question

speech center

answer

Broca's area

question

visual center

answer

occipital lobe

question

initiate voluntary movement

answer

motor cortex of frontal lobe

question

process language

answer

Wernicke's area

question

spatial perception

answer

parietal lobe

question

complicated memory patterns

answer

temporal lobe

question

emotional and visceral patterns

answer

limbic lobe

question

Which factor is most likely to depress nerve cell activity in the patient with a neurologic disorder?

answer

low oxygen saturation and hypoxia

question

THe patient has sustained trauma affecting Broca's area of the brain. Which intervention does the nurse use to assist the patient to compensate for deficits related to damage in this area?

answer

obtain an erasable white board and a pen for communication

question

Which type of stroke or stroke damage is most likely to cause problems with respiratory distress related to neurologic function?

answer

involvement of medulla and pons

question

With what will the patient with a cerebellar dysfunction most likely need assistance?

answer

buttoning shirt

question

substances that pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

answer

oxygen, alcohol, water, anesthetics, carbon dioxide

question

substances that are blocked by the barrier

answer

albumin, most bacteria, many antibiots

question

spinal tract function: carry sensations of pain, temperature, pressure

answer

spinothalamic

question

spinal tract function: proprioception

answer

spinocerebellar

question

spinal tract function: vibratory sense

answer

fasiculus gracilis or cuneatus

question

spinal tract function: voluntary movement

answer

coricospinal

question

SNS/PNS: has cell bodies in the gray matter of the spinal cord from S2 to S4

answer

PNS

question

SNS/PNS: lies beside the spinal cord in a chain

answer

SNS

question

SNS/PNS: has some sensory function

answer

PNS

question

SNS/PNS: is part of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X

answer

PNS

question

SNS/PNS: causes the heart to pump faster

answer

SNS

question

SNS/PNS: constricts pupils

answer

SNS

question

The nurse is teaching the older adult patient about medication and healthy lifestyle. Which teaching strategy is the best to use with this patient?

answer

allow extra time for teaching and questions

question

The nurse is caring for the older adult patient who is identified at Risk for Injury related to altered balance and decreased coordination. Which intervention does the nurse employ for this patient?

answer

instruct the patient to move slowly when changing positions

question

The nurse is obtaining baseline information from the older adult patient at risk for a neurologic disorder about his ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). Why does the nurse ask whether the patient is right- or left-handed?

answer

the patient may be somewhat stronger on the dominant side which is expected

question

The nurse is taking shift report on several patients with changes in functional health patterns. The levels are based on Gordon's Functional Assessment. Which level will require the most assistance during the shift?

answer

Level III for feeding

question

Which statement is included in an assessment of the patient's mental status?

answer

appropriateness of clothes to weather conditions

question

The older adult patient is brought to the clinic by the family who reports that "Dad doesn't seem to be quite like himself." Which behavior is an early sign of a neurologic problem?

answer

inability to remember a trip that he took last week (short recent term memory)

question

In assessing the patient's cognitive status and ability to make rational decisions, the nurse asks, "What would you do if you saw a fire in the wastebasket?" The patient replies, "Why? Are you trying to burn me to death?" What is the appropriate nursing diagnosis for this patient?

answer

Disturbed thought processes

question

Which neurologic disorder is most likely to require hourly sensory assessments of the patient?

answer

Guillain-Barre syndrom

question

cranial nerve: smell

answer

I: Olfactory

question

cranial nerve: vision

answer

II: Optic

question

cranial nerve: eye movement via medial and lateral rectus and inferior oblique and superior rectus muscles

answer

III: Oculomotor

question

cranial nerve: lid elevation via the levator muscle, pupil constriction, ciliary muscles

answer

III: Oculomotor

question

cranial nerve: pupil constriction; ciliary muscles

answer

III: Oculomotor

question

cranial nerve: eye movement via superior oblique muscles

answer

IV: Trochlear

question

cranial nerve: sensation from skin of face and scalp and mucous membranes of mouth and nose; muscles of mastication (chewing)

answer

V: Trigeminal

question

cranial nerve: muscles of mastication (chewing)

