question

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

answer

cognition

question

Professor Thompson's research focuses on the impact of prototypes on the speed of object recognition and identification. Which specialty area does this research best represent?

answer

cognitive psychology

question

As he attempted to spell the word "receive" Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c" Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of:

answer

a heuristic

question

The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of:

answer

semantics

question

When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a:

answer

prototype

question

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of _____ on problem solving.

answer

fixations

question

Andre first became suspicious of his roommate's honesty while trying to account for his own missing wallet. Although Andre later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, his newly formed doubt about his roommate's honesty remained as strong as ever. Andre's irrational suspicion of his roommate best illustrates:

answer

the belief perseverance phenomenon

question

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the:

answer

availability heuristic

question

Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates:

answer

belief perseverance

question

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat" This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by:

answer

framing

question

The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates:

answer

insight

question

Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called:

answer

algorithms

question

Miss Jan De Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of:

answer

the representativeness heuristic

question

The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called:

answer

confirmation bias

question

During the earliest stage of speech development, infants:

answer

make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language

question

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called:

answer

functional fixedness

question

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the:

answer

availability

question

Stockbrokers often believes that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates:

answer

overconfidence

question

The tendency for our preexisting opinions to distort our sense of whether a particular conclusion is logically valid is called:

answer

belief bias

question

Many people perceive carjackings as more serious threats to their lives than failing to use seatbelts because carjackings are so much more memorable. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

the representativeness heuristic

question

Our capacity for thinking without language is best illustrated by:

answer

unconscious information processing

question

At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries "hoy" when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the ______ stage of language development.

answer

one-word

question

A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the _____ of the English language.

answer

syntax

question

The earliest stage of speech development is called the _____ stage.

answer

babbling

question

In Wolfgang Kohler's experiment, the chimpanzee Sultan retrieved a long stick wit a short stick to retrieve a piece of fruit. Sultan was able to reach the fruit as a result of:

answer

insight.

question

The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a:

answer

phoneme

question

By dividing broad concepts into increasingly smaller and detailed subgroupings, we create:

answer

category hierarchies

question

It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion most clearly illustrates:

answer

linguistic determinism

question

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the _____ stage of language development.

answer

two-word

question

Those who are skeptical with regard to claims that apes share our capacity for language are especially likely to highlight chimps' limited ability to use:

answer

syntax

question

The process of encoding refers to:

answer

getting information into memory

question

The process of getting information out of memory is called:

answer

retrieval

question

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of:

answer

retroactive iinterference

question

In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros," Samantha spells the word aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as:

answer

rehearsal

question

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the _____ effect

answer

serial position

question

Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as the _____ effect.

answer

automatic processing

question

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ______ is to _____.

answer

meaning; imagery

question

In order to remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of:

answer

the method of loci

question

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers had a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates _____ memory.

answer

echoic

question

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as:

answer

long-term potentiation

question

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates:

answer

the misinformation effect

question

Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of:

answer

memory construction

question

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized?

answer

recognition

question

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as:

answer

the spacing effect

question

Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as:

answer

priming

question

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as:

answer

deja vu

question

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly _____ bits of information.

answer

7

question

Information learned while a person is _____ is best recalled when that person is _____.

answer

drunk; drunk

question

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of:

answer

source amnesia

question

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse?

answer

the misinformation effect

question

Your consciously activated by limited-capacity memory is called _____ memory.

answer

short-term

question

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in:

answer

retrieval

question

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called:

answer

semantic encoding

question

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to:

answer

mood-congruent memory

question

Who emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories?

answer

Freud

question

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of:

answer

encoding failure

question

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called:

answer

proactive interference

question

A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as:

answer

repression

question

Speed-reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits:

answer

rehearsal

question

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates _____ memory.

answer

implicit

question

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as _____ memory.

answer

working

question

An attorney uses misleading questions in an attempt to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates:

answer

the misinformation effect

question

Dario Donatelli could recall more than 70 sequentially presented digits by using the techniques of:

answer

chunking

question

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of;

answer

retrievel

question

A mnemonic device is a:

answer

memory aid

question

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by:

answer

Pavlov

question

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called:

answer

acquisition

question

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates:

answer

spontaneous recover

question

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:

answer

discrimination

question

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment?

answer

Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operate responding

question

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of:

answer

operant conditioning

question

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called:

answer

shaping

question

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of _____ on learning.

answer

biological predispositions.

question

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was:

answer

Skinner

question

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of:

answer

modeling

question

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of:

answer

shaping

question

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of:

answer

generalization

question

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a _____ reinforcer.

answer

conditioned

question

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of _____ in operant conditioning.

answer

biological predispositions

question

On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wednesday, the cookies were given to him only after a full half hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through:

answer

shaping

question

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a _____ reinforcer.

