question

wilderness

answer

a remote geographical location more than 1 hour from definitive medical care

question

CPR has a limited use

answer

in a wilderness setting, esp if severe trauma + cardiac arrest

question

stop CPR in a cardiac arrest if 1

answer

if victim revives

question

stop CPR in a cardiac arrest if 2

answer

rescuers are exhausted

question

stop CPR in a cardiac arrest if 3

answer

if rescuers are in danger

question

stop CPR in a cardiac arrest if 4

answer

victim turned over to higher trained personnel

question

stop CPR in a cardiac arrest if 5

answer

victim does not respond to prolonged (30 min) resuscitation efforts

question

CPR should not be started if 1

answer

victim submerged in cold water for more than an hour

question

CPR should not be started if 2

answer

victim's core temp is lower than 50F

question

CPR should not be started if 3

answer

victim has obvious signs of death or fatal injuries

question

CPR should not be started if 4

answer

victim is frozen

question

CPR should not be started if 5

answer

victim's chest wall is too stiff to perform compressions

question

CPR should not be started if 6

answer

rescuers are exhausted or in danger

question

CPR should not be started if 7

answer

definitive care is not available within 3 hours

question

CPR for hypothermia victims 1

answer

victim must be handled gently

question

CPR for hypothermia victims 2

answer

if victim unresponsive and not breathing, start CPR

question

CPR for hypothermia victims 3

answer

do not wait to check the victim's temp or until victim is rewarmed, start CPR

question

CPR for hypothermia victims 4

answer

remove the wet clothes

question

most common cause of avalanche death

answer

suffocation, injury, or hypothermia

question

CPR for drowning

answer

immediate rescue breaths

question

rescue breaths can begin

answer

in shallow water or when out of the water

question

for drowning victim

answer

do not try to remove water by performing abdominal thrusts

question

for drowning victim, asap

answer

open airway and check for breathing, if none, give 2 breaths, then 30 chest compressions & 2 rescue breaths

question

main cause of death for lightning strike victims

answer

cardiac arrest

question

for lightning strike victim

answer

begin CPR, an AED should be used asap

question

in a wilderness location, with a dislocation

answer

reducing dislocated joints is recommended

question

reducing

answer

aligning a dislocated joint

question

1st reason for reducing a joint dislocation quickly

answer

reduction is easier if done immediately, before swelling

question

2nd reason for reducing a joint dislocation quickly

answer

easier to transport victim after reduction

question

3rd reason for reducing a joint dislocation quickly

answer

the joint can be stabilized and better protected

question

4th reason for reducing a joint dislocation quickly

answer

reduction lessens possibility of jeopardizing circulation

question

5th reason for reducing a joint dislocation quickly

answer

simple dislocations can be reduced using simple and safe techniques

question

a dislocation is considered simple if it involves

answer

anterior part of shoulder, a finger, the patella (kneecap),

question

do not attempt to reduce

answer

a dislocated elbow or hip

question

anterior shoulder dislocations

answer

account for more than 90% of shoulder dislocations

question

recognizing shoulder dislocation 1

answer

victim in extreme pain

question

recognizing shoulder dislocation 2

answer

victim can identify dislocation if it happened before

question

recognizing shoulder dislocation 3

answer

upper arm is held away from the body & cannot be brought next to the body

question

recognizing shoulder dislocation 4

answer

victim is unable to touch the uninjured shoulder with injured hand

question

recognizing shoulder dislocation 5

answer

compare injured with uninjured shoulder

question

1st care for shoulder dislocation

answer

2 methods for reducing shoulder dislocations

question

2nd care for shoulder dislocation

answer

do not pull on injured arm with your foot

question

3rd care for shoulder dislocation

answer

Traction and external rotation - 1st method

question

1st care for shoulder dislocation

answer

gently pull arm to side while another rescuer provides countertraction against the chest wall, just below the arm pit using straps, clothing, or sleeping bag