answer

V: Trigeminal

question

cranial nerve: eye movement via lateral rectus muscles

answer

VI: Abducens

question

cranial nerve: pain and temperature from ear area; deep sensations from the face; taste from anterior (front) two-thirds of the tongue; muscles of the face and scalp; lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands

answer

VII: Facial

question

cranial nerve: taste from anterior (front) two-thirds of the tongue

answer

VII: Facial

question

cranial nerve: lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands

answer

VII: Facial

question

cranial nerve: hearing; equilibrium (balance)

answer

VIII: Vestibulocochlear

question

cranial nerve: equilibrium (balance)

answer

VIII: Vestibulocochlear

question

cranial nerve: pain and temperature from ear; taste and sensations from posterior (back) one-third of tongue and pharynx; skeletal muscles of the throat; parotid glands

answer

IX: Glossopharyngeal

question

cranial nerve: skeletal muscles of the throat, parotid glands

answer

IX: Glossopharyngeal

question

cranial nerve: taste and sensations from posterior (back) one-third of tongue and pharynx

answer

IX: Glossopharyngeal

question

cranial nerve: muscles of the face and scalp

answer

VII: Facial

question

cranial nerve: pain and temperature from ear; sensations from pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal viscera; muscles of the soft palate, larynx, and pharynx; thoracic and abdominal viscera; cells of secretory glands; cardiac and smooth muscle innervation to the level of the splenic flexure

answer

X: Vagus

question

cranial nerve: sensations from pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal viscera

answer

X: Vagus

question

cranial nerve: muscles of soft palate, larynx, pharynx, thoracic, and abdominal viscera

answer

X: Vagus

question

cranial nerve: cells of secretory glands, cardiac and smooth muscle innervation to the level of the splenic flexure

answer

X: Vagus

question

cranial nerve: skeletal muscles of the pharyns and larynx and sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

answer

XI: Accessory

question

cranial nerve: skeletal muscles of the tongue

answer

XII: Hypoglossal

question

pneumonic for cranial nerves:

answer

...

question

Which sensory assessment technique is correct?

answer

assessment of sharp and dull senses by using a paper clip

question

The nurse is caring for several older adult patients in a long-term care facility. In planning care with consideration for the sensory changes related to aging, which intervention does the nurse implement?

answer

increases the ambient lighting because of the decrease in pupil size

question

The nurse is taking an initial history on the patient whose chief complaint is a headache that seems to be associated with blurred vision. The patient also reports several chronic health problems. Which chronic condition is most likely to impact neurologic function?

answer

hypertension

question

The older adult patient is admitted into a long-term care facility and the nurse is performing a baseline physical assessment that includes neurologic and sensory function. What is the purpose of this assessment?

answer

determine a level of function for later comparison

question

mental/cognitive status assessment: repeat three unrelated words

answer

new memory

question

mental/cognitive status assessment: "What is your birth date?"

answer

remote memory

question

mental/cognitive status assessment: follow simple instructions

answer

language comprehension

question

mental/cognitive status assessment: "What health care providers have you seen during the last year?"

answer

recent memory

question

mental/cognitive status assessment: repeat a series of numbers

answer

attention span

question

mental/cognitive status assessment: "Tell me about your hobbies."

answer

cognitive skills

question

The nurse is assessing the sensory functions of the patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). The nurse makes a clinical judgment to forgo assessing for light touch discrimination. Why does the nurse make this decision?

answer

patient's pain and temperature sensations are intact

question

The nurse is testing the patient for touch discrimination by touching the patient on both shoulders. What is a normal finding for this assessment?

answer

pointing to where each shoulder was touched

question

motor testing: patient walks across the room and returns

answer

gait

question

motor testing: patient stands, eyes open, feet close together

answer

equilibrium

question

motor testing: patient holds the arms perpendicular to the body, eyes closed

answer

brainstem integrity

question

motor testing: patient grasps and squeezes the nurse's fingers

answer

muscle strength

question

motor testing: with arms out to the side, the patient touches the nose two to three times

answer

coordination

question

The nurse student is performing a neurologic assessment on the patient who sustained a stroke. The nurse observes the student evaluating grip and hand strength only on the affected side. What is the nurse's first action?

