Test Answers on Test 3 – Flashcard
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What are the three aspects of Kriya Yoga?
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Tapas, Svadhyaya, Ishvara Pranidhana
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Indigenous microflora is also known as ___
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normal flora
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indigenous microflora include:
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fungi, bacteria, protozoa, viruses
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transient microflora:
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take up temporary residence in the body as the body is continually exposed to the external environment
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what kind of MO (microorganism) are on the skin?
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mainly bacteria and fungi (staph and candida albicans)
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what kind of MO are in the middle and inner ear?
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usually sterile unless there's an infection
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What kind of MO are found in the outer ear and auditory canal?
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contain similar microbes as the nose and mouth.
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How can infections in the middle ear occur?
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coughing or sneezing can carry the microbes into the middle ear where a possible infection may result.
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why is infection of the eyes so infrequent?
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an intact membrane serves as a barrier and the tears contain an enzyme that destroys the bacteria
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what enzyme is found in the eye?
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Lysozyme
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what kind of MO are found in the respiratory tract?
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below the larynx, there are very few microbes because the mucous system "washes them" away.
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What kind of MO are found in the urogenital tract?
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free of microbes. contains kidney, bladder, and ureters. (remember that the external opening of the urogenital tract does have microbes, though)
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What kind of MO are found in the Intestinal tract?
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not much growth because of the acid
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What kind of MO are found in the small intestine?
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bacteria mostly
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What kind of MO are found in the large intestine?
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bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi (over 400 different species)
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In the Large intestine, most MO are ____ ____ and 10% are ____ _____.
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obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes
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What kind of microorganisms are found in blood, lymph, organs, and spinal fluid?
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none, most internal tissues and organs are sterile.
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what is symbiosis?
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dissimilar organisms living together in close proximity. (don't benefit each other)
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what is mutualism?
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both organisms benefit and essentially depend upon each other.
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what are examples of mutualism?
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E. Coli (lives in GI tract, produce vitamin K which is necessary for clotting) and Termites (can't survive without bacteria in their gut.)
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What is parasitism?
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one organism benefits at the expense of the other. EX: Round worms.
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what is an infectious disease?
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growth of a type of pathogen
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What is a communicable disease?
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a disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. (most childhood diseases like the cold, flu)
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What is a contagious disease?
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infectious disease EASILY passed from one to another.
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What is virulence?
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the ability of a microbe to invade and infect a host and cause damage and produce disease.
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What are virulent pathogens?
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microbes that cause disease easily
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What is avirulent?
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incapable of causing disease
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Virulence=
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infectivity + invasiveness + toxigenicity
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What is infectivity?
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ability to infect host or protect itself against the body's defenses.
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What is invasiveness?
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the ability to invade and multiply in the tissues
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What is toxigenicity?
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the ability to cause damage or desrtruction to the tissue.
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Virulence is a measure of ___
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pathogenicity.
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An infection develops when pathogens are able to ___, ___, ____, and cause ____
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enter the host, attach, multiply, and cause damage to the host tissue.
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what is a local infection?
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confined to a single area.
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what is a systemic infection?
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covering many areas or tissures.
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What is an acute disease?
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very rapid onset, followed by rapid recovery. (self-limiting)
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What are examples of acute diseases?
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cold, flu
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what is a chronic disease?
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slow onset, longer duration of recovery (if they recover at all)
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What are examples of chronic diseases?
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TB, Hansen's Dz, Syphilis
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What is a latent infection?
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refers to a disease that reaches a point of having no symptoms and a latent stage.
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What is an example of a latent infection?
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herpetic lesion
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what are the four phases of the course of an infection?
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1-Incubation period, 2-Prodromal Period, 3-Illness period, 4- convalescent period.
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what happens in the incubation period?
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no symptoms
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what happens in the prodromal period?
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feel yucky, no defined symptoms
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What happens in the illness period?
