Ch 3 Culture – Flashcards
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a society's entire way of life
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culture refers to_
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-The root of the word "culture" is the same as that of the word" "cultivate" and "agriculture" -suggesting that people living together in a society actually "grow" in their way of life over time -The Latin root of "culture," cultura, means "a tilling." In this sense, culture is the means by which humans cultivate the world.
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explain the root meaning of culture (include a word with the same root)
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multicultural
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United States is the most_nation of all
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This cultural diversity reflects the country's long history of receiving immigrants from all over the world
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How the history of the United States reflects the fact that it has a cultural diversity for being a multicultural nation?
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-diverse ways -form our personalities -human nature -natural -own behavior that way -creating culture, and cultural diversity.
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Human beings around the world create _ of life. Culture not only shapes what we do, but it also helps __what we commonly, but wrongly, describe as "_."No way of life is "_" to humanity, even though most people around the world view their _. What comes naturally to members of our species is _
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people personalities
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Culture affects _traits
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human culture
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The amazing human capacity for so many different ways of life is a matter of_
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is the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together form a people's way of life.
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Culture
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-What we think -How we act -what we own
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Culture includes_
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-past -future
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Culture is both our link to_and our guide to_
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-Ideas created by members of a society -culture is the intangible world of ideas created by members of a society, ideas that range from altruism to zen.
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Nonmaterial culture
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-Physical things created by members of a society -is the tangible things created by members of a society, everything from armaments to zippers.
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Material culture
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internal differences, since culture also shapes our goals in life, our sense of justice, and even our innermost personal feelings.
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Culture not only shapes our physical characteristics but our_
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culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns.
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what is the definition of culture as designed by anthropologists and behavior scientists?
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by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive Culture, published in 1871.
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who used the term culture for first time?
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anthropology and sociological studies.
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Since Tylor's time, the concept of culture has become the central focus of _
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-Reconstruct ancient cultures (bones, rock and other aspects that remain) -Harder to recreate the nonmaterial cultures
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How anthropologists study culture? what aspect of culture is hard to them to recreate?
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by being member of a society group
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How people acquire their culture?
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-Cultural differences in the world -People's tendency to view their own way of life as "natural"
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what two factors contribute to the feeling of uneasiness when a traveler enters an unfamiliar culture?
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-CULTURE IS SHARED -CULTURE IS LEARNED THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION -CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT -CULTURE ACCUMULATES OVER TIME -CULTURE IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING
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what are the characteristics of culture?
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-Society refers to interacting people who share a culture. -Culture is the product of that interaction.
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How culture and society differ?
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-Human society and culture cannot exist independently of each other -although dead societies leave behind cultural remains that are discovered by archeologists
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what two aspects cannot exists without each other? what is an exception of this?
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Culture is created through people interacting, but human interaction takes its form through the sharing of culture
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How culture is created? how the creation of culture arise?
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is that personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.
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Cultural Shock
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when we travel abroad
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when culture shock is the most intense?
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was introduced for the first time in 1958 to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment.
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when the term "culture shock" was introduced?
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-Napoleon Chagnon -Yanomamo
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who investigated one of the most technologically simple societies on Earth? What was the name of the society?
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Yanomamo live in villages scattered along the border of Venezuela and Brazil.
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where is the Yanomamo society located?
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-The Yanomamo wear little clothing and live without electricity, automobiles, or other familiar convenience. -Traditional weapons, the bow and arrow are used for hunting and warfare.
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Describe the life of the Yanomamo (clothing, what they do not have, weapons)
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an example of culture shock
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The example of Nepoleon Changnon visiting the Yanomamo is_
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join together to create our own way of life
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Such variations between societies come from the fact that as human beings, we_
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happens as we confront people of other colors, cultures, and class positions
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How culture shock can happen in our own communities?
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lose some of the things of own culture but get customs of the dominant culture
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Acculturation
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instincts
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Every other animal, from ants to zebras, behaves very much the same all around the world because behavior is guided by_
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-biological programing over which the species has no control -Fixed, biologically inherited, complex behavior patterns.
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instincts
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-Chimpanzees and related primates -They use tools and teaching simple skills to their offspring (animals learn certain behaviors from their mothers)
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what animals have capacity for limited culture? what they do that is classified as cultural?
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-culture -instinct -life and ensure survival
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Humans only rely on_rather than_to create a way of_
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-The answer to the question depends on how narrow culture is defined. -If it is used broadly to refer to a complex of learned behavior patterns, then it is clear that we are not alone in creating and using culture. -Many other animal species teach their young what they themselves learned in order to survive
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There is a difference of opinion in the behavioral sciences about whether or not we are the only animal that creates and uses culture. How this question is answered?
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-JANE GOODALL -having closely observed their behavior for the past quarter century in the jungles of the Gombe Game Reserve in Africa, living in the chimps environment and gaining their confidence.
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who studied the chimpanzees in depth? how?
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Her observations established that chimpanzees: -make "tools" -organize hunts -have a form of dominance hierarchy and social rules within their communities.
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what Jane Goodall's observations established about the chimpanzees?
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Chimpanzee culture is much like human culture: -groups in different areas share different cultures. -Tool-use is a good example. (use long twigs and alter them for better termite fishing and nut-cracking with rocks and flat surfaces). -Chimpanzees develop different cultural practices depending on their environment, and transmit their culture as learned behavior. -Chimpanzees have exhibited as many as 39 learned behaviors, including feeding, mating, grooming, and tool use
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How the chimpanzees are really similar to humans?
