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The most crucial ingredient in all of learning is

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Experience

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Learning that certain events occur together is

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Associative Learning

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Conditioning is the process of

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Learning associations

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Conditioning is the process of

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behavior modification by which a subject comes to associate a desired behavior with a previously unrelated stimulus.

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The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

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Pavlov

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Who introduced the term "Behaviorism"

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John Watson

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In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US (unconditioned stimulus) was

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The presentation of food in the dog's mouth

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B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called

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The Law of Effect

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According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by

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External Influences

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B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both

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Shaping and immediate reinforcement

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The most important benefit of biofeedback is its capacity to

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Facilitate the relaxation response

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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

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Associative Learning

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The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects

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An External Locus Control

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Learned helplessness is most likely to be associated with

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Having no control over a situation

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We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile then when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to

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Mirror neurons

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An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of

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Classical Conditioning

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As you enter the kitchen after school you can smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by

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Classical Conditioning

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Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

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Classical Conditioning

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By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate

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Classical Conditioning

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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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Classical Conditioning

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Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for

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Observational Learning

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Dan and Joel, both 4 year olds, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?

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Observational Learning

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Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of

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Observational Learning

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Our ability to learn by witnessing and imitating the behavior of others best illustrates

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Observational Learning

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After being classically conditioned to salivate to a tone, a dog continues to hear a tone but does not receive food; as a result, salivation will decrease, then disappear. A dog owner may use operant conditioning to train a dog to sit by presenting a treat each time the dog sits. However, the behavior may diminish is the treats are discontinued. Both examples illustrate

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Extinction

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Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that she today can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

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Extinction

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The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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Extinction

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Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

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Spontaneous Recovery

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A dog is trained to salivate when it hears a tone associated with food. Then the tone is sounded repeatedly without an unconditioned stimulus until the dog stops salivating. Later, when the tone sounds again, the dog salivates again. This is a description of what part of the conditioning process?

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Spontaneous Recovery

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The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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Spontaneous Recovery

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Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates

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Generalization

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After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3 year old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

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Generalization

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Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

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Generalization

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Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

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Generalization

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Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he sense an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate

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Generalization

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The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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Generalization

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After learning to fear a white rat, little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

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Generalization

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Your heart may race when confronted by a lion by not when approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

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Discrimination

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Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

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Discrimination

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Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of

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Discrimination

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A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of

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Discrimination

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In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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Discrimination

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Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process of underlying

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Operant Conditioning

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In which form of leaning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

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Operant Conditioning

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The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by

answer

Operant Conditioning

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Shaping is a(n) _____ procedure

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Operant Conditioning

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A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to

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Operant Conditioning

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Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss a herring. This best illustrates

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Operant Conditioning

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Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of

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Operant Conditioning

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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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Operant Conditioning

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In operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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Reinforced Behavior

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Th highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a _____

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Variable-Ratio Schedule

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Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ______ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

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Variable-ratio; fixed-ratio

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Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a _____ schedule

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Variable-ratio

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Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a _____ schedule

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Variable-ratio

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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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Variable-Ratio Schedule

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A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves close to the lever. Next, reinforcement is withheld until the rat stands up on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever. This example best illustrates

answer

Shaping

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Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as

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Shaping

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Five year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

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Shaping

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The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

answer

Shaping

question

Alex learned how to make 3 point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the loop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of

answer

Shaping

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An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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Shaping

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Reinforcer that occurs immediately after a desired behavior occurs or punished when an undesired response occurs

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Immediate Reinforcement

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The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

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Partial Reinforcement

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Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

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Partial Reinforcement

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It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of _____ in learning

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Biological Predisposition

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Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

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Biological Predisposition

question

It is easier to train a pigeon to peek a disk for food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of _____ in learning

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Biological Predispositions

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Is when a subject possesses some internal quality that gives them an increased likelihood of having a condition; animals always behave according to their best interest for survival

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Biological Predispositions

question

After a week of college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a

answer

Cognitive Map

question

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example after exploring a maze, rats acts as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

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Cognitive Map

question

Professor Koehler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?

answer

Insight Learning

question

What type of learning sometimes occurs after an extended period of thinking about a problem but little or no direct, systematic interaction with the environment?

answer

Insight Learning

question

A sudden realization of problems solution

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Insight Learning

question

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects _____, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ____.

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Intrinsic Motivation; Extrinsic Motivation

question

Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine

answer

Intrinsic Motivation

question

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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Intrinsic Motivation

question

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

answer

Extrinsic Motivation

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Basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does

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Unconditioned Positive Regard

question

-experimented with Child+Adult Aggression -used Bobo dolls and snakes -resulted in social learning theory

answer

Albert Banderas Experiment

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