answer

negative

question

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a:

answer

punishment

question

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of:

answer

observational learning

question

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called:

answer

cognitive maps

question

Which of the following provides evident that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

In order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as:

answer

shaping

question

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of:

answer

discrimination

question

Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine:

answer

intrinsic motivation

question

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is:

answer

experience

question

A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use _____ reinforcement until the response is mastered and the follow with a period of _____ reinforcement.

answer

continuous; partial

question

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote:

answer

survival

question

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented:

answer

shortly before the US

question

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of:

answer

modeling

question

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

answer

Watson

question

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

answer

operant conditioning

question

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of:

answer

observational learning

question

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to:

answer

modeling

question

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of:

answer

operant conditioning

question

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates:

answer

latent learning

question

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of:

answer

generalization

question

The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why:

answer

people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.

question

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in:

answer

physical growth.

question

Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of:

answer

biological rhythms

question

By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in:

answer

mental processes

question

A brief 15- to 30-minute rush of euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression is most closely associated with the use of:

answer

cocaine

question

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called:

answer

delta waves

question

LSD is most likely to produce:

answer

hallucinations

question

Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of:

answer

posthypnotic suggestion.

question

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving:

answer

the cessation of breathing during sleep

question

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of:

answer

tolerance

question

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably:

answer

would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.

question

Unconscious information processing is more likely than conscious processing to:

answer

occur simultaneously on several parallel dimensions

question

Alcohol consumption is least likely to make people more:

answer

self-conscious

question

Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its _____ content.

answer

manifest

question

Which of the following is true of alcohol?

answer

In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant

question

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

answer

narcolepsy

question

Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called:

answer

age regression

question

THC, the active ingredient in _____, is classified as a _____.

answer

marijuana; hallucinogen

question

Which of the following provides the clearest indication of a drug addiction?

answer

physical dependence

question

Consciousness is:

answer

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

question

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called:

answer

withdrawal

question

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called:

answer

hallucinations

question

The belief that death involves the liberation of the soul from a bodily prison illustrates:

answer

dualism

question

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing:

answer

REM sleep

question

Nightmares are to _____ as night terrors are to _____.

answer

REM sleep; Stage 4 sleep

question

While a student provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates:

answer

change blindness

question

Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?

answer

convergence

question

Janice experienced motion sickness simply from watching a movie scene of a thrilling motorcycle chase. Her experience best illustrates the impact of:

answer

visual capture

question

The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing _____ in infants.

answer

depth perception

question

Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts?

answer

Gestalt psychologists

question

The presence and location of two curious rabbits influence our perceptions of the "magician's cabinet" pictured in the textbook. This provides an illustration of:

answer

context effects

question

The illusion of movement in animated neon signs is known as:

answer

the phi phenomenon

question

Figure is to ground as _____ is to _____.

answer

a white cloud; blue sky

question

The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called:

answer

proximity

question

Holding tow index fingers in front of the eyes can create the perception of a floating finger sausage. This best illustrates the effect of:

answer

retinal disparity

question

The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as:

answer

linear perspective

question

The visually perceived distance between ourselves and an object provides an important cue for our perception of the object's:

answer

size

question

Which of the following is a cue used by artists to convey depth on a flat canvas?

answer

interposition

question

Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times a week, she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This est illustrates the importance of:

answer

context effects

question

Although the mountains were over 30 miles away, the morning sky was so clear that Showana thought they were only half the distance away. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

relative clarity

question

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of:

answer

perceptual adaptation

question

The quick succession of briefly flashed images i a motion picture produces:

answer

stroboscopic movement

question

The Moon illusion can best be explained in terms of the relationship between:

answer

perceived distance and perceived size

question

Perceptual adaptation refers to the:

answer

perceptual adjustment to an artificially displaced visual field.

question

Which of the following is true of psychics who have worked with police departments in an effort to solve difficult crimes?

answer

They have reported visions that are no more accurate than guesses.

question

When there is a conflict between bits of information received by two or more senses, which sense tends to dominate the others?

answer

vision

question

Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a:

answer

perceptual set

question

The perception of a humanlike face in the random configurations of the lunar landscape best illustrates the impact of _____ on visual perception.

answer

perceptual schemas

question

Because the two teams wore different-colored uniforms, Cheri perceived the ten basketball players as two distinct groups. This best illustrated the principle of:

answer

similarity

question

Jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. This illustrates what is known as:

answer

lightness constancy

question

When Rick learned that many students had received a failing grade on the midterm exam, he was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His experience best illustrates the importance of:

answer

context effects

question

Our inability to consciously perceive all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the necessity of:

answer

selection attention

question

Schemas are best described as:

answer

concepts that organize sensory input

question

Sensation is to _____ as perception is to _____.