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-Every other animal behaves very much the same way all around the world because behavior is guided by instincts -Instincts, biological programming over which animals have no control. -Only humans depend on culture rather than instincts to ensure the survival of their kind. -Most human behaviors are the result of social learning rather than instincts. -Humans fashion their natural environment for themselves -Even though animals create tools, they are simple in comparison with the complex tools that humans make -Animals born with instincts; humans learn skills to create tools and other objects
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Explain how culture replaces the instinct in human beings
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biological drives—inborn impulses to satisfy such needs as food, water, and sleep.
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Human share and have their culture organized around_
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4.5 billion 1 billion
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Scientists tell us that our planet is _ years old. Life appeared about _ years later.
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-250,000 -thinking person -brains -culture rapidly.
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By about _ years ago, our own species Homo sapiens (derived from the Latin meaning "_") finally emerged. -With larger _, these "modern" Homo sapiens developed _
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made culture their primary strategy for survival
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The stone age achievements of walking upright, hunting in groups, make fire, tools, and weapons, built simple shelters, and fashioned basic clothing is what set up a distinctive evolutionary course, which they_
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larger brains
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what evolutionary change found in this primates set off the development of culture?
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Homo sapiens
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who developed culture first?
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-society -nation
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culture is usually related to the other two words, which are_
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-Culture refers to the shared way of life -Nation is a political entity, that is, a territory with designated borders. -Society is the organized interaction of people in a nation or within some other boundary.
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How culture, society, and nation differ?
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language
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what is one indicator of culture? (especially when trying to identify how many cultures are in a place)
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Census Bureau lists more than 300 languages spoken in the U.S., most of which were brought by immigrants from nations around the world.
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How many languages are in the United States? (who reported it and how they arrived to the U.S.?)
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7,000
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Globally, experts document almost _ languages, suggesting the existence of as many distinct cultures.
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The number of languages spoken around the world is declining, and roughly half now are spoken by fewer than 10,000 people
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What is our current problem about languages?
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are the oldest members of a society
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What is the last people that speak the language before becoming extinct?
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-globalization -high-technology communication -increasing international immigration -expanding worldwide economy
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What accounts for the worldwide decline in the number of spoken languages?
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-SYMBOLS -LANGUAGE -VALUES AND BELIEFS -NORMS AND SOCIAL CONTROL -MATERIAL CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
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All cultures have five common components:
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they develop new ways to communicate
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One is one reason that humans create symbols?
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Symbols are anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
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Symbol
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-from society to society -within a single society -over time.
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How symbols can vary within humans?
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13
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what number is the most representative in the symbols of the United States like the flag, dollar, the statue of liberty, etc?
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One of the speculations is the idea that the Great Seal contains a lot of Masonic symbolism.
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What are the meanings behind the symbols on a dollar bill?
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-The Cheroskee -Tsalagi
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what was the only tribal nation that had their own writing system? state its name
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-No use alphabet, witting language using symbols and read up and down -a symbol has a meaning of phrase or a whole idea
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the Chinese symbols have which meanings? How they were read and write?
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Chinese culture
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who was the first civilization that creaed printing, paper, and ink?
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Today's teenagers use tattoos and body piercing as a form of self-expression and sexuality
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what is the actual use of tattoos and piercings?
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Humans have marked their bodies with tattoos for thousands of years
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when does tattoos started?
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-amulets -status symbols -declarations of love -signs of religious beliefs -adornments -forms of punishment.
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what were some of the uses of tattoos in the ancient times and as after that?
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-The earliest known examples of tattoos on actual bodies were for a long time Egyptian and were present on several female mummies dated to c. 2000 B.C. -The recently discovered "Iceman," a 5,200-year-old frozen mummy found in the area of the Italian-Austrian border in 1991 is the oldest example.
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What is the earliest evidence of tattoos?
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-senses to experience -meaning
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Like all creatures humans use their_ the surrounding, but unlike other, we also try to give the world _
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symbols
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Humans transform elements of the world into_
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-culture shock is really the inability to "read" meaning in strange surroundings -Inability of a person to understand symbols -Not understanding the symbols of a culture leaves a person feeling lost and isolated, unsure of how to act, and sometimes frightened.
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what is a aspect of culture shock related with symbols?
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-travelers "experience" culture shock when encountering people whose way of life is different -A traveler may "inflict" culture shock on local people by acting in ways that offend them -misunderstandings
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how culture shock is a two-way process? These aspects are based on_
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-In New Zeland -the head was considered the most important part of the body, with the face embellished by incredibly elaborate tattoos or 'moko,' which were regarded as marks of high status. -Each tattoo design was unique to that individual and since it conveyed specific information about their status, rank, ancestry and abilities, it has accurately been described as a form of id card or passport
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what is especial about Maori tattoo designs?
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-Visible tattoos and piercings may limit the wearers' future. -People confined strictly to the subculture they represent. -cause some businesses to avoid hiring employees with visible piercings and tattoos -Tattoos send a subliminal negative message to all ages.
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what is the problem with tattoos and piercings? (provide actual examples)
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-nation -society -multicultural -ways of life that blend (and sometimes clash).
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United States is considered to be both a_and _. It is also a _ society; that is, it has many people who follow various _
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a single society
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Symbolic meanings no only differ between nations, but also within_
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language
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what is the key to the world of culture?
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is a system of symbols that allows members of a society to communicate with one another.
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Language
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Language
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what is the most effective communication system that humans use?
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These symbols take the form of spoken (oral tradition) and written works that vary from culture to culture.
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which two forms the symbols of language take?
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-Many alphabets were created to express the many languages we speak -Rules of writing (orientation: right to left, left to right, or top to bottom direction of writing)
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How the different languages of cultures across the world differ?