answer

remind the student that strength testings needs to be done bilaterally

question

The patient is admitted to a rehabilitation center following a stroke that has left him with residual weakness on his left side. The nurse has completed the physical and neurologic assessment. Which documentation note best describes the patient's progress?

answer

demonstrates 5/5 in left leg and 5/5 in right leg against resistance

question

In assessing the patient's gait and equilibrium, the nurse observes that the patient has Romberg's sign. What is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis associated with this objective data?

answer

Risk for Injury related to dysfunctions in awareness of body position

question

Which statement about the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is correct?

answer

it establishes a baseline for eye opening, motor and verbal response

question

The nurse is attempting to assess the coma patient's response to pain. Which technique does the nurse try first?

answer

speak to the patient and call his or her name using a normal tone of voice

question

The nurse is assessing response to painful stimuli in the patient. What is the appropriate length of time to apply the stimulus in the comatose patient

answer

20-30 seconds

question

The nurse is assessing several patients using the GCS. Which factors indicate the most neurologic presentation based on the GCS information.

answer

eye opening to pain, abnormal flexion, incomprehensible sounds

question

The nurse is performing neurologic checks every 4 hours for the patient who sustained a head injury. Which early sign indicates a decline in neurologic status?

answer

change in level of consciousness

question

The student nurse is talking to the patient and family about diagnostic testing. Which statement by the nursing student indicates the need for further study about the understanding of diagnostic procedures?

answer

You are to have x-rays of the skull. Are you allergic to iodine?

question

Which statement about lumbar puncture (LP) is true?

answer

It is done with the patient in the fetal position

question

The nurse is reviewing the results of a lumbar puncture test. Which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) result does the nurse point out to the physician as a significant abnormal finding? (pg. 948)

answer

protein 500-700 mg/100 mL

question

The patient is scheduled for an EEG. How does the nurse prepare the patient for this diagnostic test?

answer

keep the patient awake from 2 am until the scheduled test time

question

The patient arrives on the unit alert and oriented after undergoing cerebral angiography. The report from the radiology nurse indicates the catheter was inserted into the left femoral artery. For which postprocedural order does the nurse call for clarification? (meaning: not needed/appropriate)

answer

IV and oral fluid restrictions for a total of 1000 mL/ 24 hours

question

The patient is scheduled to have a CT with contrast media and the nurse is reviewing the patient's laboratory results. Which laboratory result could impact the procedure, prompting the nurse to notify the radiology department and the health care provider?

answer

creatinine level

question

The nurse has instructed the patient and family on information about positron emission tomography (PET). However, the patient is suspected of having early signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Which statement by the patient indicates he did not understand the information?

answer

"I will be asleep during most of the test; I will get a mild medication to help me relax."

question

Which factors are potential contraindications for having an MRI?

answer

cardiac pacemaker, implanted infusion pum, ferromagenetic aneurysm clip, confusion or agitation, continuous life support, old tattoos with lead

question

The patient is scheduled for a cerebral blood flow evaluation with use of radioactive substance. Which medications does the nurse anticipate the physician will likely withhold from the patient for 24 hours before the test?

answer

central nervous system depressants and stimulants

question

Which of the following assessment findings may indicate an urgent condition requiring immediate notification of the provider? (from Key Points)

answer

dilated and nonreactive pupils

question

What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of?

answer

brain and spinal cord

question

directs the regulation and function of the nervous system and other body systems

answer

brain

question

initiates reflex activity and transmits impulses to and from the brain

answer

spinal cord

question

What is the nervous system composed of?

answer

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

question

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of?

answer

12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

question

is made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

answer

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

question

is made up of brain and spinal cord

answer

central nervous system (CNS)

question

contains neurons that transmit or conduct nerve impulses and neurogliall cells which have an interdependent role with the neuron

answer

nervous system

question

transmits or conducts nerve impulses

answer

neurons

question

have an interdependent role with the neuron

answer

neuroglial cells

question

some neurons are:

answer

motor (enabling movement), sensory (enabling sensation), process information or retain information

question

neurons' enabling movemement

answer

motor

question

neurons' enabling sensation

answer

sensory

question

some process information, some retain information

answer

neurons

question

have either motor or sensory

answer

neurons

question

has enabling movement (motor) and sensation (sensory)

answer

neurons

question

the effect when a neuron receives an impulse from another neuron

answer

excitation or inhibition as well as conduction of the impulses

question

the effect of these are either excitation or inhibition as well as conduction of the impulses

answer

neurons

question

provide protection, structure, and nutrition for the neurons

answer

neuroglial cells

question

neuroglial cells - classified into 4 types

answer

astroglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells

question

neuroglial cells are also part of the:

answer

blood-brain barrier and help regulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

question

a part of the blood-brain barrier and help regulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

answer

neuroglial cells

question

observation/assessment: What to note during introduction?

