Chapter 1 Philosophy, Science and Nursing (McEwen) – Flashcards

-All professions are occupations but not all occupations are professions. -Professions are valued by society bc the services they provide are beneficial to the members of society.

-Varying levels of trainning or education. -Variable defined knowledge bases. -Varying levels of skills

-Defined and specialized knowledge base. -Control and authority over training and education. -Credentialing system or registration to ensure competence. -Altruistic service to society -Code of ethics -Formal training within institutions of higher education -Lengthy socialization to the profession. -Autonomy -Must have a group of scholars, investigators or researchers who work to advance the knowledge of the profession. -Accountability for their work

Disciplines are distinctions between bodies of knowledge found in academic settings. A discipline is "a branch of knowledge ordered through the theories and methods evolving from more than one worldview of the phenomenon of concern".

-A field of inquiry characterized by a unique perspective and a distinct way of viewing thr phenomena.

Disciplines are organized by structure and tradition. The structure of the discipline provides organization and determines the amount, relationship, and ratio of each type of knowledge that comprises the discipline. The tradition of the discipline provides the content, which includes ethical, personal, esthetic, and scientific knowledge .

-Distinct perspective and syntax. -Determination of what phenomena are of interest. -determination of the contextin which the phenomena is viewed. -Determination of what questions to ask. -Determination of what evidence is proof.

An identifiable philosophy At least one conceptual framework (perspective) for delineation of what can be defined as nursing Acceptable methodologic approaches for the pursuit and development of knowledge

Science is concerned with causality (cause and effect). The scientific approach to understanding reality is characterized by observation, verifiability, and experience; hypothesis testing and experimentation are considered scientific methods.

philosophy is concerned with the purpose of human life, the nature of being and reality, and the theory and limits of knowledge. Intuition, introspection, and reasoning are examples of philosophical methodologies.

As a process, science is characterized by systematic inquiry that relies heavily on empirical observations of the natural world. As a product, it has been defined as empirical knowledge that is grounded and tested in experience and is the result of investigative efforts.

-Must show certain coherence. -Is concerned with definitive fields of knowledge. -Statements must be true or probably true. -Preferably expressed in universal statements. Statements must be logically ordered. -Must explain its investigations and arguments.

-Natural: Chemistry -Basic or pure: Math, logic -Human or social: Psych -Practice abd applied: Medicine, architecture.

Human sciences refer to the fields of psychology, anthropology, and sociology and may even extend to economics and political science. These disciplines deal with various aspects of humans and human interactions. Natural sciences, on the other hand, are concentrated on elements found in nature that do not relate to the totality of the individual. There are inherent differences between the human and natural sciences that make the research techniques of the natural sciences (e.g., laboratory experimentation) improper or potentially problematic for human sciences.

It has been posited that although nursing draws on the basic and pure sciences (e.g., physiology and chemistry) and has many characteristics of social sciences, it is without question an applied or practice science.

-the basis for developing theory and advancing knowledge -Rather than answering the questions, focused on studying the concepts that structure the thought process of the discipline.

"a study of problems that are ultimate, abstract, and general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason, and human purpose"

-Rationalism: received view -Empiricism: received view -Human science: perceived view -postmodernism: dominant worldview in nursing

Rationalists believe that reason is superior to experience as a source of knowledge. Rationalists attempt to determine the nature of the world and reality by deduction and stress the importance of mathematical procedures.

-Received view and received knowledge. -Experiences put through scientific methodology. -Examine parts to understand the whole. -Individuals learn by being told receiving knowledge.

-Study of phenomena and emphasizes the appearance of the things as supposed to the things themselves. -Individuals and their experiences -More focused on perceived views and the relation with their reality -Emphasis is on subjectivity, multiple truths and patterns, discovery, description and understanding.

Humanism -Subjective -Description and understanding -Inductive -Multiple truths -Qualitative research methods

The current generation of postpositivists accept the subjective nature of inquiry but still support rigor and objective study through quantitative research methods.

-recognizes the value of science and scientific methods, -allows for multiple meanings of reality -multiple ways of knowing and interpreting reality -knowledge is viewed as uncertain, contextual, and relative. - use of multiple methods for development of scientific understanding and incorporation of different ways to improve understanding of human nature

-there has been recognition of the pluralistic nature of nursing and an enhanced understanding that the goal of research is to provide an integrative basis for nursing care. -In terms of scientific methodology, the attention is increasingly on combining multiple methods within a single research project

Includes Human Science, Phenomenology, Constructivism, Historicism

centers on descriptions that are derived from collectively lived experiences, interrelatedness, human interpretation, and learned reality, as opposed to artificially invented (i.e., laboratory-based) reality

may also be considered to be perceived view. These philosophical schools of thought recognize the influence of gender, culture, society, and shared history as being essential components of science.

-Statement of foundation and universal assumptions, beliefs and principles about the nature of knowledge and thought (epistemology) and the nature of entities represented in the metaparadigm (nursing practice and human health). -Provides perspective for practice, scholarship and research. -nursing is increasingly recognized as a "multiparadigm discipline", in which using multiple perspectives or worldviews in a "unified" way is valuable and even necessary for knowledge development

-Barrett (2002) defined nursing science as "the substantive, discipline-specific knowledge that focuses on the human-universe-health process articulated in the nursing frameworks and theories". -Systems of relationships of human response in health and illness (biological, behavioral, social and cultural domains).

helps to establish the meaning of science through an understanding and examination of nursing concepts, theories, laws, and aims as they relate to nursing practice.

ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Ontology refers to the study of being: what is or what exists. Epistemology refers to the study of knowledge or ways of knowing. Methodology is the means of acquiring knowledge

Empirics—the scientific form of knowing. Personal knowledge—a priori knowledge. Personal knowledge pertains to knowledge gained from thought alone. Intuitive knowledge—includes feelings and hunches. Intuitive knowledge is not guessing but relies on nonconscious pattern recognition and experience. Somatic knowledge—knowledge of the body in relation to physical movement. Metaphysical (spiritual) knowledge—seeking the presence of a higher power. Esthetics—knowledge related to beauty, harmony, and expression. Esthetic knowledge incorporates art, creativity, and values. Moral or ethical knowledge—knowledge of what is right and wrong.

"the study of the origins of nursing knowledge, its structure and methods, the patterns of knowing of its members, and the criteria for validating its knowledge claims"

Meleis: clinical, conceptual, and empirical Chinn and Kramer: emancipatory knowing (praxis of nursing)

refers to the individual nurse's personal knowledge. It results from using multiple ways of knowing while solving problems during client care provision.

is abstracted and generalized beyond personal experience. It explicates patterns revealed in multiple client experiences, which occur in multiple situations

results from experimental, historical, or phenomenologic research and is used to justify actions and procedures in practice.

is expressed in actions that are directed toward changing existing social structures and establishing practices that are more equitable and favorable to human health and well-being.

The goal of basic science is the attainment of knowledge. In basic research, the investigator is interested in understanding the problem and produces knowledge for knowledge's sake. an applied science is one that uses the knowledge of basic sciences for some practical end. research is largely clinical and action oriented. as an applied or practical science, nursing requires research that is applied and clinical and that generates and tests theories related to health of human beings within their environments as well as the actions and processes used by nurses in practice. Human sciences study human life by valuing the lived experience of persons and seek to understand life in its matrix of patterns of meaning and values. Nursing is sometimes referred to as a human science.