Chapter 1 Practice Questions Test Answers – Flashcards

1) The case method, also called total care, is one-to-one care; one nurse provides all aspects of care for one patient during a single shift. An inpatient may have a different nurse on each shift. Although this method may be satisfying for patients and nurses, high costs limit its use. The case method is used in intensive care, labor and delivery, and private duty care. In this method, the patient's needs are quickly met, the nurse and patient work more closely together, and the nurse has a greater degree of autonomy. ------->2) In functional nursing, care is compartmentalized, with each task assigned to a staff member with the appropriate knowledge and skills. For example, the nursing assistant may give bed baths and make beds, the licensed practical nurse (LPN) may distribute medications, and the registered nurse (RN) may be in charge and perform ordered treatments. 3) The team approach is an efficient arrangement for delivering nursing care and maintains the cost saving of functional nursing while attempting to limit fragmentation. In team nursing, a licensed nurse (RN or LPN) is paired with a nursing assistant or nursing assistive personnel. The team is then assigned to a group of patients. 4) In primary nursing, one nurse manages care for a group of patients. The primary nurse assesses the patient and develops a plan of care. When she is at work, she provides care for the patients for whom she is responsible. In her absence, associate nurses deliver care and implement the plan developed by the primary nurse.

1) Medicare is a federal insurance program designed for persons aged 65 years and older. In 1972, the program was expanded to include younger people with permanent disabilities, such as end-stage renal disease. ------->2) Medicaid is a program jointly funded by state and federal taxes that provides access to healthcare services for individuals with low income and minimal resources. 3) Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is a joint venture between the federal government and states to provide health insurance to millions of children whose family income exceeds Medicaid eligibility criteria, but who cannot afford private insurance and are not covered under their parent's policy. 4) A person with private insurance pays premiums to an insurance company. The insurance company then contracts with healthcare providers to deliver care to insured members at prearranged rates. Patients share in the cost of care through out-of-pocket expenses. A person who is unemployed and struggling financially would likely not be able to afford individual private insurance.

Stage 1: Novice. At this stage, you are task oriented and focus narrowly on "learning the rules." Stage 2: Advanced beginner. An advanced beginner focuses on more aspects of a clinical situation, uses more facts, makes more sophisticated use of the rules, and recognizes similarities in situations. The nurse can distinguish abnormal findings, but cannot readily understand their significance. Stage 3: Competence. Competent nurses can handle their patient load and prioritize situations. Stage 4: Proficient. Proficient nurses are able to see the "big picture" and can coordinate services and forecast needs. Stage 5: Expert. Expert nurses trust in and use their intuition while operating with a deep understanding of a situation, often recognizing a problem in the absence of the classic signs and symptoms

1) Nursing assistants provide custodial care under the direction of nurses and physicians in a variety of settings. 2) Physical therapists focus on the rehabilitation of muscles and bones. They use heat, massage, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and therapeutic exercise to treat clients with musculoskeletal problems. 3) Physician's assistants diagnose and treat certain diseases and injuries. ------->4) Laboratory technologists examine blood, urine, tissue, and other bodily fluids to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of patients.

1) Ambulatory care centers are used by people who require same-day cost-effective healthcare. Ambulatory care is synonymous with outpatient care and provides services for clients who are able to come and go to and from the facility. Typically, they treat only common ailments and refer complex or serious illnesses to specialized physicians or emergency rooms. 2) A nursing home provides custodial care for people who cannot live on their own but are not sick enough to require hospitalization. It provides a room, custodial care, and recreation and may be a permanent residence for people who require continual supervision to ensure their safety. ------->3) Rehabilitation centers provide extended care and treatment for patients with physical and mental illness. Types of services include alcohol and drug rehabilitation, physical rehabilitation services for patients who have experienced traumatic injuries, and rehabilitation of patients after stroke or heart attack. Rehabilitation services may be inpatient, outpatient, or a combination. 4) Assisted living facilities were designed to bridge the gap between independence and institutionalization for older adults who have a decline in health status and cannot live alone independently. Residents of these facilities are able to perform self-care activities but require assistance with meals, housekeeping, or medications.