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disease presents itself, MOST CONTAGIOUS TIME
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what happens in the convalescent period?
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recover completely, recover with disability (lyme disease), or DIE =(
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What are the six reasons an infection may not occur even if the pathogen is present?
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1-microbe may land in the wrong place, 2-many pathogens must attach to specific host receptor sites to be able to multiply, 3- antibacterial factors may be present that destroy or inhibit growth, 4-indigenous flora may inhibit growth (there's no room for
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what are capsules, flagella, and pili?
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structural features that may allow microbes to attach to and or invade certain host tissues and multiply causind an infection.
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capsules have the ability to attach and are anti-_____
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phagocitic
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flagella have the ability to be ____
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mobile
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pili (fimbria) can ____ and are anti-_____
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attach, anti-phagocitic
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what are exoenzymes?
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extracellular enzymes that are associated with invasiveness.
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what is coagulase?
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forms sticky fibrin coat to prevent them from being phagocitized
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What is kinase?
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"fibrolysin" able to dissolve clots
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What is Hyaluronidase?
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"spreading factor"-breaks down hyaluronic acid (which holds our cells together) spreads very quickly.
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What is collagenase?
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breaks down collagen in connective tissue. (in perio dz- breaks the junctional epithelium and epithelial attachment)
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What is hemolysin?
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breaks down RBC
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What is leukocidin?
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destroys WBC
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What is lecithinase?
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destroys cell membranes of RBC
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What part of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria is toxic to the host?
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The lipopolusaccaride (LPS)
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What are exotoxins?
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produced inside some bacteria as part of their growth and development and released into the surrounding medium
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what are cytotoxins?
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kills host cells at the cellular level
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what are neurotoxins?
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interferes with normal nerve impulses
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what are enterotoxins?
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interfere with the lining of the GI tract. (severe diarrhea)
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Botulinum toxin is a ____
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neurotoxin
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Tetanus toxin is a ____
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neurotoxin
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Staphylococcus aureus is a ____
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enterotoxin
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Vibrio cholerae is a ____
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enterotoxin
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what is epidemiology?
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the science that deals with frequency and distribution of diseases and the factors that contribute to their spread.
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What is an endemic disease?
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disease that is constantly present in a population or community (TB in El Paso)
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What is an epidemic disease?
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a greater than normal number of a disease in a particular region within a short period of time (legionaires disease)
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what is a pandemic disease?
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world-wide (HIV and AIDS)
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what are the 5 modes of disease transmission?
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1-person to person, 2-direct mucous to membrane contact, 3-indirectly through droplets or aerosols, 4-indirect contamination of food, water, or debris, 5-blood contamination.
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what is direct transmission?
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one host ----> another
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What is indirect transmission?
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food, water, or debris ----> ME
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What is an autogenous transmission?
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to myself. mouth ----> nose
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List the nonspecific lines of defense
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First line of defence, Second line of defence
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Which are the specific (Response of the immune system)lines of defenses?
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Third line of defense
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The bodies 3 lines of defends against:
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bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other MO (prions)
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First line of defense:
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Intact skin, mucous membrane and their secretions
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Second Line of defense:
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WBC (phagocytic activity come into effect), Inflammation & fever, Antimicrobial substances in the blood
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Third line of defense:
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Specialized lyphocytes: T-cells (cell-mediated)& B-cells (Humoral); Antibodies
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Nonspecific defense refers to:
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defenses against ANY pathogen
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Specific defense refers to:
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defenses against a SPECIFIC pathogen
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Ingestion of a MO or any particulate matter by a cell
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Phagocytosis
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The cells that perform phagocytosis are called:
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phagocytes (esentially all are WBC and derivative there of)
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Blood consists of fluid called __________ which contains cells and cell fragments.