answer

detection; interpretation

question

Some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

difference thresholds

question

The mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by:

answer

hair cells

question

Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by:

answer

the opponent-process theory.

question

The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to:

answer

the vestibular sense.

question

Kinesthesis refers to the:

answer

system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints

question

Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as:

answer

sensory adaptation

question

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of:

answer

transduction

question

A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer:

answer

conduction hearing loss

question

The amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the _____ of light.

answer

brightness

question

During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of:

answer

sensory interaction

question

Accommodation refers to the:

answer

process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus images on the retina

question

News about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on moviegoers' consumption of popcorn and Coca-Cola involved false claims regarding:

answer

subliminal stimulation

question

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel respond to specific aspects of _____ stimulation.

answer

visual

question

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the _____ theory.

answer

Young-Helmholtz

question

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the:

answer

iris

question

The phenomenon of color constancy best demonstrates that:

answer

an object's perceived color is influenced by its surrounding objects.

question

The ability to simultaneously process the pitch, loudness, melody, and meaning of a song best illustrates:

answer

parallel processing

question

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the:

answer

middle ear

question

The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called:

answer

sensation

question

The discovery that high-frequency sounds trigger large vibrations near the beginning of the basilar membrane supports the _____ theory.

answer

place

question

The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the:

answer

blind spot

question

Brightness is to light as _____ is to sound.

answer

loudness

question

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:

answer

Weber's law

question

Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to result in:

answer

nerve deafness

question

On the day she is to be interviewed for an important new position, Rachel awakens with a severe toothache. During the interview she feels no pain; not until 30 minutes later does she become aware again of the troublesome toothache. Rachel's experience is best explained by:

answer

the gate-control theory

question

If Jared watches a nurse give him an injection, he experiences more pain than if he closes his eyes during the procedure and thinks about his favorite food. This illustrates the value of _____ for pain control.

answer

distraction

question

Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense?

answer

smell

question

Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the _____ of a sound.

answer

location

question

With her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of:

answer

kinesthesis

question

Newborn infants typically prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice because:

answer

they become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born

question

When Joan touched her infant's cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth. Joan was eliciting the:

answer

rooting reflex

question

Those who criticize theories of age-linked adult developmental stages are most likely to emphasize the importance of _____ on adult development.

answer

the social clock

question

Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be:

answer

authoritative

question

The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome demonstrate that alcohol is a:

answer

teratogen

question

Identical twins typically begin walking on nearly the same day. This best illustrates the importance of _____ to motor skills.

answer

maturation

question

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called:

answer

assimilation

question

Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's:

answer

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.

question

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

answer

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

question

The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called:

answer

attachment

question

The branch of psychology that systematically focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle is called:

answer

developmental psychology

question

Biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience and that enable orderly changes in behavior are referred to as:

answer

maturation

question

Foster care that moves a young child through a series of foster families is most likely to result in the disruption of:

answer

attachment

question

The process by which certain birds form attachments during a critical period very early in life is called:

answer

imprinting

question

Marriage bonds are especially likely to endure when members of a couple:

answer

engage in more positive than negative interactions with each other

question

Erik Erikson suggested that children with a secure attachment to their parents are especially likely to experience:

answer

basic trust

question

There is very little relationship between the age of an adult and his or her:

answer

level of life satisfaction

question

Stage theories of adult development are most likely to be criticized for exaggerating the:

answer

predictability of development

question

According to Erikson, committing oneself to meaningful social roles would be most indicative of the achievement of:

answer

identity

question

One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates:

answer

secure attachment

question

Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense of:

answer

object permanence

question

Which of the following factors is most important for the development of positive emotional bonds between human infants and their mothers?

answer

familiarity

question

Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of:

answer

insecure attachment

question

In order to qualify for the office manager's job, 55-year-old Mariel's must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of _____ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old.

answer

abstract reasoning

question

Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?

answer

Piaget

question

Five-year-old Tammy mistakenly believes that her short, wide glass contains less soda than her brother's tall, narrow glass. Actually, both glasses contain the same amount of soda. This illustrates that Tammy lacks the concept of:

answer

conservation

question

Menopause is associated with a reduction in:

answer

estrogen

question

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents a(n) _____ morality.

answer

preconventional

question

Vincent's ability to reason hypothetically in his geometry class indicates that he is in the _____ stage of development.

answer

formal operational

question

As boys with explosive tempers grow older, they are especially likely to have difficulty maintaining good jobs and happy marriages. This fact is most relevant to the issue of:

answer

stability or change

question

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as:

answer

behavior genetics

question

Parents in Westernized cultures are more likely than parents in Asian cultures to encourage children to value:

answer

nonconformity

question

A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a:

answer

gene

question

Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the _____ of their adopted children.