-------> 1) Primary care services focus on health promotion, preventive services, health education, and screening for the early detection of healthcare problems. Services are directed toward keeping the patient well by preventing illness and by treating acute episodic problems. 2) Administering an antibiotic to a child with strep throat is an example of secondary care, which consists of services to diagnose and treat illness, disease, and injury. 3) Caring for a patient who is learning to walk again after a traumatic injury is an example of tertiary care, which is long-term rehabilitation services and care for the dying. 4) Providing in-home hospice care for a patient who is dying of brain cancer is an example of tertiary care, which is long-term rehabilitation services and care for the dying.

------->1) The ANA recommends providing universal access to essential healthcare services for all citizens and residents. 2) The ANA recommends a single-payer system for financing healthcare, with the federal government being that single payer. This is the opposite of privatizing the entire healthcare system. 3) The ANA recommends shifting the priority from illness care to health promotion. 4) The ANA recommends establishing a single-payer system for financing healthcare.

1) Historically, patients relied on the knowledge and decision making of the healthcare team. Now, however, consumers are demanding greater choice in the decisions that affect their health as a result of access to vast amounts of health and medical information, particularly that garnered through the Internet. This access to information, however, doesn't necessarily mean an increase in demand for nurses and other healthcare professionals. ------->2) A larger older adult population creates a need for more medical and nursing care because as people age, they tend to need more assistance with activities of daily living and they experience more acute and chronic illnesses. 3) Collective bargaining is a form of negotiating that allows nurses to seek better wages and working conditions as a group rather than individually. A union or organization that represents nurses usually conducts collective bargaining. Collective bargaining has resulted in significant improvements in wages, benefits, and working conditions for nurses, as well as safer conditions for patients. Although this trend might make the field of nursing more attractive, it does not necessarily increase the demand for nurses. 4) The women's movement opened up more career choices for women. As a result, nursing has become just one of many options for a career. This does not contribute to an increased demand for nurses.

1) A nurse practitioner (NP) is a nurse with advanced education focused on providing primary care (comprehensive healthcare) to an age group or within a specialty area. NPs may work independently or in practice with physicians. They assess, diagnose, and treat diseases and illnesses and prescribe medications and treatments. 2) A nurse practitioner (NP) is a nurse with advanced education focused on providing primary care (comprehensive healthcare) to an age group or within a specialty area. NPs may work independently or in practice with physicians. They assess, diagnose, and treat diseases and illnesses and prescribe medications and treatments. ------->3) A clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is a nurse with advanced education and expertise in an area of clinical specialization (e.g., cardiovascular, pulmonary, orthopedics). The CNS may provide direct patient care; consult on client care; engage in client, family, community, or staff teaching; and/or conduct research. 4) A certified nurse midwife (CNM) is a nurse with advanced education focused on women's health, pregnancy, and delivery. A CNM provides prenatal care, performs uncomplicated deliveries, and provides postpartum care.

Feedback 1: Nursing practice is individualized, not the same for every nurse. ------->Feedback 2: Nurses coordinate care by establishing partnerships (with persons, families, support systems, and other providers). ------->Feedback 3: Caring is central to the practice of the registered nurse. Feedback 4: Registered nurses use the nursing process, not a corporate process, to plan and provide individualized care to their healthcare consumers. ------->Feedback 5: It's true that a strong link exists between the work environment and the nurse's ability to achieve optimal outcomes. Feedback 6: Caring, not the profitability of the healthcare facility, is central to the practice of the registered nurse.

1) Diploma programs are 3-year hospital-based programs that focus on clinical experience in direct patient care. ------->2) Most associate degree programs are offered in community colleges. Although the nursing component typically lasts 2 years, students are required to take numerous other courses in liberal arts and the sciences. 3) Students in baccalaureate programs pursue a course of study similar to that of other undergraduate students. The course of study lasts at least eight semesters. Students are prepared to address complex clinical situations, provide direct patient care, work in community care, use research, and enter graduate education. 4) The typical student in a master's entry program has a baccalaureate degree in another field and has entered nursing as a second career. Programs usually are completed in 3 years of full-time study, with the first year devoted to basic nursing content.