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Plasma (contains antibodies)
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Erythrocytes (RBC-hemoglobin)
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transport O2 (in) and CO2 (out)
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Leukocytes (WBC)
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Phagocytosis activity
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Granulocytes:granules->contain chemical mediators to help body respond;w/in cytoplasm
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Neutrophils (60-70%), Basophils (0.5-1%), Esinophils (2-4%)
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The nuclei of these contain two to five lobes:
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Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)
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What is important in inflammation and allergic reactions and releases histamine?
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Basophils
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Basophils are found in the _______ and become _____ once they are found in the tissue?
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Blood; Mast cells
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This granulocyte is important in acute infalmmation, motile, highly phagocytic
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Neutrophils
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This granulocyte produce toxins against parasites:
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Esinophils
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This granulocyte is active in initial stage of infection
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Neutrophils
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The Agranulocytes are:
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Monocytes (3-8%) & Lymphocytes (20-25%)
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A agranulocyte responsible for swelling of Lymph Nodes due to maturation
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Monocytes
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Monocytes circulate in blood after they leave and enter the tissue they mature into:
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Macrophages
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This granulocyte has the ability to leave the blood and enter the infected tissue
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Neutrophil
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Agranulocyte that occur in lymphoid tissues and play a key role in Specific Immunity:
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Lymphocytes
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Lymphatic tissue includes:
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tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, thoracic duct, bone marrow, appendix, Peyers patches of the small intestine, & lymph nodes in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. They also circulate in the blood
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The two types of Lymphocytes are
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B-Cells & T-Cells
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Humoral immunity (B-cells)
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deactivate bacteria and viruses by producing specific antibodies
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The antibodies are actually secreted by a differntiated form of B-cell:
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The Plama Cells
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Cell mediated immunity (T-cells)
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attack all foreign cells
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T-Cells originate in the thymus and are divided into:
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killer, helper, and suppressor types
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Platelets:
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are important in Blood clotting
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Wandering Macrophages are cells that have the ability to:
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leave the blood and migrate through tissue to infected areas
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When infection occurs both _____ and ____ migrate to the infected area
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granulocytes (especially neutrophils) & monocytes
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During migration, monocytes enlarge and develp into active phagocytic __________
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Macrophages
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Fixed macrophage or histocytes are described as:
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located in certain tissues or organs of the body
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Liver
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Kupffer cells
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Lungs
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Alveolar macrophages
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Nervous
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Microglial cells
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Bronchial tubes, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the peritoneal cavity
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surrounding the abdominal organs
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The various macrophages of the body make up the:
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Mononuclear phagocytic (Reticuloendothelial) System
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Iatrogenic infection
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caused by the profession. (Ex: improper disinfection or sterilization)
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Community infection
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dz being acquired, present upon hospitalization
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Nosocomial infection
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acquired during hospital stay upto 14 days after discharge, staph or fungal
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Which patients are more susceptible to opportunistic pathogens
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Sick and debilitated that have been hospitalized
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Indiscriminate use of antibiotics & use of many drugs to suppress the immune system
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Reasons nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years
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People relying on antibiotics instead of using good aseptic techniques & being precautious
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Reason nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years
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Surgical techniques more complicated & lengthier; poorly trained staff
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Reason nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years
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Indwelling medical devices; overcrowding of hospitals & shortage of staff
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Reason nosocomial infections have increased over the past several years
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Bacteria most commonly associated with nosocomial infections
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Staphylococcus aureus & strep, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, pseudomonas
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Most common infections are associated with the:
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Urinary tract (catheters)
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Most vulnerable patients in the hospital
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1. premature infants & newborns, 2. women in labor & delivery, 3. surgical & burn patients
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Most vulnerable patients in the hospital
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4. severely diabetic & cancer pts, 5. those recieving tx w/ steroids, anticancer, radiation
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Most vulnerable patients in the hospital
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6. Immunocompromised pts: lupus, AIDS,7. Dialysis
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Prevention of airborne contamination
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1. Cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing, 2. Limit the # of people in the room
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Prevention of airborne contamination
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3. Remove the dirt & dust off furniture, 4. Open up the room to fresh air & sunshine
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Prevention of airborne contamination
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5. when linens removed make sure they are rolled up, 6. filtration of the air
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Pathogens most frequently found in food
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Staphlococcus (skin & dust), Clostidium botulinum (dust & air), Clostridum perfringens
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Pathogens most frequently found in food
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Salmonella, Shigella (GI), Proteus (colon), Pseudomonas (respiratory, eyes, ears, UT)
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Fomites
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any article or substance other than food that may harbor or tansmit microbes (bedpans, door knobs...)
