question

Senescence

answer

A gradual physical decline related to aging

question

Causes of brain loss before age 65

answer

-Drive abuse- alcohol abuse can cause Wernicke-Korsakoff disease -Poor circulation- impaired blood flow such as hypertension and cigarette smoke -Viruses- HIV and prion that cause mad cow disease destroy neuron -Genes- 1 in 1000 inherit a dominant gene for dementia

question

Outward appearance

answer

-collagen decreases by 1% per year -by age 30 skin is becoming thinner and less flexible; wrinkles become visible - by age 60 all faces are wrinkled

question

Vision

answer

Declines once we start getting older

question

Infertility Male

answer

Common reason: low sperm count Anything that impairs the body over a 75 day period and reduces sperm count shape and motility (activity) like fever, radiation, prescription drugs, drug abusers, alcoholism cigarette smoking

question

Infertility Female

answer

Anything hat impairs physical functioning- like certain diseases smoking extreme dieting and obesity- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) that scars tissue and blocks Fallopian tubes preventing sorry from reaching ovum

question

Infertility teatments

answer

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) overcomes obstacles such as low sperm count and blocked Fallopian tubes - in vitro fertilization (IVF) is one ART procedure that involves the help of donor sperm, ova, and wombs to help the partner that is infertile or a person with no partner if the other sex

question

Andropause

answer

A term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men which normally results in reduced sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass (also called male menopause) age 50

question

Menopause

answer

The time in middle age usually around age 50 when a woman's menstrual periods cease and the production of estrogen progesterone and testosterone drops strictly speaking menopause is dated one year after a woman's last menstrual period although many months before or after that date are menopausal

question

Mortality

answer

Death usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1000 members of a give. Population

question

Morbidity

answer

Disease usually refers to the rate of disease in a given population-physical and emotional, acute (sudden) and chronic (ongoing)

question

Disability

answer

Difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life

question

Vitality

answer

A measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic an individual actually feels

question

DALY: disability adjusted life years

answer

70 years old X 10% reduced function = 64 DALYs they measure the reduced quality of life caused by disability

question

QALY: quality adjusted life years

answer

70 years X 100% vitality = 70 QALY- calculates compare mere survival without vitality to survival with good health a full year of health us a full QALY people with less than full health have a fraction of QALY each year thus their total QALY is less than the total years they live by

question

Seattle longitudinal study

answer

The first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence (began in 1956 most recent in 2005)

question

Cross-sectional research

answer

A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but slate similar in other important characteristics

question

Cross-sequential research

answer

A hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages (a cross/sequential approach) and then follow those groups over the years ( a longitudinal approach)

question

Longitudinal research

answer

A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed

question

Avoidant coping

answer

A method of responding to a stressor by ignoring forgetting or bidding it

question

Problem-focusing coping

answer

A strategy to deal with stress by tackling a stressful situation directly

question

Emotion-focus coping

answer

A strategy to deal with stress by changing feelings about the stressor rather than changing the stressor itself

question

Weathering

answer

The gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time wearing down a persons resilience and resistance

question

Fluid intelligence

answer

They types of basic intelligence that make learning quick and thorough l. Includes abilities such as short term memory, abstract thought and speed of thinking

question

Crystallized intelligence

answer

The types of intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning vocabulary and general information are examples

question

Creative intelligence

answer

A form of intelligence that involves the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative

question

Analytical intelligence

answer

A form of intelligence that involves such a mental processes as abstract planning, strategy selection, focused attention and information processing as well as verbal and logical skills

question

Practical intelligence

answer

The intellectual skills used everyday problem solving

question

Avoidant coping

answer

A method of responding to a stressor by ignoring, forgetting, or hiding it

question

Problem-focused coping

answer

A strategy to deal with stress by tackling a stressful situation directly

question

Emotion-focused coping

answer

A strategy to deal with stress by changing feelings about the stressor rather than changing the stressor itself (use by females mostly)

question

Weathering

answer

The gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time wearing down a persons resilience and resistance

question

Selective optimization with compensation

answer

The theory that people try to maintain a balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well (multitasking)