answer

pt's appearance and speech, affect, and motor function

question

observation/assessment: What to ask patient to determine its associate with current health problem and to evaluate their ability to perform ADLs?

answer

pt's medical history

question

observation/assessment: Ask about this since some disease occur more often in certain cultural groups or with genetic influence.

answer

family medical history esp. stroke or myocardial infarction

question

observation/assessment: What to establish prior to subsequent comparison which is important

answer

baseline data

question

observation/assessment: Compare each assessment with baseline and?

answer

differences between right and left sides along with upper and lower extremities

question

observation/assessment: During an organized head-to-toe physical assessment, this is what to begin?

answer

mental stauts

question

observation/assessment: How to determine level of consciousness (LOC)?

answer

by observing responsiveness and awareness

question

observation/assessment: the first indication that central neurologic function has declined

answer

a change in LOC

question

observation/assessment: tested to establish a baseline from which to compare progress or deterioration when the patient has a suspected problem affecting these

answer

cranial nerves

question

observation/assessment: assessment of sensory function is reserved for patients having problems affecting these

answer

spinal cord or spinal nerves such as trauma, intervertebral disk disease, Guillain Barre syndrome, tumor, infection, stenosis, or transverse myelitis

question

observation/assessment: components of the sensory assessment

answer

pain, superficial and deep sensation, light touch, proprioception

question

observation/assessment: What to observe throughout the physical assessment?

answer

for any involuntary tremors or movements

question

observation/assessment: What to measure?

answer

pt's muscle strength, equality, and strength against resistance

question

observation/assessment: These are assessed by also testing muscles

answer

cerebral motor or brainstem integrity

question

observation/assessment: can be evaluated through assessment of fine coordination of muscle activity, coordination, gait, and equilibrium

answer

cerebellar function

question

observation/assessment: routinely tested

answer

deep tendon reflexes of the biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, and quadriceps muscles and of the Achilles tendon

question

observation/assessment: the cutaneous or superficial reflexes normally tested

answer

plantar reflexes and sometimes abdominal reflexes

question

observation/assessment: When is a rapid neurologic assessment or a "neuro check" completed?

answer

when pt is admitted on an emergent basis, as part of ongoing pt assessment, and in the event of a sudden change in neurologic status

question

observation/assessment: nurses collect and document data related to:

answer

level of consciousness, orientation, movement of arms and legs, pupil size and reaction to light

question

observation/assessment: What to check for when assessing eyes

answer

size, shape, reaction, to light

question

what does PERRLA stand for?

answer

...

question

used reliably to help describe the patient's level of consciousness

answer

Glasgow Coma Scale

question

Glasgow Coma Scale assesses what?

answer

...

question

other signs of altered mental status

answer

complaints of headache, restlessness, irritability or unsual quiet, slurred speech, and a change in the level of orientation

question

Late signs of neurologic deterioration that warrants an immediate call the the provider

answer

decerebrate or decorticate posturing or pinpoint or dilated and nonreactive pupils

question

...

answer

decerebrate

question

...

answer

decorticate posturing

question

used to determine bony fractures, curvatures, bone erosion, bone dislocation, and possible calcification of soft tissue

answer

x-rays (of skull and spine)

question

#1 priority in head trauma and multiple injuries

answer

rule out cervical spine fracture

question

done using contrast to visualize the cerebral circulation to detect blockages in the arteries or veins in the brain, head, or neck

answer

cerebral angiography (or arteriography)

question

distinguishes bone, soft tissue, vascular system, and ventricular system, and fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood

answer

CT scan (computed tomography scanning)

question

what else can be identified?