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Medical Asepsis
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exclusion of all pathogens from the immediate environment; is a CLEAN technique
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Surgical Asepsis
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exclusion of all MO from the immediate environment; is a STERILE technique
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What are the two reasons that people are placed in isolation?
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Prevent the spread & protect susceptible patients from exposure to pathogens
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Reverse isolation (Positive air pressure): air entering the room is filtered; Protective
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1. Room must be cleaned before pt admitted,2. People entering must wear mask & gowns, 3. Display proper handwashing Ex. Leukemia, burn victims, transplant pts
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Reverse isolation (Positive air pressure): air entering the room is filtered; Protective
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AKA protective. room must be cleaned before atient enters, people entering must wear PPE's, enforce handwashing
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Source isolation(Negative air pressure);air being removed from the room is filtered
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Patient with a contagious disease, private rooms & baths to prevent spread of pathogens (exit air gets filtered)
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To determine an organisms susceptibility to an antimicrobial, a _____ test should be performed:
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Kirby-Bauer test
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While performing the kirby-bauer test, At what temp and for what amt of time must the agar plate be incubated for the antimicrobial?
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98.6 degrees and for 18 hours
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While performing the kirby-bauer test, What is meant if a clear ring is around an organism after incubation?
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That antimicrobial (antibiotic) will kill the pathogen
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The diameter of the zones of inhibition around each disc are measured in?
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Millimeters
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These measurements determine whether the organism is?
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Susceptible or resistant to the various drugs tested
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This group develops international regulations for disease contol & standarizaaton of drugs?
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WHO: World Health Organization
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How are epidemics prevented and controlled?
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development of vaccine, gamma globulin used to boost immune system, segregate, isolate and
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What type of contamination are common sources for the introduction of infection into the body
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contaminated food and water
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List the most common infections that travelers can acquire from contaminated food & drink
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Escherichia coli, shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis,
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Other less common infectious disease risks for travellers include:
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typhoid fever, other slamonelloses, cholera, rotavirus, variety of protozoan, & helminthic
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Another way of infectious diseases transmit other than food & drink:
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Fecal-oral route
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List the methods for ensuring water is safe to drink?
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boiling the water, chemically disinfecting it, filtering, using various combinations
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What is the best method for making water safe to drink?
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Boiling the water will kill bacterial parasitic, and viral causes of diarrhea
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What is the recommended time for water to boil vigorously?
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one minute & allow it to cool to room temperature, do not add ice
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If the altitude is greater than 6,562 feet what is the recommended time to boil the water?
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3 minutes or use chemical disinfection after water has been boiled for 1 minute
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In order to kill spores how long must water boil?
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5 to 10 minutes
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Sea level
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212 degrees F
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2,000 ft.
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208 degrees F
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5,000 ft.
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203 degrees F
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7,500 ft.
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198 degrees F
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10,000 ft.
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194 degrees F
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Standard Precautions in the past was called:
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Universal Precautions
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Contact with non-intact skin & mucous membranes, blood, & all body fluids are all
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Standard precautions
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The exception to Standard Precautions is
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Sweat
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The relationship between a pathogen and a human is termed?
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Parasitism
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The relationship between Vitamin K producing intestinal flora ans a human is termed?
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Symbiosis
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Microorganisms that normally live on or within a human are colletively called?
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Indigenous Microflora