question

Expert cognition

answer

Intuitive- during surgery people who are outsiders doesn't know how to fix a certain problem a surgeon will know how to cut and know what procedure to do Automatic- experts process incoming information more quickly and analyze it more efficiently than do nonexperts and then act in a well rehearsed way that makes their efforts appear unconscious Flexible- due to intuitive automatic strategic thinking experts are also more flexible deliberately experimenting and enjoying new challenges when things to do not go according to plan Stage tic- experts have more and better strategies especially when problems are unexpected

question

Mas lows hierarchy of needs

answer

1. Physiology- need to satisfy hunger and thirst 2. Safety- need to feel that the world is organized and predictable need to feel safe secure and stable 3. Love and belonging- need to love and be loved to belong and be accepted need to avoid loneliness 4. Success and esteem- need for self esteem achievement, competence and independence need for recognition and respect from others 5. Self-actualization- need to live up to ones fullest and unique potential

question

Big five

answer

The five basic clusters of personality traits that remain quite stable throughout adulthood -openness-closed: imaginative curious artistic open to new experiences -Conscientiousness-careless: organized deliberate conforming self-disciplined -extroversion- introversion: outgoing assertive active -agreeableness- hard to please: kind helpful easygoing generous Neuroticism- placid: moody self punishment critical

question

Empty nest

answer

The time in the lives of parents when their children have left the family home to pursue their own lives

question

Marital happiness over the years

answer

Interval after wedding- characterization First 6 months- honeymoon period-happiest of all 6 months-5 years- happiness dips; divorce is common, usual time for birth of first child 5-10 years- happiness holds steady 10-20 years- happiness dips as children reach puberty 20-30 years- happiness rises when children leave the nest 30-50 years- happiness is high and steady barring serious health problems

question

Before marriage

answer

Divorced parents either partner is under 22 Family opposed Cohabitation before marriage Previous divorce of either partner Large discrepancy in age background interests values (heterogamy)

question

During marriage

answer

Divergent plans and practices regarding childbearing and child rearing Financial stress, unemployment Substance abuse Communication difficulties Lack of time together Emotional or physical abuse Relationship is not supported

question

After marriage

answer

High divorce rate in cohort Weak religious values Laws that make divorce easier Approval of marriage Acceptance of single parenthood

question

Familism

answer

The belief that family members should support one another sacrificing individual freedom and success if necessary in order to preserve family unity

question

Amicable (family bond)

answer

Close relationship with adult child gets along wells high communication

question

Detached

answer

Distant relationship with adult child low in communication

question

Disharmonious

answer

Conflict in relationship with adult child critical arguing

question

Ambivalent

answer

Both close and critical relationships with adult child high on communication

question

Kinkeeper

answer

A caregiver who takes responsibility for maintaining communication among family members

question

Caring for biological children

answer

Labor- intensive expression of generativity Transformative experience with more costs than benefits when children are young

question

Caregiving nonbiological children

answer

About 1/3 if all North American adults become step parents adoptive parents or Forster parents

question

Caregiving ages parents

answer

The "sandwich generation" is the generation of middle aged people who are supposedly squeezed by the needs of the younger and older members of their families

question

Ageism

answer

A prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely in the basis of their chronological age

question

Gerontology

answer

The multidisciplinary study of old age

question

Geriatrics

answer

The medical specialty devoted to aging

question

Demographic shift

answer

Shift in proportion of the populations of various ages

question

Centenarian

answer

A person who has lived 100 years or more

question

Young old

answer

Healthy vigorous financially secure older adults (generally those adults 60-75) who are well integrated into the lives of their families and communities

question

Old-old

answer

Older adults (generally those over 75) who suffer from physical mental or social deficits

question

Oldest-old

answer

Elderly adults (generally those over 85) who are dependent on others for almost everything requiring supportive services such as nursing homes and hospital stays

question

Primary aging

answer

The universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older

question

Secondary

answer

The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging

question

Cataracts

answer

A thickening of the lens causing vision to become cloudy opaque and distorted can be removed in outpatient surgery and replaced with an artificial lens