Feedback 1: Buddhism did not have a strong influence on the evolution of professional nursing. ------->Feedback 2: Societal beliefs as reflected in images of the nurse have influenced the evolution of professional nursing. Such images include the "angel of mercy," the "battle-ax," the "nurse as professional," the "naughty nurse," the "military" image, and the "handmaiden" image. Feedback 3: Architecture did not have a strong influence on the evolution of professional nursing. ------->Feedback 4: Christianity has influenced the evolution of professional nursing, for example, through the concept of mercy. Feedback 5: The marketplace did not have a strong influence on the evolution of professional nursing. ------->Feedback 6: The impact of wars has had a positive influence on the development of nursing as a profession. Nurses took the lead in providing care to the sick, wounded, and dying soldiers in each of the following wars and conflicts, which highlighted the need for nurses to be trained: the American Civil War, Spanish American War, World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan conflicts.

1) The American Nurses Association (ANA) is the official professional organization for nurses in the United States. It establishes and updates standards of nursing to promote high-quality care and work toward licensure as a means of ensuring adherence to the standards. Representatives track healthcare legislation, serve as liaisons with national government representatives, and develop and sponsor legislation that will have a positive effect on nursing and on patient care. 2) The National League for Nursing (NLN) was the first nursing organization with a goal to establish and maintain a universal standard of education. The NLN sets standards for all types of nursing education programs, studies the nursing workforce, lobbies and participates with other major healthcare organizations to set policy for the nursing workforce, aids faculty development, funds research on nursing education, and publishes the journal Nursing Education Perspectives. ------->3) The International Council of Nursing (ICN) represents over 13 million nurses on a global level. It is composed of a federation of national nursing organizations from more than 130 nations. The ICN aims to ensure quality nursing care for all, supports global health policies that advance nursing and improve worldwide health, and strives to improve working conditions for nurses throughout the world. 4) Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) is the international honor society for nursing. Membership includes the clinical, education, and nursing research communities and senior-level baccalaureate and graduate programs. The goal of this organization is to foster nursing scholarship, leadership, service, and research to improve health worldwide.

------->1) The case method, also called total care, is one-to-one care; one nurse provides all aspects of care for one patient during a single shift. An inpatient may have a different nurse on each shift. Although this method may be satisfying for patients and nurses, high costs limit its use. The case method is used in intensive care, labor and delivery, and private duty care. In this method, the patient's needs are quickly met, the nurse and patient work more closely together, and the nurse has a greater degree of autonomy. 2) In functional nursing, care is compartmentalized, with each task assigned to a staff member with the appropriate knowledge and skills. For example, the nursing assistant may give bed baths and make beds, the licensed practical nurse (LPN) may distribute medications, and the registered nurse (RN) may be in charge and perform ordered treatments. 3) The team approach is an efficient arrangement for delivering nursing care and maintains the cost saving of functional nursing while attempting to limit fragmentation. In team nursing, a licensed nurse (RN or LPN) is paired with a nursing assistant or nursing assistive personnel. The team is then assigned to a group of patients. 4) In primary nursing, one nurse manages care for a group of patients. The primary nurse assesses the patient and develops a plan of care. When she is at work, she provides care for the patients for whom she is responsible. In her absence, associate nurses deliver care and implement the plan developed by the primary nurse.

Feedback 1: Hospitals and other employers determine the salaries of nurses, not the state board of nursing. ------->Feedback 2: Each state's board of nursing is responsible for approving nursing education programs. ------->Feedback 3: Each state's board of nursing is responsible for establishing criteria that allow a person to be licensed as a registered nurse. Feedback 4: Each school of nursing hires its own instructors. ------->Feedback 5: Each state's board of nursing is responsible for developing rules and regulations for guidance to nurses. ------->Feedback 6: Each state's board of nursing is responsible for enforcing the rules that govern nursing.