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Common core standards

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Define the knowledge and skills that students must attain in each content area (ex: language arts, mathematics, science)

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Decontextualized language

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Removed from the everyday and tangible experiences; listener must build ideas from the words alone

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Emergent literacy perspective

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The view that children begin learning about reading and writing at a very early age by observing and interacting with adults and other children as they use literacy in everyday life activities

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Phonemic awareness

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Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language. English consists of about 41 phonemes. Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to focus on and manipulate these phonemes in spoken words

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At what age do children begin to learn about literacy?

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early

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Is knowledge about reading and writing transmitted from adults to young children, or do children construct this knowledge on their own?

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both

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How is the emergent literacy perspective different from the scientifically based reading research perspective on young children's early literacy learning?

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-1st one: says children learn about language and lit by observing, exploring, and interacting with others; are apprentices: they mimic, absorb, and adapt. As they engage in social interactions, they combine new experiences with prior knowledge, constructing and testing hypotheses to make meaning. They store this newly constructed knowledge in mental structures called schemas. -2nd one: says children need to be explicitly taught those skills that research has identified as predictive of later reading success. So far, there are 11 variables. -Difference: Explicit instruction vs. acquiring lit skills through many interactions with print and more knowledgeable others.

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What principles should guide teachers' teaching of language and literacy?

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-Provide children with a print-rich classroom environment -Demonstrate and model literacy events -Link literacy and play -Encourage children to experiment with emergent forms of reading and writing -Provide opportunities for children to use language and literacy for real purposes and audience -Read to children daily and encourage them to read books on their own and provide instruction linked to their state's standards -Use multiple forms of assessment to find out what children know and can do -Respect and make accommodations for children's developmental, cultural, and linguistic diversity -Recognize the importance of reflecting on their instructional decisions and build partnerships with parents.

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Behaviorist perspective

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The view that language acquisition is a result of imitation and reinforcement.

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Cerebral cortex

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The largest part of the brain, composed of two hemispheres that are responsible for higher brain functions, including thought and language.

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Critical period

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A limited time in which an event can occur, a time in the early stages of a child's life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli and develops in particular ways due to experiences at this time. If the child does not receive the appropriate stimulus during this "critical period", it may be difficult, or even impossible, to develop some functions later in life.

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Myelineation

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A process in which the neurons of the brain become coated with a white substance known as myelin, which facilitates the transmission of sensory info and promotes learning.

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Morpheme

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The small unit of meaning in oral language. The word cats contains two morphemes: cat (name of a type of animal) and s (plural).

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Nativist perspective

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The view that language acquisition can be explained by studying the structural development of the brain.

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Neuron

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One of the impulse-conducting cells that make up the brain.

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Otitis media

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An inflammation of the inner part of the ear that can retard language acquisition.

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Phoneme

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The smallest unit of sound in a language. There are approximately 44 phonemes in English.

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Pragmatic

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Rule that affects how language is used in different social contexts.

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Semantics

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The part of language that assigns meaning to words and sentences.

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Synapse

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Connection between the neurons of the brain.

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Syntax

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Rules for arranging words into sentences.

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Social-interactionist perspective

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The view that language development is a result of both genetics and adult support.

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Theory

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A set of ideas that form an explanation that helps explain complex phenomena.

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What are the four main theories that have been put forward to explain the process by which children learn to understand and speak a language?

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-Behaviorism -Linguistic nativism -Social interactionism -Neurobiological perspective

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What are the major components of language?

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1) Phonology-the sounds that make up a language 2)Morphology-the meaning bearing units of language, including words and affixes 3) Syntax-the rules for ordering words into sentences 4) Semantics-the shades of meaning that words convey 5) Pragmatics-the social rules that enable language to accomplish real-life purposes

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How does the structure of an infant's brain develop? How does this structural development affect language acquisition?

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pg 44

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What factors affect children's rate of language acquisition?

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The rate at which children acquire language varies a lot. Gender, socioeconomic level, cultural influences, illnesses (like otitis media); physical and neurological issues all influence it.

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How does children's acquisition of a second language compare with their first language acquisition? What should adults do to make it easier for children to learn English as a second language?