question

Glaucoma

answer

A buildup of fluid within the eye that damages the optic nerve ; early stages have no symptoms but later stages cause blindness that can be prevented if condition is diagnosed and treated early enough

question

Macular degeneration

answer

A deterioration of the retina early warning is vision that becomes spotty (e.g., some letters missing when reading) early treatment (medication) can restore some vision but this condition is progressive and causes blindness about 5 years after it starts

question

Compression of morbidity

answer

A shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm accomplished by postponing illness

question

Cellular accidents

answer

Oxygen free radicals: atoms of oxygen that as a result of metabolic processes have an unpaired electron these atoms scramble DNA molecules or mitochondria producing errors in cell maintenance and repair that over time may cause cancer diabetes and arteriosclerosis

question

The immune system

answer

B cells : immune cells manufactured in the bone Marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying bacteria and viruses that invade the body T cells: immune cells manufactured in the thymus gland that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body

question

End of replication

answer

Hayflick limit: suggests that human cells are capable of duplicating into two new cells approximately 50 times indicating that the life span may be limited by our genetic program Telomeres: the ends of chromosomes in the cells their length decreases with each cell duplication and seems to correlate with longevity

question

Chapter 24

answer

Late adulthood

question

Control processes

answer

The part of the information-processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of information (aw we age the control process decreases hard time remembering information )

question

Dementia

answer

Irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease (statistics make it seem like "4million" people have dementia and is not true)

question

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

answer

The most common cause of dementia (sometimes called senile dementia of the alzheimer type)

question

Stage 1

answer

Forget recent events Forget information names of people and places

question

Stage 2

answer

Generalized confusion Deficits in concentration and short term memory Speech is repetitive

question

Stage 3

answer

Memory loss becomes dangerous causing accidents or the person goes missing

question

Stage 4

answer

Full time care is needed since they can't care for themselves Communication not clear

question

Stage 5

answer

Personality is gone Unresponsive

question

Vascular dementia (VaD)

answer

A form of dementia characterized by sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning (intense loss of cognition slight improvement and then another intense loss common for people in their 90s )

question

Frontal lobe dementia

answer

Deterioration of the Amygdala and frontal lobes that may be the cause of the 15 percent of all dementias (also called frontotemporal lobar degeneration)

question

Parkinson's disease

answer

A chronic progressive disease that is characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity and sometimes dementia caused by the reduction of dopamine production in the brain

question

Lewy body dementia

answer

A form of dementia characterized by an increase in Lewy body cells in the brain symptoms include visual hallucinations momentary loss of attention falling and fainting

question

Some other dementias

answer

Before age 65 people experience dementia due to Huntington's disease multiple sclerosis severe head injury the last stages of syphilis AIDS and bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE or mad cow disease) timing and symptoms of each kind vary

question

Polypharmacy

answer

A situation in which elderly people are prescribed several medications and the various side effects and interactions can result in dementia symptoms

question

Life review

answer

An examination of ones own role in the history of human life engaged in by many elderly people (older people look back on their life and will either be happy about their life or not Erikson's last stage) 70+

question

Grandparents fulfill 1/4 roles

answer

1) remote grandparents- (aka distant) 2.) companionate grandparents fun loving grandparents always go and support you not to over bearing 3.) involved grandparents overly involved in your life always calling can have negative aspects on parents 4.) surrogate grandparents parents to the children mom or dad decides to step out of child's life and grandparents step in and take care of the

question

Self theories

answer

Theories of late adulthood that emphasize the core self or the search to maintain ones integrity and identity

question

Positivity effect

answer

The tendency for elderly people to perceive prefer and remember positive images and experiences more than negative ones

question

Stratification theories

answer

Theories that emphasize that social forces particularly those related to a persons social stratum or social category limit individual choices and affect a persons ability to function in late adulthood because past stratification continues to limit life in various ways (Criticism)

question

Dynamic systems theory

answer

A view of human development as an ongoing ever changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment including the family and society