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-English -Chinese -Spanish
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What are the 3 most widely spoken languages?
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-Chinese is the native tongue of one-fifth of the world's people. The official dialect is Mandarin; Cantonese the second most common Chinese dialect -English has become the second preferred language in most of the world. It is the Native tongue or official language in several world regions. -Spanish is the preferred second language of the United States. Largest concentration of speakers are in Latin America and Spain.
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Explain the global perspective of the languages of Chinese, English, and Spanish
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cultural transmission
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Language not only allows communication but is also the key to_
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The process by which one generation passes culture to the next
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Cultural transmission
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Immigrants have impacted the languages and selection of language (pick which language would be the second language of a person).
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what aspect of the United States has impacted language?
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-Language is the key to cultural transmission -For people everywhere, language is the major means of cultural transmission, the process by which one generation passes culture to the next. -Our culture contains countless symbols of those who came before us -Language is the key that unlocks centuries of accumulated wisdom -Every society has transmitted culture by using speech (oral cultural tradition)
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Understand the role of language in the transmission of culture
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-Some 5,000 years ago, humans invented writing -Not until the 20th century did high-income nations boast of nearly universal literacy. -The problem to use it to transmit culture is that still about 14 percent of US adults are functionally illiterate, unable to read and write; In addition, in low-income countries, 15 percent of men and 24 percent of women are illiterate
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Briefly explain the history of writing and its limits as a way to transmit culture
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-skills not only link us with others and with the past, they also set free the human imagination. -Connecting symbols in new ways, we can imagine almost unlimited future possibilities
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what language skills do for humans?
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Language—both spoken and written—distinguishes human beings as the only creatures who are self-conscious, aware of our limitations and our ultimate mortality, yet able to dream and to hope for a future better than the present
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how language distinguishes human beings from other creatures?
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Only humans can create complex systems of symbols, but some other animals have the ability to use symbols (simpler symbols) in communicating.
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Is language only for humans?
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Edward Sapir Benjamin Whorf
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What two people explored the concept of whether people that speak different languages change the experience that they have of the world? (language shapes reality)
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-They claimed that indeed language shapes reality
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What Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf claimed in the topic of "language shapes reality"?
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-Since each language has its own distinctive symbols that serve as the building blocks of reality -They noted that each language has words or expressions not found in any other symbolic system -All languages fuse symbols with distinctive emotions so that , as multilingual people know, a single idea may "feel" different when spoken in Spanish rather than in English or Chinese
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what are the three reasons given by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf that supported their idea that language shapes reality?
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The idea that people see and understand (perceive) the world through the cultural lens of language
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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-Edward Sapir -Benjamin Whorf
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Who created the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
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-Current thinking is that, while we do fashion reality out of our symbols, evidence does not support the notion that language determines reality the way Sapir and Whorf claimed. -Examples: children know the meaning of "family" before they learn language and adults can imagine new ideas before inventing a name for them
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what is the criticism against the Sphir-Whorf thesis?
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-that human beings may have evolved a biological structure within the brain which facilitates the acquisition of language in very young children
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What is one hypothesis of how we learn language? (created by Noam Chomsky )
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The "language acquisition device (LAD)," or biological structure within the forebrain facilitates the learning of language, acting as a general blueprint or program (universal grammar) establishing the basic logic whereby all human languages are constructed
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what part of the brain and how it works that supports the learning of language?
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up to the age of 5
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up to what age, the children will learn the languages that has been exposed to?
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-Children in all cultures learn language at about the same age. -They master the same aspects of their particular language at similar rates and make similar errors
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what 2 ideas support Chomsky theory about learning of language?
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Michael Halliday believes we are born with a 'meaning potential', but not a deep grammar. Grammar he believes, like our vocabulary, is entirely learned by the child.
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what are the criticisms against Chomsky theory about learning language?
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-Language is learned by interaction with other people -Without other people, we cannot learn language
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what is the limitation of learning a language? (something that if you do not have you would not be able to learn it)
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-There is no official language because congress, the laws, and the constitution does not require and state any language as the official language of the US -However, the Unofficial language is English because most of the population of the US speaks it
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what language is the official language of the United States?
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-According to The American Heritage Dictionary it's the speech of educated speakers. -However, there is no a language model considered to be the standard English
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What's Standard English?
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The voice activated language used by the technology to talk to us and respond to us
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Beside immigrants, what other new arising innovation may influence language?
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-Women use a more refine form of speaking -A recent study has documented that the language of women, compared to the language of men, is more like that of the upper classes. -Presumably because women are more concerned with societally defined "propriety" they are more likely to use speech that is more proper than the situation calls for.
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Do men and women use language differently?
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-a severely reduced linguistic system used for special activities -CB language, Computer language-Netspeak, Text messages, and Slang language
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restricted language (definition and provide examples)
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-Some slang comes and goes with the times, like fashion trends. Other slang can be carbon-dated. -A lot of slang is associated with young people because young people experiment with language in the forging of their adult identities. -Slang also can change a word's definition from one generation to the next.
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How slang language affect language?
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-is a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing. -Slang overlaps with a defining characteristic of jargon: slang is a marker of in-group solidarity, and so it is a correlate of human groups with shared experiences
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slang (definition and use)
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social change
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Language reflects_
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-Language reflects the effects of changes in the cultural times as well as in technology and scientific advances. -Language illustrates our ability to dream and to bring new worlds into being
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How language reflects social changes?
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Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
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values
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to make choices about how to live
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How people that share a culture use values?
