

answer

work out unresolved childhood issues

question

Which of the following commonly creates socially recognized relationships that may involve physical and emotional intimacy, sexual pleasure, reproduction and raising of children, mutual support and companionship, and shared legal rights to property and inheritance?

answer

marriage

question

The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations:

answer

between parents children and siblings

question

Which of the following statements about marriage is true?

answer

Marriage occurs in every culture in some form, but its exact characteristics vary widely.

question

A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?

answer

father's

question

Cousins who are children of a mother's brother or father's sister are considered which type of cousins?

answer

cross-cousins

question

Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the union of one man to two or more women?

answer

polygyny

question

One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:

answer

descent

question

Early anthropologists considered which of the following groups as key to understanding each culture's economic, political, and religious dynamics?

answer

descent groups

question

Which of the following forms of reproductive technologies involves a woman whose uterus has been implanted with a fertilized egg in which the egg has come from another woman?

answer

surrogacy

question

When did life on Earth emerge?

answer

3.5 billion years ago

question

If we imagine that each second represents one year, how long would it take us to count 4.5 billion seconds, representing the origin of Earth?

answer

over 139 years

question

"The remains of an organism that have been preserved through a natural chemical process that turns them partially or wholly into rock" (page 158) is known as which of the following?

answer

fossilization

question

Ernie studies rates of DNA mutations in order to determine the evolutionary history of specific organisms. Which of the following best describes his job title?

answer

paleogeneticists

question

How old is the planet itself?

answer

4.6 billion years old

question

deep time

answer

an enormous timescale with which geologists and scholars of evolution must deal.

question

homo sapiens first emerged as a separate species

answer

between 100 and 200 thousand years ago

question

The earliest identifiable human ancestor appeared

answer

between 7 and 6 million years ago.

question

the earliest primates occurred between

answer

65 and 55 million years ago

question

A deviation from the standard DNA code results in a squirrel being born with a longer, flatter tail that provides greater stability for climbing trees. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this example?

answer

mutation

question

Individuals within a species of bird can have two possible types of head plumage: dull gray or bright red. A new predator moves into the birds? habitat, and finds it easier to spot and kill birds with the bright head plumage. A greater percentage of birds with dull gray head plumage emerge in subsequent generations. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation?

answer

natural selection

question

Eric, who lives in Ohio, falls madly in love with Eva, who lives in Nairobi, Kenya. Eric moves to Kenya, marries Eva, has two kids, and lives happily ever after. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes the influence Eric?s genes have on the existing gene pool in Kenya?

answer

gene migration

question

Citizens of Anytown wake up one morning to find their entire town encased in a large dome. They can still grow food, access water, and do all of the things that they need to do to survive, but their dating pool becomes newly restricted to only those inside the dome. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation as it applies to future generations of Anytowners?

answer

genetic drift

question

Numerous fossil discoveries in the Awash River Valley have led the location to become known as the place "where it all began." In what country is this area located?

answer

ethiopia

question

The argument that that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, migrated outward, and eventually replaced archaic Homo sapiens is known as:

answer

the out of africa theory

question

__________ helps us achieve the proper amount of UV radiation, which is essential for the synthesis of __________, which we need to help us absorb __________. A.vitamin D, melanin, calcium

answer

melanin, vitamin D, calcium

question

Which of the following is the pigment that gives our skin color?

answer

melanin

question

Physical evidence of human ancestors (and other forms of prehistoric life)

answer

comes primarily from the fossil record.

question

Fossils consist of the remains of once-living organisms that have been preserved through

answer

through a natural process whereby the organic tissue is replaced with minerals from the surrounding environment

question

Only a small fraction of living organisms

answer

become fossilized

question

conditions that lead to fossilization

answer

are rare and often not the whole creature becomes fossilized

question

larger and denser bones of the body

answer

are more often found to be fossilized such as teeth, skulls, long bones, and pelvises

question

soft tissue, ribs, and bones of the hand

answer

are not fossilized as often as denser parts of the body because these bones are too small and fragile to withstand the fossilization process

question

mtDNA is found only in your

answer

mitochondria

question

four principle forces of evolution

answer

mutation, natural selection, gene drift, gene flow

question

genus homo's four principle traits

answer

bipedalism, expanded brain complexity, global migration

question

global migration

answer

Human beings, largely through their use of culture (particularly material culture) have expanded to all corners of the globe. No other species has been able to do that

question

what has made modern human successful at survival?

answer

genetic adaption, developmental adaption, acclimization, cultural adaptation

question

lack of vitamin D can lead to

answer

rickets in children and other diseases in adults, all of which can be fatal.

question

Over exposure to UV light

answer

destroys folic acid, which is particularly important during fetal development

question

wealth =

answer

income + asset -debt

question

The "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that:

answer

During the evolutionary process, male aggression became imprinted in human DNA

question

Inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, and access to resources, coupled with poor health

answer

Structured gender violence

question

________ are key cultural institutions through which we learn what it means to be heterosexual.

answer

weddings

question

In the gender-based violence against nonheterosexuals, ________ are especially vulnerable.

answer

transgenders

question

Through the 1960s, the American Academy of Pediatrics attempted to manage the

answer

Hormone therapy, surgery, and counseling

question

Which of the following statements about the mati of Suriname is true?

answer

Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity

question

Victims of gender-based violence are most likely to be assaulted:

answer

in a residence

question

On average, human men weight ________ more than women.

answer

15%

question

Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors is called the:

answer

Ethnocartography of human sexuality

question

Anthropologist Patty Kelly found that men who visited the brothel in Chiapas were mostly:

answer

local working class men

question

Which of the following factors would a cultural constructionist consider studying when investigating human sexuality?

answer

a christian dating forum

question

The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is:

answer

two-spirits

question

The learned behaviors perceived as masculine or feminine are called:

answer

cultural constructions

question

The discussion of machismo in Latin America in the text indicates that:

answer

Conceptions of machismo and masculinity are variable and shifting

question

Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of _____ and _____most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011).

answer

race; sexuality

question

Nigerians do not regard homosexuality as:

answer

an authentically african lifestyle

question

Which of the following is a descent group that is constructed through the mother's side of the family?

answer

matrilineal

question

Which of the following phenomenon is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide?

answer

globalization

question

Discussions regarding same-sex marriage in the United States are a clear example of changing patterns of:

answer

kinship

question

Changing patterns over time demonstrate that marriage, family, and kinship are cultural:

answer

constructs

question

Both matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of descent build kinship groups through either one genealogical line (the mother's side) or the other (the father's side), which reflects which type of descent?

answer

unilineal

question

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and father?

answer

ambilineal

question

Most people in the world practice which type of descent as their primary strategy to track kin group membership?

answer

patrilineal

question

First cousin marriages (between the children of two siblings) are legally prohibited:

answer

in some states in the united states of america

question

Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationships are determined in the United States via "blood" relations are generally called which of the following types of relatives?

answer

consanguineal

question

Which of the following is considered a general rule that forbids sexual relations with close relatives?

answer

incest taboo

question

The Defense of Marriage Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 2004 forbids the federal government from recognizing which of the following?

answer

same-sex marriages

question

Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of which of the following in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders?

answer

kinship and family

question

The incest taboo-rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents is:

answer

universal across all culture in the world

question

Artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, and cloning are four forms of which of the following types of technologies?

answer

reproductive

question

The process by which an individual, whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death, remarries another individual is commonly called:

answer

serial monogamy

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