question

Elderhostel

answer

An education travel program that offers people (55 and older) special learning experiences at universities and other locations across the United States and around the world

question

AARP

answer

A U.S. Organization of people aged 50 and older that advocates for the elderly

question

family watch dogs (grandparents) involved grandparents

answer

A basic role of grandparents which involves monitoring the younger family's well being and intervening to provide help in a crisis

question

Frail elderly

answer

People over age 65 and often over age 85 who are physically infirm very ill or cognitively disabled

question

Activities of daily life ADLS

answer

Eating, bathing, toile ting, dressing and transferring from bed to chair the inability to do those take us a sign of frailty

question

Instrumental activities of daily life (IADLS)

answer

Actions for example paying bills and driving a car that are important to independent living and that require some intellectual competence and forethought the ability to preform these tasks may be even more critical to self sufficiency than ADL ability

question

Aging in place

answer

Remaining in the same home and community in later life adjusting but not leaving when health fades

question

Assisted living

answer

A living arrangement for elderly people that combines privacy and independence with medical supervision

question

Thanatology

answer

Study of death and dying especially the social and emotional aspects (hope for the after life) It reveals the reality of hope in death

question

How death has hanged in past 100 years

answer

Death occurs later Dying takes longer Death often occurs in hospitals Causes of death have changed And after it is unclear

question

Death In Childhood

answer

Children's different perspective of death are punctuated with impulsivity - may seem happy one day and sad the next do not "get over" the death of a parent not dwell on it may take certain explanations literally Fatally ill children typically fear abandonment frequent and caring contact us more important that logic Older children seek specific facts and become less anxious about death and dying

question

Adolescence and emerging adulthood

answer

Teenagers seem to have little fear of death take risks place high value in appearance and seek thrills

question

Terror management theory TMT

answer

The idea that people adopt cultural values and moral principles in order to cope with their fear of death

question

Death in adulthood

answer

When adults become responsible for work and family death is to be avoided or at least postponed Death anxiety usually increases from ones teens to ones 20s and then gradually decreases Ages 25-60 terminally ill adults worry about leaving something undone or leaving family members especially children alone

question

Death in late adulthood

answer

Death anxiety decrease and hope rises Many older adults accept death and plan Family becomes more important when death seems near Acceptance of death does not mean that the elderly give up on living (legacy vocab in book)

question

Near death experience

answer

Episode in which a person comes close to dying but survives and reports having left his or her body and having moved toward a bright white light while feeling peacefulness and joy Often include religious elements Survivors often adopt a more spiritual less materialistic view of life

question

Kübler Ross

answer

Identified emotions experienced by dying people which she divided into 5 stages 1) denial (I am not really dying) 2.) anger ( I blame my doctors or my family or God for my death) 3.) bargaining- ( I will be good from now on if u can live) 4.) depression (I don't care about anything nothing matters anymore) 5.) acceptance (I accept my death as part of life)

question

Hospice

answer

An institution or program in which terminally ill patients receive palliative care to reduce suffering

question

Palliative care

answer

Care designed not to treat an illness but to provide physical and emotional comfort to the patient

question

Complicated grief

answer

A type of grief that impedes a persons future life usually because the person clings to sorrow or is buffeted by contradictory emotions

question

Absent grief

answer

A situation in which mourners do not grieve either because other people do not allow grief to be expressed it because the mourners do not allow themselves to feel sad

question

Incomplete grief

answer

A situation in which circumstances such as a police investigation or an autopsy integer with the process of grieving

question

Disenfranchised grief

answer

A situation in which certain people although they are bereaved are prevented from mourning publicly by cultural customs or social restrictions

question

Mourning

answer

Public and ritualistic expression of bereavement the ceremonies and behaviors that a religion or culture prescribes to honor the dead help move person from grief to reaffirmation

question

The slowing down if the brain in primary aging may be attributed to

answer

reduced production of acetylcholine & other neurotransmitters Decreases total volume of neural fluid Slower cerebral blood flow ALL IF THE ABOVE

question

A common type of difficulty that older adults have due to brain shrinkage is that it interferes with

answer

Being able to multitask

question

Information must cross what in order to be perceived?