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beliefs
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Values are broad principles that support_
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specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true
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Beliefs
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-abstract standards of goodness -particular matters that individuals consider to true or false
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In other words, values are_and beliefs are_
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1. Equal opportunity 2. Achievement and success 3. Material comfort 4. Activity and work 5. Practically and efficiency 6. Progress 7. Science 8. Democracy and free enterprise 9. Freedom 10. Racism and group superiority
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List Robin Williams' ten central American values
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-Most people of US favor not equality of condition but equality of opportunity -We believe that our society should provide everyone with the chance to get ahead according to individual talents and efforts
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Explain "equal opportunity" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-Our way of life encourages competition so that each person's rewards should reflect personal merit -A successful person is given the respect due a "winner"
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Explain "achievement and success" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-Success in US generally means making money and enjoying what it will buy -Most of us pursue wealth all the same
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Explain "Material comfort" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-Popular US heroes are "doers" who get the job done -Our culture values action over reflection and taking control events over passively accepting fate
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Explain "Activity and work" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-We value the practical over theoretical, "doing" over "dreaming." -Activity has value to the extent that it earns money
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Explain "Practically and efficiency" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-We are optimistic people, who despite waves for nostalgia, believe that the present is better than the past -We celebrate progress, viewing the "very latest" as the "very best"
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Explain "Progress" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-We expect scientists to solve problems and improve the quality of our lives -We believe we are rational, logical people, which probably explains our cultural tendency to look down on emotion and intuition as sources of knowledge
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Explain "science" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-Members of our society believe that individuals have rights that government should not take away -We believe that a just political system is based on free election in which citizens elect government leaders and on an economy that responds to the choices of individual consumers
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Explain "Democracy and free enterprise" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-We favor individual initiative over collective conformity -While we know that everyone has responsibilities to others, we believe that people should be free to pursue their personal goals
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Explain "freedom" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-Despite strong ideas about equal opportunity and freedom, most people in the United States judge individuals according to gender, race, ethnicity, and social class -US culture values males above females, whites above people of color, rich above poor, and people with northwestern European background above those whose ancestors came from other parts of the world -There is little doubt that some of us are "more equal" than others
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Explain "Racism and group superiority" of Robin Williams' ten central American Values
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-we value activity and hard work because we expect effort to lead to achievement and success and result in greater material comfort
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Give an example of how some of the values of the ten central American values go together
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People in the US believe in equality of opportunity, yet they may also look down on others because of their sex or race
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Give an example of how one key cultural value contradicts another in the ten central American values
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-we can decide that one value is more important than another -EX: support equal opportunity while opposing same-sex marriage
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what we can do when some values contradict another in the central American values? (give an example)
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-Lower-income nations contain populations that are vulnerable, people in these countries develop cultures that value survival; they place a great importance on physical safety and economy security (have enough to eat and a safe place to sleep) -Lower-income societies tend to be traditional, with values that celebrate the past and emphasize the importance of family and religious beliefs -In Lower-income nations, men has most of the power and they discourage divorce and abortion
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Within the global perspective of values, describe how low-income society are
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-Develop cultures that value individualism and self-expression -Most of these countries are rich enough that most of their people take survival granted -They focus their attention on which "lifestyle" they prefer and how to achieve the greatest personal happiness -Tend to be secular-rational, placing less emphasis on family ties and religious beliefs and more on people thinking for themselves and being tolerant of others who differ from them -Women have social standing more equal to men, and there is a widespread support for practices such as divorce and abortion
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Within the global perspective of value, describe how high-income societies are
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rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
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norms
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-Part of norms -rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to cultural norms
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sanctions
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-He recognized that some norms are more important to our lives than others -Mores
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William Graham Summer coined which term and based on what?
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Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
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mores
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taboos
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Mores include_
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folkways
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In contrast with mores, people pay less attention to_
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Norms for routine or casual interaction
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folkways
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-right and wrong -right and rude
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mores distinguish between_, and folkways distinguish or draw a line between_
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attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
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Social control
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-Norms -Mores -Folkways
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social control includes_
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-Mores -Folkways
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what are the basic rules of everyday? (2)
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-more orderly or predictable -Observing or breaking the rules of social life
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Although we sometimes resist pressure to conform, we can see that norms make our dealings with other more_. _prompts a response from others in the form of either reward or punishment
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social control
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Sanctions (reward or punishment) operate as a system of_
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-Doing wrong can cause both shame (painful sense that others disapprove our actions) and guilt (a negative judgment we make of ourselves)
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Explain how is expressed, as we learn cultural norms, our capacity to evaluate our own behavior?
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-shame -guilt
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Of all living things, only cultural creatures can experience_
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Norms: more important, stated rules, distinguishes between right and wrong. Folkways: people pay less attention, routine rules, distinguishes between right and rude.
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Distinguish between mores and folkways
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-Ideal culture includes values and norms that suggest how we should behave. -Real culture—what actually occurs in everyday life.
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What is the difference between ideal and real culture?
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-values -norms
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what two do not describe actual behavior so much as they suggest how we should behave? (folkways, norms, values, mores)
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includes values and norms that suggest how we should behave.
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Ideal culture
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what actually occurs in everyday life.
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Real culture
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Ideal culture often is revealed in legends; "legend" is derived from Latin meaning "things to be read."
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where ideal culture is found?
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physical human (tangible or touchable) creations called artifacts
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In addition to symbolic elements such as values and norms, every culture includes a wide range of_
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underlying cultural values.
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A society's artifacts partly reflect _
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technology
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In addition to reflecting values, material cultures also reflects a society's_
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Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surrounding
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technology
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(for better or worse) to shape the world for themselves.