question

2nd care for shoulder dislocation

answer

tell victim to relax

question

3rd care for shoulder dislocation

answer

as you pull, gently rotate arm half to 2/3 of the way up, keep it there till muscles fatigue, slip joint back into place

question

4th care for shoulder dislocation

answer

after successful reduction, stabilize arm with a sling and swathe

question

2nd shoulder dislocation method

answer

simple hanging traction

question

simple hanging traction 1

answer

lay victim down on a surface high enough for injured arm to hang down

question

simple hanging traction 2

answer

place cushioning under the armpit

question

simple hanging traction 3

answer

attach a 5-10 lbs weight to lower arm, b/w elbow & wrist

question

simple hanging traction 4

answer

it may take up to 60 min to stretch and tire muscles, allowing joint to pop back in place

question

simple hanging traction 5

answer

after successful reduction, stabilize arm with sling and swathe

question

simple hanging traction 6

answer

if available, place padding under the armpit, secure with sling and swathe

question

recognizing a finger dislocation 1

answer

deformity & inability to use or bend the finger

question

recognizing a finger dislocation 2

answer

pain and swelling

question

recognizing a finger dislocation 3

answer

an abnormal position of the two adjoining bones

question

1st care for finger dislocation - method 1

answer

hold end of finger in one hand, he rest of the finger in the other hand

question

2nd care for finger dislocation - method 1

answer

gently hyper-extend the finger (bend it backwards)

question

3rd care for finger dislocation - method 1

answer

pull gentle traction

question

4th care for finger dislocation - method 1

answer

push dislocated bone into place

question

5th care for finger dislocation - method 1

answer

unbend the finger

question

6th care for finger dislocation - method 1

answer

buddy tape it to the next finger

question

7th care for finger dislocation - method 1

answer

splint the finger in the position of function

question

1st care for finger dislocation - method 2

answer

hold one end of finger with one hand, the rest of the finger with the other

question

2nd care for finger dislocation - method 2

answer

pull end of finger in the direction it is pointing, then gently back into proper anatomical position

question

3rd care for finger dislocation - method 2

answer

stabilize the joint in the position of function

question

kneecap dislocation

answer

only apply ice pack & use splint to stabilize leg as you found it

question

recognizing a kneecap dislocation 1

answer

patella has moved outside of knee joint

question

recognizing a kneecap dislocation 2

answer

the victim is in pain

question

recognizing a kneecap dislocation 3

answer

compare the injured portion with the patella on other leg

question

1st care for kneecap dislocation

answer

straighten the knee as you gently push the kneecap back into normal position

question

2nd care for kneecap dislocation

answer

stabilize the leg straight

question

3rd care for kneecap dislocation

answer

with knee extended & stabilized, the victim may be able to walk to self-evacuate

question

all spinal fractures have at least 1

answer

midline neck tenderness

question

all spinal fractures have at least 2

answer

altered mental status

question

all spinal fractures have at least 3

answer

evidence of intoxication

question

all spinal fractures have at least 4

answer

a separate painful injury away from the neck

question

recognizing possible spinal injury 1

answer

is victim alert and oriented or been drinking or on drugs

question

recognizing possible spinal injury 2

answer

does victim have a major painful injury

question

recognizing possible spinal injury 3

answer

is the victim reporting neck pain

question

recognizing possible spinal injury 4

answer

does victim have numbness, tingling, or weakness in the extremities

question

recognizing possible spinal injury 5

answer

check for neck tenderness by pressing firmly on bony part of the spine

question

recognizing possible spinal injury 6

answer

determine if victim has sensation in hands and feet, and can move fingers and toes

question

protocol for clearing spinal injury in the wilderness 1

answer

completely alert

question

protocol for clearing spinal injury in the wilderness 2

answer

not intoxicated

question

protocol for clearing spinal injury in the wilderness 3

answer

no distracting injuries

question

protocol for clearing spinal injury in the wilderness 4

answer

does not report neck pain

question

protocol for clearing spinal injury in the wilderness 5

answer

can feel normal touch

question

protocol for clearing spinal injury in the wilderness 6

answer

can move fingers and toes

question

guidelines to assess a suspected spinal injury 1

answer

determine if injury was a violent impact capable of damaging the bony spinal column