answer

The sensory threshold

question

Speed of cognition is crucial especially in

answer

Working memory

question

The fact that older adults have difficulty gathering and considering all relevant information with which to make a decision can be explained by

answer

A shrinking prefrontal cortex

question

Adult cognitive abilities begin around age 60 and there is a particularly notable decline in

answer

Spatial perception and processing speed

question

Dementia that is more likely to be reversible can be related to all of the following EXCEPT

answer

Strokes (Over medication anxiety depression)

question

Alzheimer disease is characterized by

answer

Multiple plaques and tangles in the hippocampus

question

Erik Erikson was interested in the _____ if the elderly

answer

Perspective

question

Wisdom seems to reflect

answer

An understanding of life

question

Ageism is a form of prejudice in which people:

answer

Categorize and judge people only on the basis of their chronological age

question

In general the ____or aged 65 to 75

answer

Young old

question

When researchers used the grounded theory method to study sexual activity in the elder population they found that

answer

More respondents said their sex lives had improved then said it deteriorated It was more a social construction than a biological event Everyone reported less frequently having sex with age ALL OF THE ABOVE

question

____ is a buildup of fluid within the eye that causes damage to the optic nerve

answer

Glaucoma

question

Cardiovascular disease is ______ aging because it ______

answer

Secondary;may not be age related

question

The compression of morbidity is

answer

A goal to achieve for all age groups

question

They Hayflick limit refers to

answer

The # of times a human cell is capable of dividing

question

The wear and tear theory is most likely applicable to

answer

Some body parts that wear are due to repeated stress or exposure to elements

question

For humans the maximum life span is approximately ______ years

answer

122

question

Pitskhrlauri found that long lived people share all of the following characteristics except

answer

A commitment to retirement from work (A belief that family and community are important Excercise and relaxation are part of their daily routine Diets consisting mostly of fresh fruits and veggies with little meat or fat)

question

According to the text personality

answer

Is continuously developing Is a mixture of genes experience and context Can change ALL OF THE ABOVE

question

_______is to easygoing as ______ is to moody

answer

Agreeableness; neuroticism

question

A group of people who provide encouragement and guidance and meet ones social needs throughout life is called a

answer

Social convoy

question

An "empty nest" is

answer

Often a happy time for a couple since they focus on each other

question

Children of divorce

answer

Sometimes develop a stronger relationship with their custodial parent and that is beneficial for their future

question

An adult expresses generativity by

answer

Caring for other such as young children

question

According to Erikson the chief expression of adult generativity is

answer

Parenting

question

____rewards of work are tangible rewards such as salary and ____ rewards of work are intangible rewards such as job satisfaction

answer

Extrinsic, intrinsic

question

Work and productivity is important to all adults however ____ and ____ limits the psychological and physical benefits

answer

Working too many hours; not by choice

question

A difference found in adult friendships is that

answer

Adult friendships are less problematic than are friendships earlier in lofe

question

According to the text psychometric conclusions about adult intelligence

answer

Make it difficult to predict individual patterns

question

Termans research focused on what population

answer

Child geniuses

question

Intelligence is

answer

Multidirectional Multicultural Multicontexual ALL OF THE ABOVE

question

What form of basic intelligence enables us to adapt and learn new things

answer

Fluid

question

Which of the following forms of intelligence is needed to manage our daily lives?

answer

Practical

question

Which of the following statements is true about intelligence and culture?

answer

They type of intelligence that is valued depends on the culture

question

The kind of intelligence that is most valued depends on

answer

Age and culture

question

Selective optimization with compensation

answer

Is a theory that proposes that we seek to compensate for losses by getting better at that which we already do well

question

Maris 45 works as a waitress and is very popular with her customers because they know that they can count on her to serve them in good time when there is a rush this trait can best be related to Marias

answer

Use of strategies to compensate for some losses

question

According to your text today more men are developing the expertise to ____

answer

Provide caregiving in the home

question

Which of the following could contribute to severe brain loss in adulthood

answer

Drive abuse Poor circulation Genes ALL OF THEM

question

Which of the following is true

answer

Sounds at higher frequencies are lost earlier than those at lower frequencies

question

What organ system universally shows the effects of aging

answer

Respiratory

question

Infertility is most common

answer

When medical care is scarce

question

What is wrong with the term "andropause"