answer

tumors, infarctions, hemorrhage, hydrocephalus (?), and bone malformations

question

involves administering congtrast dye intravenously to identify blood vessel abnormalities such as blockages or narrowing and aneurysms

answer

CT angiography

question

produces better images used to determine normal and abnormal anatomy

answer

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

question

provides information about the function of the brain specifically glucose and oxygen metabolism and cerebral blood flow

answer

PET scan (positron emission tomography)

question

uses a radioharmaceutical agent that enables radioisotopes to cross the blood-brain barrier

answer

SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography)

question

noninvasive imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity to localize brain function in action

answer

magnetoencephalography

question

used to identify nerve and muscle disorders as well as spinal cord disease

answer

electromyography

question

records the electrical activity of the cerebral hemispheres and is performed to determine the origin of seizure activity, determine cerebral function in pathologic conditions, differentiate between organic and hysterical or feigned blindness or deafness, monitor cerebral activity during surgical anesthesia, diagnose sleep disorders, and determine brain death

answer

electroencephalography

question

performed to determine the origin of seizure activity, determine cerebral function in pathologic conditions, differentiate between organic and hysterical or feigned blindness or deafness, monitor cerebral activity during surgical anesthesia, diagnose sleep disorders, and determine brain death

answer

electroencephalography

question

records the electrical activity of the cerebral hemispheres

answer

electroencephalography

question

measure the electrical signals generated by hearing, touch, or sight to assess sensory nerve problems and confirm conditions such as multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, acoustic neuromas, and spinal cord injury

answer

evoked potentials or evoked responses

question

evoked potentials or evoked responses measure the electrical signals that are generated by what

answer

hearing, touch, or sight (to assess sensory nerve problems)

question

evoked potentials or evoked responses measure the electrical signals generated by hearing, touch, or sight to assess sensory nerve problems and to confirm conditions such as

answer

multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, acoustic neuromas, and spinal cord injury

question

can be measured in many areas of the brain with the use of radioactive substances especially for cerebral vasospasm

answer

cerebral blood flow

question

used to obtain pressure readings, obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), check for spinal blockage attributable to a spinal cord lesion, inject contrast medium or air for diagnostic study, inject spinal anesthetics or other medications, and reduce mild increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in certain conditions

answer

lumbar puncture (LP/spinal tap)

question

another term for spinal tap

answer

lumbar puncture (LP)

question

because of the danger of sudden release of CSF pressure, a lumbar puncture is contraindicated in patients with?

answer

suggestive or increased intracranial pressure

question

can be evaluated by using a transcranial Doppler which uses sound waves to measure blood flow through the arteries

answer

intracranial hemodynamics

question

uses sound waves to measure blood flow through the arteries

answer

Doppler

question

what is particularly valuable

answer

evaluating cerebral vasospasm or narrowing or arteries

question

used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders and may also reveal if a person is a carrier of a defective gene

answer

muscle or nerve biopsies

question

used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders

answer

muscle or nerve biopsies

question

may also reveal if a person is a carrier of a defective gene

answer

muscle or nerve biopsies

question

When having an angiography, check for this and if present, notify radiologist immediately!

answer

bleeding at the injection site (after angiography)

question

What to do if bleeding at the injection site is present after an angiography?

answer

Notify the radiologist immediately

question

what to check for prior to an MRI?

answer

ferromagnetic devices: pacemakers, vascular stents, and implanted pumps

question

what to do for older adults who typically have recent memory loss

answer

reinforce teaching and using teaching aids

question

what to do before a diagnostic testing for neurologic structure and cuntion

answer

explain what pts should expect

question

encourage patients who have received contrast media or isotopes to do this

answer

drink fluids to increase elimination of the material

question

What does the complex nervous system control?

answer

mobility, sensation, and cognition

question

innervates many other body systems to make them function

answer

autonomic nervous systems (ANS)

question

part of the ANS that stimulate the detrusor muscle to contract when the urinary bladder is full

answer

sacral spinal nerves

question

can impair the human needs for mobility, sensation, and cognition

answer

health problems involving trauma and diseases of the brain

question

major divisions of the nervous system

answer

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

question

major components of the CNS

answer

brain and spinal cord

question

composes the PNS

answer

12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and ANS

question

ANS is further subdivided

answer

sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

question

nervous system contains two types of cells

answer

neurons and neuroglial cells

question

transmit or conduct nerve impulses

answer

neurons

question

have an interdependent role with the neuron

answer

neuroglial cells

question

basic unit of the nervous system

answer

neurons

question

transmits impulses or "messages"

answer

neurons

question

What is the effect when a neuron receives an impulse from another neuron?