question

guidelines to assess a suspected spinal injury 2

answer

does neck or back hurt, can you move hands, feet, can you feel me touching your fingers, toes

question

guidelines to assess a suspected spinal injury 3

answer

look and feel for DOTS ( deformity, open wounds, tenderness, swelling) along the bony spinal column

question

guidelines to assess a suspected spinal injury 4

answer

assess the equality of strength of the extremities

question

guidelines for suspected spinal injury of unresponsive 1

answer

determine the mechanism of injury

question

guidelines for suspected spinal injury of unresponsive 2

answer

look for deformity, open wounds, swelling along spinal bones

question

guidelines for suspected spinal injury of unresponsive 3

answer

feel for deformity and swelling along the spinal bones

question

guidelines for suspected spinal injury of unresponsive 4

answer

obtain information at the scene from others to assess mechanism of injury and mental status before arrival

question

1st care for spinal injury

answer

improvise blanket supports by placing garbage bag of dirt or rolled up clothing, securing on on both sides of the head

question

2nd care for spinal injury

answer

avoid moving the victim, log roll to place insulating material under victim

question

victims of a femur fracture

answer

can lose 2 quarts of blood in the thigh and develop massive swelling

question

with femur fractures

answer

it is best to let EMS apply traction splints

question

avalanche deaths per year

answer

20 in US, 10 in Canada

question

most avalanche victims die of

answer

suffocation

question

survival of buried victim of avalanche

answer

speed of extrication and air pocket

question

avalanches kill and injure in two ways

answer

tumbling down mountain, snow burial

question

1/3 deaths from avalanche

answer

trauma from tumbling down

question

2/3 deaths from avalanche

answer

snow burial

question

1st care for avalanche victim

answer

during first 15 min, more found alive, 16-30 min 50% found alive, after 30 min, more found dead than alive

question

when found the avalanche victim 1

answer

quickly free the victim's head, chest and stomach

question

when found the avalanche victim 2

answer

send for help

question

when found the avalanche victim 3

answer

clear airway & check for breathing

question

when found the avalanche victim 4

answer

if not breathing, start CPR

question

when found the avalanche victim 5

answer

check for severe breathing

question

when found the avalanche victim 6

answer

examine for and stabilize a spinal injury

question

when found the avalanche victim 7

answer

treat for hypothermia

question

hypoxia

answer

altitude sickness

question

hypoxia occurs

answer

when body's tissues do not have enough oxygen

question

altitude sickness includes 1

answer

acute mountain sickness AMS

question

altitude sickness includes 2

answer

high altitude pulmonary edema HAPE

question

altitude sickness includes 3

answer

high altitude cerebral edema HACE

question

the least serious altitude sickness

answer

acute mountain sickness

question

acute mountain sickness affects

answer

1 in 4 peeps in 6000 to 12000 feet above sea level

question

at least 4 factors determine altitude sickness or not

answer

speed of ascent, altitude reached, health, individual & genetic differences

question

Why does altitude sickness occur?

answer

oxygen levels decrease as elevation increases

question

altitude sickness is caused by

answer

blowing off more carbon dioxide than normal, creating a more alkaline body condition

question

recognizing altitude sickness 1

answer

usually strikes during first 12 hours

question

most common symptom of altitude illness

answer

headache

question

other symptoms of altitude illness

answer

loss of appetite, nausea, insomnia, fatigue, shortness of breath with exertion

question

3/4 of all peeps above 8000 feet

answer

have at least one symptom, the rest have 2 or more

question

many mistake altitude illness for

answer

a cold, flu, hangover

question

1st care for altitude sickness

answer

recognize symptoms ant treat it

question

2nd care for altitude sickness

answer

if not recognized and treated, it may progress to HAPE or HACE, and can be fatal in less than 12 hours