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1) Second-language acquisition is very similar to their first. Creative construction of the rules of the new language occurs withihn the context of multiple social interactions as they use the new language with others. 2) Adults need to focus on making themselves understood by the ESLLs and encouraging them too. -Focus on ESLL's communicative intentions, not on the conventionality of their utterances. -Children encouraged NOT forced to use new language; no belittling for hesitancy -Children learning ENglish even if not responding verbally -Adults should encourage other native English speaking children to be patient with ESLLs and help them out. -Adults should value ESLLs first languages and encourage them to continue to use these.

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Early literacy

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A broad term that refers to the reading and writing behaviors that children engage in from birth to age 5.

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Emergent literacy

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A view of literacy develpment suggesting children learn literacy by constructing, testing, and refining their own hypotheses about print.

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Emergent reading

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Forms of reading children use as they move toward conventional reading.

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Emergent writing

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Forms of writing children use as they move toward conventional writing.

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Scaffolding

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Temporary assistance that parents and teachers give to children to enable them to do things that they cannot do on their own.

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What are emergent writing and emergent reading?

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According to the emergent literacy view, the literacy learning process shares much in common with the oral lang dev process. Literacy acquisition, like oral lang dev, begins early. For many children, lit dev begins in infancy when caregivers read storybooks to children and children begin to notice print in the environment. Literacy learning is an active constructive process. by obs print and having stories read to them, young kids discover patterns and create their own early versions of reading writing that initially have little resemb to conventional forms; the story they read may be quite diff from the one in the book, and their writing may look like drawing or scribbles. as children have opportunities to use these early forms of it in meaningful social situations and as they interact with adults who draw their attention to the features and functions of print, their constructions become increasingly similar to conv read and writing.

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What home factors affect young children's literacy development?

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1. opportunities to see lots of print and have easy access to books 2. opportunities to observe adults using literacy in everyday situations 3. adults who support children's literacy dev by answering children's questions, pointing to letters, taking the children to the library, providing children with a wide variety of experiences, and initiating functional literacy activities 4. literacy materials that support children's engagement in early forms of reading and writing 5. experiences with adults who share books with children.

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How can parents best facilitate their children's oral language development?

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Parents can promote their children's oral language by scaffolding their language, encouraging them to tell personal narratives about their experiences, reading stories to them on a regular basis, and monitoring their children's TV viewing and encouraging active viewing.

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What does early lit look like in a language other than English?

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Children learn the dominant language of their home. When these homes-be they english , spanish, or arabic speaking, provide a literate model, typically the young children who live in them are eager to engage in talking, writing, and reading in the home's dominant language. so early lit across languages looks quite similar. some cultures and families place emphasis on oral storytelling in addition to reading and writing. Adults in these homes share stories with their young lit lerners and with each other. Of course, children from families whose dominant language is one other than English will enter school using the language that works for them in their home environment. A quality program that supports these children's emergence as reader and writers is important.

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Environmental print

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(EP) is the real-life print children see in the home or community, including print on food containers and other kinds of product boxes, store signs, road signs, advertisements, and the like. Because the situation gives clues to the print's meaning, EP is often the first type of print young children can recognize and understand.

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Functional literacy activities

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Reading and writing activities that accomplish real-life purposes, such as writing lists and reading directions.

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Functional print

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Print that guides everyday classroom activities (ex: labels, lists, directions, sign-up sheets)

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Literacy-enriched play centers

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Play centers that are enhanced with appropriate theme-related literacy materials

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How can teachers arrange the classroom's phys environ and daily schedule to support children's lang and lit learning?

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1) carving classroom space into small, well-defined areas 2) gathering appropriate resources to support the children's learning 3) placing similar or related centers near each other 4) making lit materials part of the fabric of each center 5) creating an aesthetically pleasing environment. Daily schedule should sup[port the integrated curriculum. Large amts of time for indiv and small-group investigations and shorter amt of time for whole-group activities. Quiet times during which children sit and listen= balanced with active times. sched should also feature flexibility, so that children have the freedom to pursue their interests, and predictability, so that there is a rythm to the day.

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How can teachers set up a well-designed library center?