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The more complex a society's technology, the more its members are able _
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-Reliance on the internal-combustion engines, and superhighways filled with automobiles causes congestion and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which contributes to pollution problems and global warming. -Technology may increase the life expectancy for children born in the U.S. and other industrialized nations, but may also contribute to increasing unhealthy levels of stress and weapons capable of destroying everything that mankind has achieved. -Technology is not equally distributed within our population or around the world. Making us to judge cultures with simpler technology as less advanced than our own.Some people cannot afford the technology or reject to adapt it to their lives.
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What are the disadvantages of technology?
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-postindustrial -computers and new information technology.
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Many rich nations, including the United States, have entered a _phase based on _
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-Industrial production is centered on factories and machinery generating material goods. -Postindustrial production is based on computers and other electronic devices that create, process, store, and apply information.
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Describe the focus of postindustrial societies in industrial production (what is it centered on? and what is based on?)
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-In an information economy, workers need symbolic skills in place of the mechanical skills of the industrial age. -Symbolic skills include the ability to speak, write, compute, design, and create images in art, advertising, and entertainment.
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Describe information economy (what workers require?)
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-New information technology also enables us to generate culture on an unprecedented scale. -The Information Revolution is generating symbols—words, sounds, and images—faster than ever before and spreading these symbols across the nation and around the world.
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what new information technology has enables us to do? Describe how
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-As symbolic creatures, humans cannot live without culture. -Culture can constrain social possibilities, limiting choices, and passing on troubling patterns, prejudices, and behaviors. -We experience alienation -Society's emphasis on competitive achievement urges us toward excellence, yet this same pattern also isolate us from one another -Material things comfort us but divert us from the security and satisfaction that come from close relationship and spiritual strength (material vs. spiritual strength)
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Describe culture as constrant of human freedom
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-As cultural creatures, we have the capacity to shape and reshape our world to meet our needs and pursue our dreams.
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Describe culture as freedom
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Japan
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what country, due to its historic isolation, is the most monocultural of all high-income countries?
question
Due to its high immigrant migration, which creates a cultural mix
answer
Why United States is considered to be a multicultural society?
question
-immigration -social class
answer
Cultural diversity involves not just_but also_
question
cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
answer
high culture
question
cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
answer
popular culture
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because many cultural patterns are readily available to only some members of a society
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Why popular and high culture arise?
question
-We appreciate more the high culture's aspects like: art forms, classical literature, music, dance, and painting -We speak less kindly of ordinary people, assuming that everyday culture is somehow less worthy. (hip hop, cornbread,ping-pong)
answer
what is the common thinking that people have in regards to popular and high cultures?
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1. Neither elites nor ordinary people share all the same tastes and interest; people in both categories differ in many ways 2.Do we praise high culture because it is inherently better than popular culture or simply because its supporters have more money, power, and prestige?
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why sociologists are uneasy about the idea that high cultures are superior than popular cultures? (2 reasons)
question
cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population
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substructure or subculture
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-almost everyone participates in some subcultures without necessarily having much commitment to any of them -Cultural differences can set people apart from one another with tragic results
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It is easy but often inaccurate to place people in some subcultural categories because_. What is one tragic example of this setting apart of people within subcultures?
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-Subcultures are a source of pleasing variety -Subcultures are a source of tension and even violence
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what is the good result of subculture influence? what is the bad result of subculture influence?
question
melting pot
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United States used to be seen as the _where many nationalities blend into a single "American" culture
question
hierarchy
answer
Subcultures involve not just difference but also_
question
-powerful segments -disadvantage people
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Too often what we view as "dominant" or "mainstream" culture are patterns favored by _ of the population, and we view the lives of_as "subcultures"
question
a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions
answer
multiculturalism
question
-Multiculturalism represnts a sharp change from the past, when our society downplayed cultural diversity and defined itself primarily in terms of well-off European and especially English immigrants -Today there is a spirited debated about whether we should continue to focus on historical traditions or highlights contemporary diversity
answer
What is the debate of multiculturalism?
question
-The idea that that immigrants from around the world have come together to form a new way of life -At the top were the English, who formed the majority in early US history and established English as the nation's dominant language -People of other backgrounds were advised to model themselves after "their betters." "Melting" was really a process of Anglicization (adoption of English ways) -This society set up the English way of life as an ideal that everyone else should imitate and by which everyone should be judged -Historians report events from the point of view of the English and other people of European ancestry, paying little attention to the perspectives and accomplishments of Native Americans and people of African and Asian descent -This is criticizes as Eurocentrism by multuculturalists
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what was the contemporary view (early in history) of diversity from multiculturalism within United States?
question
The dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
answer
Eurocentrism
question
-Some people believe that English should be the official language of the United States -But some 57 million men and women (1 in 5) speak a language other than English at home
answer
what is the debate on language within the United States?
question
-it is a way of coming to terms with out country's increasing social diversity (having Asian, African American, and Hispanic become the majority of the country's population) -They claim that multiculturalism is a good way to strengthen the academic achievement of African American children (Afrocentrism)
answer
What supporters of multiculturalism say?
question
afrocentrism
answer
what is the counter of eurocentrism?
question
emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns
answer
Afrocentrism
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they see necessary after centuries of minimizing or ignoring the cultural achievements of African societies and African Americans
answer
why people see necessary to promote afrocentrism?
question
-It encourages divisiveness rather than unity because it urges people to identify their own category rather than with the nation as a whole -Instead of recognizing any common standards of truth, multiculturalism maintains that we should evaluate ideas according to the race and sex of those who present them -Multiculturalism harms minorities themselves (policies supporting segregation) -Afrocentric curriculum may deny children a wide range of important knowledge and skills by forcing them to study only certain topics from a single point of view -Global war
answer
what opponents of multiculturalism say?