question

seek medical help if altitude sickness advances to

answer

persistent cough, shortness of breath while resting, noisy breathing, loss of balance, confusion, or vomiting

question

most peeps who have altitude sickness

answer

get better with rest

question

AMS symptoms

answer

headache, sleep disturbance, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, loss of appetite, vomiting

question

AMS at elevation

answer

8000 ft

question

HAPE at elevation

answer

above 10,000 ft

question

HACE at elevation

answer

above 12,000 ft

question

HAPE symptoms

answer

fluid in lungs, shortness of breath, dry cough, mild chest pain, weakness, insomnia, rapid pulse, cyanosis, rales, girgling sounds

question

HACE symptoms

answer

increased fluid and pressure on the brain, severe headache, vomiting, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, ataxia, unconsciousness

question

AMS usually occurs

answer

1-2 days later

question

HAPE usually occurs

answer

3-4 or more days later

question

HACE usually occurs

answer

4-7 or more days later

question

first aid care for AMS 1

answer

stop ascending or return to lower altitude

question

first aid care for AMS 2

answer

drink fluids

question

first aid care for AMS 3

answer

rest

question

first aid care for AMS 4

answer

take aspirin or ibuprofen

question

first aid care for AMS 5

answer

take acetazolamide

question

first aid for HAPE

answer

descend at least 2000 feet, seek medical attention asap

question

first aid for HACE

answer

descend 4000 ft, seek medical attention asap

question

at 11,500 feet

answer

65% less oxygen

question

acute altitude illness

answer

usually improves after a few days of rest

question

to relieve HACE or HAPE

answer

early descent, then breathe extra oxygen

question

human ceiling of altitude

answer

18,000 feet

question

person taken quickly to 20,000 feet

answer

incapacitated, death soon after

question

the higher the altitude

answer

the faster a person sunburns

question

other altitude related illnesses

answer

pharyngitis, bronchitis, peripheral edema

question

death from lightning strikes

answer

30%

question

lightning strikes involving one person

answer

70%

question

lightning strikes involving 2 peeps

answer

15%

question

more lightning deaths occur

answer

during the day, June thru Sept

question

1st way lightning injures

answer

direct strike

question

2nd way lightning injures

answer

splash (lightning strikes a tree or building & splashes onto a victim)

question

3rd way lightning injures

answer

contact (person is holding an object that is struck)

question

4th way lightning injures

answer

ground current (lightning hits the ground, spreads like a pond)

question

5th way lightning injures

answer

shock wave (injured by the explosive force)

question

lightning contact with the body

answer

instantaneous

question

exposure to household electricity

answer

more prolonged, victim freezes to the circuit, severe tissue damage can result

question

30/30 rule

answer

seek shelter if flash to bang is 30 seconds or less and stay until 30 min after last clap

question

most are struck by lightning

answer

before and after storm has peaked

question

do not wait for the rain to start

answer

before seeking shelter

question

do not leave the shelter

answer

just because the rain has stopped

question

recognizing a lightning injury 1

answer

breathing may be absent

question

recognizing a lightning injury 2

answer

seizures, paralysis, loss of responsiveness may occur

question

recognizing a lightning injury 3

answer

minor burns

question

most lightning strike burns

answer

punctate (small, circular), and feathering or ferning from ignited clothing and heated metal

question

1st care for a lightning injury

answer

if more than one struck, go to the quiet, motionless first, and if no breathing, begin CPR

question

2nd care for a lightning injury

answer

if breathing but unresponsive, place on their side

question

3rd care for a lightning injury

answer

stabilize the spine

question

4th care for a lightning injury

answer

check for injuries

question

5th care for a lightning injury

answer

evacuate all victims to medical care

question

animal attack deaths in US

answer

1-2 per year

question

if encountering a wild animal

answer

remove yourself from the scene quietly

question

in most cases of an animal attack

answer

fight back if attacked

question

do not fight back, lie down, play possum if

answer

grizzly bear or mother black bear with cubs

question

recognizing animal related injuries

answer

puncture wounds, bites, lacerations, bruises, fractures, rupture of internal organs, evisceration