answer

It implies a sudden drop in and reproductive ability or hormone levels

question

Which of the following illegal drug is the slowest to decline in use as people age

answer

Marijuana

question

From a biological perspective would be mothers should try to conceive before age

answer

25

question

Hank is very upset because he realizes that his alcohol use has resulted in poor job performance and his boss has threatened that he will be fired he decided he had to change so he told all of his friends that he was no longer drinking and joined alcoholics anonymous and has a sponsor which habit changing step is he currently involved in

answer

Implementation

question

Morbidity____mortality

answer

Does not necessarily correlate with

question

Vitality is affected more by ____ than by biology

answer

Personality

question

All of the following are ways that death has changed in the past 100 years EXCEPT

answer

Fewer deaths occur in hospitals

question

Why should adults speak to children openly about death and answer their questions simply and honestly

answer

When they see adults are not afraid they will be less anxious about death and dying

question

In late adulthood accepting ones mortality

answer

Does not mean giving up on living

question

A near death experience is often an occasion for

answer

Religious affirmation

question

Hospital have made a bad death more likely because

answer

They have excluded visitors @ crucial times

question

Which of the following refers to a deep state of unconsciousness from which the person cannot be atoused

answer

Coma

question

____is considered a sign of mental health____ when people are terminally ill

answer

Acceptance of death; in late adulthood

question

The purpose of ____ is to aid loved ones in moving beyond____

answer

Mourning;grief

question

Murders and suicides often trigger police investigation that can interfere with the grieving process and lead to

answer

Incomplete grief

question

Older adults who exhibited insecure avoidant attachments early in life may be more likely to experience

answer

Absent grief

question

Elder abuse is probably under reported because

answer

There may be disagreement between the elder and caregiver on what is considered abuse

question

Which statement is true about caregivers

answer

Designated caregivers are usually chosen because they have the most time and skill

question

The best definition of the frail elderly are people

answer

Over the age of 85 who are infirm very ill or cognitively impaired

question

Grandparents grace and don see their grandchildren daily because they help out with transportation to after school activity a they would be considered ____ grandparents

answer

Involved

question

In general older couples have learned

answer

How to disagree

question

The concept of "gray power" is used to

answer

Reduce support for programs to benefit the elderly

question

Less than half of all adults if any age volunteer those who do not volunteer typically have more

answer

Social isolation

question

The tendency for the elderly to perceive prefer and remember positive images and experiences more than negative ones is called

answer

Positivity effect

question

Positivity effect is an example of

answer

Selective optimization with compensation

question

Psychosocial development I. Late adulthood is best understood by looking at clusters of theories such as

answer

Self theories and stratification theories

question

Compulsive hoarding

answer

The urge to accumulate and hold on to familiar objects becomes a health or safety hazard

question

Socioemotional selectivity theory

answer

Older people prioritize regulation of their own emotions and seek familiar social contacts

question

Activity theory

answer

The view that elderly people want and need to remain active in a variety of social spheres

question

Naturally occurring retirement community NORC

answer

A neighborhood or apartment complex whose population is mostly retired people who moved to the location as you get adults and never left

question

Filial responsibility

answer

Obligation of adult children to care for their aging parents

question

Double effect

answer

A situation in which an action such as administering opiates has both a positive and negative effect reliving pain and hastening death by suppressing respiration

question

Passive euthanasia

answer

Situation in which a seriously ill person is allowed to die naturally through the cessation of medical intervention

question

Active euthanasia

answer

A situation in which someone takes action to bring about a other persons death with the intention of ending that persons suffering

question

Advance directives

answer

Description of what people want to happen as they die and measures choosing whom to allow as visitors funeral arrangements

question

Living will

answer

Document that indicates what medical intervention an individual prefers

question

Health care proxy

answer

Person chosen by another person to make medical decisions if the second person becomes unable

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