answer

excitation or inhibitation

question

What does each neuron have?

answer

a cell body or soma, short, branching processes called dendrites, and a single axon

question

a cell body

answer

soma

question

short, branching processes

answer

dendrites

question

What does each dendrite do?

answer

synapses with another cell body, axon, or dendrite and brings information to the cell body from other neurons (afferent pathway)

question

brings information to the cell body from other neurons

answer

afferent pathway

question

sends messages from the neuron's cell body to other neurons through an axon

answer

efferent pathway

question

How many axon is attached to each neuron that may extend long distances, often down the entire spinal cord?

answer

only one

question

covers many axons

answer

myelin sheath

question

a white, lipid covering

answer

myelin sheath

question

appear whitish, therefore also called white matter

answer

myelinated axons

question

have a grayish cast and are called gray matter

answer

nonmyelinated axons

question

myelinated axons have these gaps in the myelin

answer

nodes of Ranvier

question

play a major role in impulse conduction

answer

nodes of Ranvier

question

when the myelin is impaired, the impulses cannot travel fromthe brain to the rest of the body such as in pts with this

answer

multiple sclerosis

question

the enlarged, distal end of each axon

answer

synaptic or terminal knob

question

mechanisms within the synaptic or terminal knobs

answer

manufacturing, storing, and releasing a neurotransmitter

question

what does each neuron produce?

answer

a specific neurotransmitter substance or chemical (acetylcholine or serotonin) that can either enhance or inhibit the impulse but not do both

question

two distinct types of synapses that trasmits impulses to their eventual destination through synapses or spaces between neurons

answer

neuron to neuron and neuron to muscle (or gland)

question

between the terminal knob and the next cell is a small space

answer

synaptic cleft

question

makes up the synapse

answer

the knob, the cleft, and the portion of the cell to which the impulse is being transmitted

question

factors that affect the transmission of an impulse

answer

distance and strength

question

strength of the stimulus can also be influenced by other mechanisms

answer

inhibition by another neuron, inadequate supply of transmitter substance, and extracellular fluid (ECF) changes

question

can quickly depress nerve cell activity

answer

lack of oxygen or the effects of hypnotics and anesthesia

question

also affects the neuron transmission

answer

changes in the pH of ECF

question

excites nerve cells

answer

alkalosis

question

increased nerve cell activity occurs with the use of

answer

some drugs such as caffeine (in coffee), theophylline (in tea and some asthma drugs), and thebromine (in cocoa)

question

vary in size and shape and provide protection, structure, and nutrition for the neurons

answer

neuroglial cells

question

neuroglial cells are classified into four types

answer

astroglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells

question

also part of the blood-brain barrier and help regulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

answer

neuroglial cells

question

composed of the brain, which directs the regulation and function of the nervous system and all other systems of the body, and spinal cord, which starts reflex activity and transmits impulses to and from the brain

answer

central nervous system (CNS)

question

directs the regulation and function of the nervous system and all other systems of the body

answer

brain

question

starts reflex activitiy and transmits impulses to and from the brain

answer

spinal cord

question

protective covering of the brain and spinal cord

answer

meninges

question

outside layer of brain

answer

dura mater

question

located between the dura mater and the arachnoid, middle layer

answer

subdural space

question

middle layer of brain

answer

arachnoid

question

most inner layer

answer

pia mater

question

situated between the arachnoid and pia mater where CSF circulates

answer

subarachnoid space

question

referred to as the epidural space that is located between the skull and outer layer of the dura

answer

a potential space

question

also extends down the spinal cord and is important in the delivery of epidural analgesia and anesthesia

answer

epidural space ( a potential space)

question

also lies between the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

answer

dura (tentorium)

question

another name for dura that also lies between the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

