anatomy ch. 6 & 7 notes – Flashcards
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Interneuron
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Found primarily in CNS, links sensory and motor neurons
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Functions of Osseous and Bone Structure (5)
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1. support (body) 2. protection (body) 3. storage: minerals and lipids (yellow bone marrow) 4. blood cell production: produced in red bone marrow 5. leverage: movement
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Bone classifications: shapes (6)
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1. long bone: arms, legs 2. flat bone: sternum, ribs 3. sutural bone: skull 4. irregular bone: vertebrae, pelvis 5. shot bone: carpals, tarsals 6. sesamoid bone: patella
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Spongy bone
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(open network of bone)
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medullary cavity
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marrow cavity
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epiphysis
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ends
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metaphysis
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where epiphysis meets diaphysis
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Diaphysis
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shaft, main portion
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4 bones cells
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1. osteoprogenitor: maintain populations of osteoblast 2. osteoblast: cells that form bone 3. osteocytes: mature bone cells 4. osteoclast: helps in the maintenance of bone
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Haversian canal system (10 terms)
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1. vein 2. artery 3. capillaries 4. venule 5. central canal 6. perforating canal 7. asteons 8. endosteum 9. periosteum 10. lamella
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Endochondral Bone Formation
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-cartilage: bone formation into hard bone -most of the body is composed of this type of bone formation
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Intramembranous bone formation
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membrane changing into bone: skull and mandible
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Effects of exercise on Bone
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-bones are adaptable -if muscles become more powerful then bumps and ridges become inlarges to withstand forces -regular exercise is therefore and important stimulus for maintaining normal bone structure -degenerative changes in teh skeleton occur afte
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Bones of body divisions
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axial skeleton: 80 bones appendicular: 126 total: 206
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Skull bones
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cranial bones: 8, facial bones: 14
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Associated with skull bones
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auditory: 6, hyoid: 1
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vertebral column
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vertebrae: 26
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thoracic cage
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sternum: 1, ribs: 24
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Skull: 22 bones
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-cranial: 8 bones: (215, 216, 217) -frontal:1 (green) -occipital:1 foramen magnum (burnt orange in back) -parietal: 2 (Yellow) -temporal: 2 external auditory meatus mastoid process pg 220 (purple) -sphenoid: 1 pg 221(darker yellow behind frontal bone
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Facial bones: 14
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-maxillae: 2: fused upper jaw; largest facial bones faulty formation results in a cleft palate pg 123 in ATLAS 10-12 week (red in front) -zygomatic: 2: cheek bone temporal process of zygomatic bone pg 224 (blue) -nasal: 2: bridge of the
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deeper bones of face
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-Palatine:2: posterior portion of the palate pg 223 (blue inside nose) -inferior nasal conchae: 2 pg 224. Helps promote turbulent circulation, helping to war the air that is inhaled -lacrimal: 2: smallest facial bone forms medial wall of the eye s
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Associated with skull: 7 bones
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Auditory: 6, pg 586 malleus(hammer) 2 Incus (anvil) 2 Stapes (stirrup) 2 -Hyoid: 1 pg 225 (right underneath mandible) attachment for muscles which move the tongue and aid in speaking and swallowing
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Cranial Sutures (3)
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-Coronal: b/w frontal and parietal -Lambdoidal: b/w parietal and occipital -Sagittal: b/w the parietal and Parietal -Squamosal: b/w the temporal and parietal * these are immoveable joints*
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Fontanels (4)
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-anterior(1): composed of fibrous connective tissue and covers a major blood vessel. Thus it will pulse like the heart - closes around 2 years -Occipital(1): closes within 1-2 months -Sphenoidal(2); closes within 1-2 months -Mastoid(2) closes wit
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vertebral column: 26 bones
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Type of vertebra: #in adult:#in children Cervical: 7: 7 Thoracic: 12: 12 Lumbar: 5: 5 Sacrum: 1: 5 Coccyx: 1: 3-5 TOTAL: 26: 32-34
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irregular curves (3)
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kyohosis, lordosis, scoliosis
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scoliosis
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abnormal lateral curve (pg. 232)
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Vertebral Anatomy
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-cervical vertebra: attaches to skull, smallest vertebra -thoracic vertebra: articulate with tthe ribs at the costal facets (pg. 237) 1-10 only connect in two places, superior and transverse costal faucets -Lumbar: largest (for attachment of large
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THORACIC CAGE
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25 bones
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Ribs: 12 pairs
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-true ribs: pairs 1-7 attached directly to sternum by costal cartilage: the vertibrosternal ribs usually increase in length and radius or curvature as you go from superior to inferior - vertebrochondral: 8-10 attach indirectly to sternum by 7th - false
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intercostal space
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area b/w ribs occipied by 1. muscles 2. blood vessels 3. nerves
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Sternum: flat narrow bone about 6 inches long
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-manubrium: most superior, articulats with 1 &2 ribs and the clavicle -body: middle part of strnum that articulates with ribs 3-10 -xiphoid process: most inferior, does not articulate with any rib. will finnish ossifying around age 25
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Surface markings (18)
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process, ramus, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine, head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet, fossa, sulcus, foramen, fissure, sinus or antrum
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process
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projection or bump
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ramus
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an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest o the structure
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trochanter
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large, rough projection
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tuberosity
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smaller, rough projection
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tubercle
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small, rounded projection
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crest
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prominent ridge
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line
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low ridge
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spine
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pointed or narrow process
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head
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expanded articular end of an epiphysis separated from he shaft by a neck
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neck
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narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
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condyle
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smooth, rounded articular process
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trochlea
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smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
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facet
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small, flat articular surface
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fossa
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shallow depression
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suclus
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narrow groove
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foramen
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rounded passageway through the substance of a bone
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fissure
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elongated cleft
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sinus or antrum
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chamber with a bone, normally filled with air