question

determining level of wilderness evacuation 1

answer

severity of illness or injury

question

determining level of wilderness evacuation 2

answer

rescue and medical skills of rescuers

question

determining level of wilderness evacuation 3

answer

physical and psychological condition of rescuers and victims

question

determining level of wilderness evacuation 4

answer

availability of equipment and aid

question

determining level of wilderness evacuation 5

answer

time it would take to evacuate by other means

question

determining level of wilderness evacuation 6

answer

cost

question

when requesting outside assistance

answer

consider safety of incoming rescuers, their time commitment, cost of the rescue

question

delay travel plans or start evacuating if 1

answer

victim not improving

question

delay travel plans or start evacuating if 2

answer

debilitating pain

question

delay travel plans or start evacuating if 3

answer

victim unable to travel at a reasonable pace b/c of injury

question

delay travel plans or start evacuating if 4

answer

victim passing blood

question

delay travel plans or start evacuating if 5

answer

signs of serious altitude illness

question

delay travel plans or start evacuating if 6

answer

infections not improving

question

delay travel plans or start evacuating if 7

answer

chest pain not caused by rib cage injury

question

delay travel plans or start evacuating if 8

answer

severe wounds require medical care

question

delay travel plans or start evacuating if 9

answer

dysfunctional psychological condition impairing safety of others

question

immediate evacuation (in 30-60 min) 1

answer

open fractures

question

immediate evacuation (in 30-60 min) 2

answer

extremity injuries with deformity

question

immediate evacuation (in 30-60 min) 3

answer

extremity injuries without circulation

question

immediate evacuation (in 30-60 min) 4

answer

spinal injuries with inability to move fingers or toes or no sensation in fingers or toes

question

immediate evacuation (in 30-60 min) 5

answer

severe altitude sickness

question

immediate evacuation (in 30-60 min) 6

answer

decreased level of consciousness

question

immediate evacuation (in 30-60 min) 7

answer

signs of shock

question

immediate evacuation (in 30-60 min) 8

answer

severe bleeding

question

delayed evacuations 1

answer

medical care within 6-24 hrs

question

delayed evacuations 2

answer

limb injuries with deformity, severe pain, or inability to walk

question

delayed evacuations 3

answer

severe frostbite

question

delayed evacuations 4

answer

open wounds that can be sutured within 6 hrs for hand or foot, 24 hrs for head or trunk

question

delayed evacuations 5

answer

mild hypothermia + normal mental status + shivering

question

guidelines for ground evacuation 1

answer

if victim walking out, at least 2 peeps accompany

question

guidelines for ground evacuation 2

answer

if victim carried out, one should go ahead to alert authorities

question

helicopters not beneficial if

answer

ground transport can get victim to hospital within 30-60 minutes

question

guidelines for helicopter evacuation 1

answer

victim's life saved or better chance at full recovery

question

guidelines for helicopter evacuation 2

answer

pilot believes conditions safe enough for helicopter evacuation

question

guidelines for helicopter evacuation 3

answer

ground evacuation dangerous or prolonged

question

signaling aircraft 1

answer

large V for immediate assistance

question

signaling aircraft 2

answer

large X for immediate medical assistance

question

signaling aircraft 3

answer

make letters as big as possible

question

signaling aircraft 4

answer

contrast is key

question

signaling aircraft 5

answer

series of 3 indicate help needed

question

signaling aircraft 6

answer

smoke by day, flame by night

question

using mirror for help 1

answer

hold mirror to sun, stretch other hand out in front, use finger or thumb to block the target

question

using mirror for help 2

answer

hit your extended finger or thumb with a reflection of the sun from the mirror

question

using mirror for help 3

answer

repeatedly flick the spot of light across the finger or thumb and the target

question

using mirror for help 4

answer

try to hit the aircraft with the flash as much as possible

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