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Well-designed with partitions, ample space, comfortable furnishings, open-faced and traditional bookshelves, and book-related props and displays. Inviting classroom libraries are heavily used by the children.

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Why is a writing center an important area in the preschool classroom? Why is it also important to have writing materials available in other centers?

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A writing center is that area of the classroom where the teacher has stocked materials (diff kinds of papers, various writing tools, alphabet reference charts, computers, samples of children's writing) that invite children to write. Concentrating all these writing supplies and aids in one area encourages children to engage in emergent writing. When every center has writing tools, children can use writing to achieve a variety of purposes and practice using the form of writing (linear scribble, phonics-based spellings) that serves their need at the moment. Making writing materials available in other centers will encourage even more writing. When every center has writing tools, children can use writing to achieve a variety of purposes and practice using the form of writing (linear scribble, phonics based spellings) that serves their need at the moment.

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How can dramatic play centers be used to encourage young children's lit development?

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Literacy-enriched play centers can provide an ideal context for children to have meaningful, authentic interactions with print. The teacher simply needs to place theme-related reading and writing in the dramatic play area. For example, if the center is set up as a restaurant, the teacher and children can add wall signs, menus, pencils, and note pads to jot down customer orders. This type of lit-enriched dramatic play can offer children of all ages and abilities multiple low-risk opportunities to explore and experiment with emergent reading and writing.

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What are functional literary activities, and how can teachers use these activities in a preschool or kindergarten classroom?

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Functional print (labels lists, directions, and schedules) is ideal for beginning readers because the surrounding context helps explain its meaning. This contextualized print is easy for young children to read and helps them view themselves as real readers. In addition, functional lit activities help develop the concept that reading and writing have practical significance and can be used to get things done in everyday life. This realization makes print more salient to children and provides important motivation for learning to read and write. Functional print also presents opportunities for children to learn to recognize letters and words in a highly meaningful context.

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How can the daily schedule support language and literacy learning?

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A wonderful environment without blocks of time to use it is worthless. Large chunks of time are necessary for individual and small-group investigations and shorter amounts of time for whole-group activities. Quiet times during which children sit and listen should be balanced with active times. The schedule should also feature flexibility, so that there is a rhythm to the day.

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Active Listening

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The listener combines the info provided by the speaker with his or her own prior knowledge to construct personal meaning.

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Dramatic Play

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An advanced form of play in which children take on roles and act out make-believe stories and situations.

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IRE (Initiation, response, evaluation)

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A pattern of classroom talk in which the teacher asks a question, a student answers, and the teacher either accepts or rejects that answer and then goes on to ask another question.

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Metalinguistic awareness

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The ability to attend to language forms in and of themselves. For example, a child may notice that two words rhyme with each other.

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Metaplay language

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Comments about play itself (I'll be mommy, and you be the baby)

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Pretend language

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Comments that are appropriate for the roles that children have taken in dramatic play. For example, a child pretending to be a baby might say "Waah! Waah!"

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Vocabulary

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Children's knowledge of word meanings.

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What can ECE teachers do to provide children with more stimulating experiences with language?

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1. Engage students in reciprocal discussions and conversations. 2. Provide ample opportunities for activity-centered language that invite (and, at times, require) students to use language to get things done. 3. Provide language-centered activities that focus students' attention on specific aspects of language. 4. Provide direct, systematic vocabulary instruction.

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What are effective, explicit approaches to teach vocab directly?

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a. Provide purposeful exposure to new words--teachers should decide in advance to teach selected words to children, using high-utility root words b. Intentionally teach word meaning. Select words that important for comprehension and useful in everyday interaction. c. Teach word learning strategies. For young children to develop the mental tools to infer word meanings from context, they need to be taught how. This is best accomplished when the teacher models through a think-aloud. d. Offer opportunities to use newly learned words. Often, these targeted words are connected to other parts of the academic curriculum.

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What is the initiation, response, evaluation (IRE) pattern of class talk? What probs are associated with this type of discourse? How can teachers provide students with more stimulating conversations in the classroom?

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The IRE pattern of discourse occurs when the teacher asks a question, a student answers, and the teacher either accepts or rejects that answer and goes on to ask another question. These types of question-and-answer

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