question
outright rejection of conventional ideas or behavior
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Cultural diversity also includes _
question
cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
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counterculture
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changes in others
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change in one part of culture usually sparks _
question
the close relationship among various elements of a cultural system
answer
cultural integration
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-Some elements of culture change faster than others -technology moves quickly, generating new elements of material culture (things) faster than nonmaterial culture (ideas) can keep up with them -cultural lag
answer
how technology affect the rate at which material culture and nonmaterial culture change? How this inconsistency is called?
question
the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system
answer
cultural lag
question
1. invention 2. Discovery 3. Diffusion
answer
Identify 3 causes of cultural change
question
-the process of creating new cultural element s -each of the products of invention of material culture has had a tremendous impact on our way of life (phone, airplane, computer) -The important elements (women's shelters, school desegregation, and minimum wage), each an important element of nonmaterial culture -The process of invention goes constantly
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Explain the "invention" cause of cultural change
question
-Involves recognizing and understanding more fully something already in existence -Some discoveries result from painstaking (careful done) scientific research,and some result from political struggle. Some even from luck
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Explain the "Discovery" cause of cultural change
question
-the spread of cultural traits from one society to another -Because new information technology sends information around the globe in seconds, cultural diffusion has never been greater than it is today -Diffusion works in both ways: our nation influencing other nations and other nations influencing our nation.
answer
Explain the "Diffusion" cause of cultural change
question
-The musical segregation, in which the different styles of music never corssover and were distinguished, break down with the arising of rock-n-roll -Rock was a new mix of older musical patterns, blending mainstream pop with country and western and, especially, rhythm and blues -As rock-n-roll drew together musical traditions, it soon divided society in a new way: by age, especially rock was clearly linked to the emergence of youth culture, but little appreciated by their parents -The new performers took a rebellious stand against "adult" culture -Elvis Presley became the first superstar of rock-n-roll for his great crossover power -the birth of rock-n-roll shows the power of race and class to shape subcultural patterns
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Describe what happened with the arising of the rock and roll
question
find puzzling and even immoral
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So what people in one society thinks of as right and natural, people elsewhere_
question
ethnocentrism
answer
Given that a particular culture is the basis for each person's reality, it is no wonder that people everywhere exhibit_
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The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
answer
ethnocentrism
question
it is necessary for people to be emotionally attached to their way of life
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why some degree of ethnocentrism is needed?
question
It generates misunderstanding and sometimes conflict
answer
what is the disadvantage of ethnocentrism?
question
cultural relativism
answer
what is the alternative to ethnocentrism?
question
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
answer
cultural relativism
question
cultural relativism
answer
which of the following is difficult for the travelers to adopt? (Ethnocentrism or cultural relativism)
question
-It requires not only openness to unfamiliar values and norms but also to put aside cultural standards we have known all our lives
answer
why cultural relativism is difficult to be adopted by travelers?
question
As people of the world come into increasing contact with one another, the importance of understanding other cultures becomes ever greater
answer
why cultural relativism is important to be acquire by the people?
question
business are learning that success in the global economy depends on awareness of cultural patterns around the world
answer
How cultural relativism is important to business?
question
-If almost any kind of behavior is the norm somewhere in the world, does that mean everything is equally right? -Since we are all members of a single species, surely there must be some universal standards of proper conduct. But what are they? -In trying to develop them, how can we avoid imposing our own standards on others?
answer
what are the problems with cultural relativism?
question
-Ethnocentrism: judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture, easily and almost unnoticeable to perform by people, needed to become attached to owns culture, generates misunderstanding and sometimes conflict. -Cultural relativism: Judging a culture by its own standards, difficult to perform by people, needed for the increasing interconnected world to understand other cultures (include become successful in the global economy), Introduces moral issues of what is correct to do and how to create universal standards without imposing our own standards.
answer
Compare and contrast ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
question
-Societies now have more contact with one another than ever before, thanks to the flow of goods, information and people
answer
What are the 3 factors that are influencing the emergence of a global culture?
question
-International trade has never been greater -The global economy has spread many of the same consumer goods throughout the world
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Explain "the global economy: the flow of goods" of the factors that influence the emergence of global culture
question
-The internet and satellite-assisted communications enable people to experience the sights and sounds of events taking place thousands of miles away, often as they happen -Less than 1/3 of the Internet users speak English. Therefore, the spread of computer technology has helped spread the spread the English language around the world
answer
Explain "Global communications: the flow of information" of the factors that influence the emergence of global culture
question
-Knowing about the rest of the world motivates people to move to where they imagine life will be better -Transportation technology makes relocating easier than ever before. As a result, in most countries, significant numbers of people were born elsewhere
answer
Explain "Global migration: the flow of people" of the factors that influence the emergence of global culture
question
1. Global flow of goods, information, and people is uneven in different parts of the world (urban areas have stronger ties to one another, while many rural villages remain isolated; North America and Western Europe influence the rest of the world more than the rest of the world influences them) 2. The global culture thesis assumes that people everywhere are able to afford various new goods and services (desperate poverty of much of the world deprives people of even the basic necessities of a safe and secure life). 3. Although many cultural practices are now found in countries throughout the world, people everywhere do not attach the same meanings to them (people everywhere still see the world though their own cultural lenses)
answer
what are the three limitations to the global culture thesis?
question
-Structural-functional approach -Social-conflict approach -Sociobiology Approach
answer
What are the three macro-level theoretical approaches to understanding culture?