answer

tentorium

question

helps decrease or prevent the transmission of force from one hemisphere to another and protect the lower brainstem when head trauma occurs

answer

dura (tentorium)

question

clinical references that may be made to a lesion or a tumor

answer

supratentorial (above the tentorium) or infratentorial (below the tentorium)

question

parts that compose the brain

answer

cerebrum, diencephalon, hypophysis (pituitary gland), cerebellum, and brainstem

question

joined by the corpus callosum

answer

right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

question

dominant hemisphere in most people even in many left-handed people

answer

left hemispheres

question

within deeper structures of the cerebrum

answer

right and left ventricles

question

at the base of the cerebrum near the ventricles is a group of neurons called

answer

basal ganglia

question

a group of neurons that regulate the human needs for mobility

answer

basal ganglia

question

located in the front lobe that controls voluntary movement

answer

motor cortex

question

also called corticospinal tracts that begin in the motor cortex and travel through the brain before crossing in the medulla

answer

pyramidal tracts

question

this crossing explains how right motor cortex damage affects the movement in the

answer

left side of the body and vice versa such as pts who have cerbral strokes

question

another term for lobes

answer

sulci (fissures)

question

divides the cerebrum

answer

lobes, sulci, fissures

question

work together and are connected by nerve fibers

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lobes

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two important speech areas of the cerebrum

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Broca's area and Wernicke's area

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soeech area located in the frontal lobe

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Broca's area

question

responsible for the formation of words

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Broca's area

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language area located in the temporal lobe

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Wernicke's area

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allows processing of words into coherent thought and understanding of written or spoken words

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Wernicke's area

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which lies below the cerebrum includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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diencephalon

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major relay station or central switchboard

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thalamus

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plays a major role in autonomic nervous system control (controlling temperature and other functions) and intellectual function (cognition)

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hypothalamus

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contains the roof of the third ventricle and the pineal gland

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epithalamus

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pituitary gland

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hypophysis

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has two lobes, each releasing specific hormones into the circulation under the regulation of the hypothalamus

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hypophysis (pituitary gland)

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master gland because of its control of numerous hormonal functions

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pituitary

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actually control its functions, not the the pituitary

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hypothalamus

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receives immediate and continuous information about the condition of the muscles, joints, and tendons

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cerebellum

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cerebellar function enables a person to

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keep an extremity from overshooting an intended target, move from one skilled movement to another in an orderly sequence, predict distance or gauge the speed with whch one to approaching an object, control voluntary movememnt, maintain equilibrium

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unlike the motor cortex, the control of the body is ipsilateral (situated on the same side)

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cerebellar

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the right side of the cerebellum controls

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the right side of the body

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the left side of the cerebellum controls

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the left side of the body

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includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla

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brainstem

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throughout the brainstem which controls awarness and alertness

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special cells that has reticular activating system (RAS)

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this tissue awakens a person from sleep when presented with a stimulus like a loud noise, when there is pain, or when it is time to awaken

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special cells that has reticular activating system (RAS)

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the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries are joined by small communicating arteries to form a ring at the base of the brain

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circle of Willis

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where does circulation in the brain originate from?

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carotid and vertebral arteries

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Due to the older adults having an altered balance and decreased coordination, remind them to

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move slowly and use caution when ambulating

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check for this after pts have an angiography and if present, call the radiologist immediately

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bleeding

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before an MRI, check for these devices

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pacemakers, vascular stents, and implented pumps

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encourage this for pts who receive contrast media or isotopes

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push fluids to increase elimination of the material

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part of the neurologic assessment

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assess mental status including orientation

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tends to be an early sign of neurologic problesm

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pt's memory especially recent memory

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evaluate physiological integry by

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sensory and motor abilities, gait, balance, coordination

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the lower the score, the poorer the function

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Glasgow Coma Scale

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measures neurologic function

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Glasgow Coma Scale

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check pupils for size, shape, and reaction and what it should be

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pupils should be equal in size, round and regular in shape, and reactive to light and accomodation

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late signs of neurologic deterioration

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decerebrate or decorticate posturing and pinpoint or dilated nonreactive pupils

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patient positioning during a lumbar puncture

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fetal position

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normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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clear and colorloess with few cells

M/S CH 43 – Flashcard

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