answer

political attitudes

question

The threadlike structures that contain genes are called:

answer

chromosomes

question

Compared to identical twins, fraternal twins are:

answer

less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion

question

Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children most clearly differ in:

answer

temperament

question

In comparison to 40 years ago, American women today are more likely to marry for the sake of:

answer

love

question

If a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates:

answer

natural selection

question

The unique temperaments of children evoke predictable responses from their care givers. This best illustrates the _____ of nature and nurture.

answer

interaction

question

A random error in gene replication is known as a:

answer

mutation

question

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that:

answer

person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups

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An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foods:

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are genetically predisposed

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Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized for:

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providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors

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A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's:

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neural connections

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Parents should not take too much blame for the failures and shortcomings of their children because

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parental behavior is only one of many factors that influence children's behavior

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Brittla spends a lot of money on cosmetics and expensive clothing in order to attract a desirable mate. According to evolutionary psychologists, Brittla's behavior is a product of:

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gender schemas

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Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of:

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natural selection

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Japanese students are more likely than American students to describe themselves in terms of their:

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social identities

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Dante is healthier than his twin brother because he developed with a better placental barrier against viruses. This best illustrates the impact of _____ on development.

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early environment

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Women are more likely than men to:

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tend and befriend

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As members of the human family, we all share a common:

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biological heritage

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The prenatal development of the external male sex organs is stimulated by:

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testosterone

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Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of:

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norms

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A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of:

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social harmony

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Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart most clearly highlight the importance of _____ in personality development.

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genetic predispositions

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Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. This best illustrates:

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a selection effect

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A researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a(n):

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behavior geneticist

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Compared with the average man, the average woman is:

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more vulnerable to depression and anxiety

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When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of:

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gender roles

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In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron.

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dendrites to the cell body to the axon

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A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the:

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action potential

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When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is:

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muscular paralysis

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An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the:

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motor cortex

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The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in:

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children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed

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The nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skull reveal a person's abilities and traits is called:

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phrenology

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Which endocrine gland regulates body growth?

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pituitary

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The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as:

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Broca's area

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The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the:

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myelin sheath

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Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into:

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the bloodstream

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The occipital lobes are to ______ as the temporal lobes are to ______.

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seeing; hearing

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The body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the:

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nervous system

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If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release _____ into your bloodstream.

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epinephrine

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The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of:

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visual perception

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The most extensive regions of the brain, which enable learning and memory, are called the:

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association areas

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The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of:

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neural networks

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Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?

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reticular formation

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A synapse is a(n):

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junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron

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The reticular formation is located in the:

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brainstem

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Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n):

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lesion

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Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your:

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cerebral cortex

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The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain:

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plasticity

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Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the:

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synaptic gap

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Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

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thalamus

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The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles of glands is called the:

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axon

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In order for you to be able to run, _____ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.

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motor neurons

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The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n):

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EEG

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The somatic nervous system is a component of the _____ nervous system

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peripheral

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Nerves are neural cables containing many:

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axons

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Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce:

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epileptic seizures

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Socrates, Plato, and Descartes believed that:

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mind and body are distinct and separable

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Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy". These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of:

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wording effects

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Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of:

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behavior and mental processes

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Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of:

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healthy growth potential

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Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) _______ perspective.

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social-cultural

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Hypotheses are best described as:

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predictions

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In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n):

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population

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The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n):

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psychiatrist

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Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: "Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts." The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of:

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confusing correlation with causation

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Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of:

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nature versus nurture

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In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores?

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mean

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Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, in order to further her career, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates:

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overconfidence

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Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?

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clinical psychology

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The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by:

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operational definitions

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In order to exercise maximum control over the factors they are interested in studying, researchers engage in:

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experimentation

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Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of:

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the double-blind procedure

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Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of:

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the double-blind procedure

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In order to study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?

answer

naturalistic observation

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Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables?

answer

-0.67

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In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of:

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an experiment

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The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is resumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates:

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the placebo effect

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Random sampling is to ______ as random assignment is to ______.

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surveys; experiments

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The hindsight bias leads people to perceive research findings as:

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unsurprising

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The false consensus effect refers to the tendency to:

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exaggerate the extent to which others agree with us

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Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13ths will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates:

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illusory correlation

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William James was a prominent American

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functionalist

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An awareness of extensive cultural differences in attitudes and values is most helpful for avoiding:

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the false consensus effect

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Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the:

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students' scores tended to be very similar to one another

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Two students in an art class are at least 20 years older than the others. Which measure of variation of class members' ages is most affected by the ages of these two students?

answer

range

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If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

answer

negatively correlated

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Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?

answer

standard deviation

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Knowing the difference between an experimental condition and a control condition is most relevant to understanding the nature of:

answer

independent variables

question

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is:

answer

$10,000

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Psychological differences between the genders are:

answer

far outweighed by gender similarities

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When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying:

answer

critical thinking

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