question
-Explains culture as a complex strategy for meeting human needs -Using the doctrine of Idealism, this approach considers values the core of a culture -Cultural values direct our lives, give meaning to what we do, and bind people together -Countless other cultural traits have various functions that support the operation of society -It help us to understand an unfamiliar way of life -Cultural universals: if cultures are strategies for meeting human needs, we would expect to find many common patterns around the world
answer
Explain the structural-functional approach to understand culture
question
-Part of the structural-functional approach -traits that are part of every known culture -Based on the idea that if cultures are strategies for meeting human needs, we would expect to find many common patterns around the world
answer
Cultural universals (part of which theory, definition, based on what idea)
question
-it shows how culture operates to meet human needs
answer
what is the strength of structural-functional approach?
question
-Yet by emphasizing a society's dominant cultural patterns, this approach largely ignores the cultural diversity that exists in many societies -because this approach emphasize cultural stability, it downplays the importance of change -In short, cultural systems are not as stable or a matter of as much agreement as structural-functional approach leads us to believe
answer
What are the weakness of structural-functional approach? (3)
question
-stresses the link between culture and inequality -Any cultural trait benefits some members of society at the expense of others -Argue that culture is shaped by a society's system of economic production -Using the doctrine of materialism, this approach holds that a society's system of material production has a powerful effect on the rest of a culture -It ties our cultural values of competitiveness and material success to our country's capitalist economy, which serves the interests of the nation's wealthy elite -The culture of capitalism teaches us to think that rich and powerful people work harder or longer than others and therefore deserve their wealth and privileges -It also encourages us to view capitalism as "natural," discouraging us from trying to reduce economic inequality -strains of inequality erupt into movements of social change
answer
Explain the social-conflict approach
question
That cultural systems do not address human needs equally, allowing some people to dominate others. This inequality in turn generates pressure toward change
answer
What mainly social-conflict approach of culture suggests?
question
Yet by stressing divisiveness of culture, this approach understates the ways that cultural patterns integrate members of society
answer
what is the weakness of social-conflict approach?
question
a theoretical approach that explores the ways in which human biology affects how we create culture
answer
sociobiology
question
evolution proposed by Charles Darwin
answer
sociobiology rests on the theory of_
question
-He asserted that living organisms change over long periods of time as a result of natural selection, a matter of 4 simple principles
answer
Explain what Charles Darwin asserted in his theory of evolution
question
1. All living things live to reproduce themselves 2. The blueprint for reproduction is in the genes, the basic units of life that carry traits of one generation into the next 3. Some random variation in genes allows a species to "try out" new life patterns in a particular environment. This variation allows some organisms to survive better than others and pass on their advantageous genes to their offspring 4. Over thousands of generations, the genetic pattern that promote reproduction survive and become dominant. In this way, as biologists say, a species "adapts" to its environment, and dominant traits emerge as the "nature" of the organism
answer
what are the 4 simple principles about natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin?
question
-Based on the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin -Claim that the large number of cultural universals reflects the fact that all humans are members of a single biological species. It is our common biology that underlies the apparently universal "double standard" of sexual behavior (male want to have sex more and with anyone because they produce a lot of sperm; female is less likely to behave like this because she has a counter of eggs that she can produce and fertilization requires her to spend 9 months pregnant and raise the child afterward, so she must choose a father that will stay with her and will contribute to her child's survival and successful reproduction)
answer
Explain sociobiology theory
question
biological roots of some cultural patterns
answer
Sociobiology has generate intriguing theories about the_
question
-It remains controversial for two main reasons: 1. Some critics fear that sociobiology may revive biological arguments that claimed superiority of one race or sex 2. Sociobiologists have little evidence to support their theories. Research to date suggests that biological forces do not determine human behavior in any rigid sense. Rather, human learn behavior within a cultural system
answer
what are the weaknesses of the sociobiology approach? (2)
question
-Sociobiology rejects the past pseudoscience of racial and gender superiority -Sociobiology unites all of humanity because all people share a single evolutionary history -Sociobiologists does assert that men and women differ biologically in some ways that culture cannot easily overcome -But by far from claiming that males are somehow more important than females, sociobiologists emphasizes that both sexes are vital to human reproduction and survival
answer
What is the counter argument by the supporters of siciobiology about the fact that sociobiology may revive biological arguments that claimed superiority of one race or sex ?
question
it lies in explaining why some cultural patterns seem easier to learn than others
answer
what is the contribution of sociobiology?
question
-macro level
answer
Level of analysis of Structural-functional approach?
question
macro level
answer
Level of analysis of social-conflict approach?
question
macro level
answer
Level of analysis of sociobiological approach?
question
culture is a system of behavior by which members of societies cooperate to meet their needs
answer
what is culture? for structural-functional approach
question
Culture is a system that benefits some people and disadvantages others
answer
what is culture? for social-conflict approach
question
Culture is a system of behavior that is partly shaped by human biology
answer
what is culture? for sociobiology approach
question
Cultural patterns are rooted in a society's core values and beliefs
answer
What is the foundation of culture? for structural-functional approach
question
Cultural patterns are rooted in a society's system of economic production
answer
What is the foundation of culture? for social-conflict approach
question
Cultural patterns are rooted in humanity's biological evolution
answer
What is the foundation of culture? for sociobiology approach
question
How does a cultural pattern help society operate? What culture patterns are found in all societies? (cultural universals)
answer
What core questions does the approach ask? for structural-functional approach
question
How does a cultural pattern benefit some people and harm others? How does a cultural pattern support social inequality?
answer
What core questions does the approach ask? for social-conflict approach
question
How does a cultural pattern help a species adapt to its environment?
answer
What core questions does the approach ask? for sociobiology approach
question
language is a language that is at rick of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language
answer
Endangered language
question
Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers, and becomes a "dead language." If eventually no one speaks the language at all, it becomes an "extinct language."
answer
when does language loss occurs? (include terms called to language)
question
they are currently disappearing at an accelerated rate due to the processes of globalization and neo-colonialism, where the economically powerful languages dominate other languages
answer
explain the increasing loss of languages
question
-Projects to prevent or slow this loss by revitalizing endangered languages and promote education and literacy in minority languages. -Projects to record and document the endangered languages of the world.
answer
How save languages of the world?
question
Diversity refers to all the ways in which people and cultures are different.
answer
Cultural diversity
question
Each culture is different because it is adapted to meet a specific set of conditions, both physical and social.
answer
How each culture is different?
question
Physical factors include climate, geography, population, plant and animal life.
answer
what are the physical factors that differentiate different cultures?
question
Social factors include the society's level of technology, its language, its prevailing beliefs, and the extent to which there is contact with other cultures
answer
What are the social factors that differentiate different cultures?
question
-the distinctive accents -Religious pluralism -Class differences -Individual differences -Racial and ethnic differences
answer
How the US is a multicultural society?
question
immigration
answer
the multiculturalism of US is due to_
question
-Europe -Latin America and Asia
answer
from where the immigration of the US was from a century ago? now from where most of the immigrants of the US come?
question
is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence.
answer
Immigration
question
Immigration is made for many reasons, including economic, political, family re-unification, natural disaster, poverty or the wish to change one's surroundings voluntarily.
answer
why immigration happens?
question
basic social structures and cultural meanings
answer
Cultures share many _, commonly referred to as cultural universals.
question
George Murdock
answer
who identified 60 cultural universals including cooking, feasting, folklore, funeral rites, music, and laws?
question
Marriage and the family
answer
what are the two most important cultural universals?
question
meeting human needs that are found in every known culture.
answer
cultural universals are strategies for_
question
-One common element is the family, which functions everywhere to control sexual reproduction and to oversee the care of children. -Funeral rites, too, are found everywhere, because all human communities cope with the reality of death. -Jokes are another cultural universal, serving as a safe means of releasing social tensions.
answer
give 3 examples of cultural universals that George Murdock identified
question
-music -fashion -consumer goods -technology.
answer
popular culture includes_(4)
question
outright rejection of conventional ideas or behavior.
answer
Cultural diversity also includes _, this is most known as counterculture
question
-hippies -amish -small militaristic communities -bands of religious militants
answer
what are examples of counterculture?
question
-amish -goth culture -Surfers -Polish Americans -motorcyclists -jazz musicians -computer "nerds," -campus poets -wilderness campers
answer
what are examples of subculture?
question
afrocentrism
answer
To offset Eurocentrism, some multicultural educators are calling for _
question
ethnocentrism
answer
Our tendency to pay little attention to countries with which we share borders is one example of_
question
We gain most from studying others is better insight into ourselves.
answer
what is the benefit of cultural relativism to ourselves?
question
few cultural values and beliefs are shared by everyone.
answer
Why US is a cultural diverse nation?
question
Japan and China
answer
what is an example of an homogeneous society?
question
US
answer
What is an example of an heterogeneous society?
question
central to our way of life
answer
the ten values created by Robin Williams are_
question
People in the United States believe in equality of opportunity, yet they may also degrade others because of their sex or race.
answer
what american value is opposite to what other value?
question
diversity of U.S. society and also cultural change.
answer
Conflicts between values reflects the cultural _
question
-older traditions -"Culture of victimization" vs. individual responsibility
answer
New trends develop alongside_. Ex?
question
awkward balancing acts in our beliefs.
answer
Value conflict causes strain and often leads to _
question
mandate what we should not do
answer
proscriptive norms
question
state what we should do
answer
prescriptive norms
question
-taboos -adults not engage in sexual relations with children. -appropriate greetings and proper dress.
answer
Mores, or _, include our society's insistence that _ Folkways include ideas about _
question
Bigamy Incest Cannibalism
answer
Examples of things that are regulated by mores
question
-customs -Correct manners -Appropriate dress -Proper eating behavior
answer
examples of things regulated by folkways, which can be know as_, are_
question
are norms which are designed, maintained and enforced by the political authority of a society.
answer
laws
question
Speeding Cheating on Income Tax Murder
answer
examples of things that are regulated by laws?
question
1. Indoctrination - being told over and over to do something the "right" way. 2. Habituation - doing something the same way over and over again. 3. Practicality - other members of society know in advance what your behavior will be. 4. Desire for approval - other members of society will approve of your behavior because you are doing the "right thing".
answer
list and explain reasons people conform to norms (4)
question
-Informal sanctions: guilt n shame -formal sanctions: punishment outlined in legal system (prison, fine, community service)
answer
list and describe the 2 types of sanctions
question
The criminal justice system is the organizations that respond to alleged violations of the law. -Police -Courts -Prison officials
answer
criminal justice system(definition n examples)
question
Cultural norms guide our behavior and give us the capacity to evaluate our own behavior.
answer
individual control
question
ourselves and surrounding world.
answer
culture help us make sense of_
question
Sociologist have the special task of comprehending culture.
answer
what is the sociologist task respecting culture?
question
-Civil rights movement -Women's movement -Both seek greater equality, and both, too, encounter opposition from defenders of the status quo.
answer
examples of social-conflict approach in US? (2) What they both seek and encounter?
question
-Values conflict -Differences produce conflict between groups and affects social policy
answer
cultural conflict
