Psychology test 1 – Flashcards
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DEFINES HYPOTHESIS?
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tentative explanation
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PSYCHOLOGY REFERS TO THE ________
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scientific study of the mind
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PSYCHOLOGY IS A SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINE. PSYCHOLOGISTS SCIENTIFICALLY STUDY ________.
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the mind and behavior
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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY FOCUSES ON ________ AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES.
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a person's unconscious
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WHO WAS THE FIRST PERSON REFERRED TO AS A PSYCHOLOGIST?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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WILLIAM JAMES WAS THE ________.
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first American psychologist
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BEHAVIORISTS STUDY ________.
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learned behavior
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_______ IS A PERSPECTIVE WITHIN PSYCHOLOGY THAT EMPHASIZES THE POTENTIAL FOR GOOD THAT IS INNATE TO ALL HUMANS.
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humanism
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WHAT IS ABRAHAM MASLOW BEST KNOWN FOR?
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proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
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WHO WAS THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN TO RECEIVE A PHD IN PSYCHOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES?
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Francis Cecil Sumner
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WHICH ASPECT OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OCCURS FIRST?
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hypothesis
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OR A SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION TO BE TESTABLE, IT MUST ALSO BE ________.
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perceivable and measurable
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HAR HEARD FROM HER FRIENDS THAT MARIJUANA USE CAN CURE GLAUCOMA SO IT SHOULD BE LEGAL IN ALL 50 STATES. CHAR KNOWS THAT SHE IS BIASED IN FAVOR OF MARIJUANA LEGALIZATION, SO SHE DECIDES TO EXERCISE SOME SKEPTICISM ABOUT THIS CLAIM. SHE RESEARCHES WHERE HER FRIENDS GOT THEIR INFORMATION, HOW RELIABLE IT IS, AND WHAT OTHER SOURCES SAY ABOUT LEGALIZING MARIJUANA. CHAR IS ________.
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thinking critically
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MARY SPENDS SOME TIME EACH DAY APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURALISM TO EXAMINE HER OWN CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE AS CAREFULLY AS POSSIBLE. MARY IS ENGAGED IN ________.
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introspection
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FUNCTIONALIST PSYCHOLOGISTS FOCUS ON THE FUNCTION OF BEHAVIOR AND ________.
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the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
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DR. BROWN NOTICED THAT ONE OF HER STUDENTS ADDRESSES HER WITH THE WORD MOTHER INSTEAD OF THE WORD PROFESSOR OR DOCTOR. DR. BROWN APPLIES THE PRINCIPLES OF ________, AND HYPOTHESIZES THE STUDENT MISSPEAKS BECAUSE HE IS UNCONSCIOUSLY ASSOCIATING HER WITH HIS MOTHER.
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psychoanalytic theory
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N MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS, THE ________ INCLUDE FOOD, WATER, AND SHELTER.
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basic survival needs
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LUCY WANTS TO STUDY CHANGES IN COGNITIVE SKILLS, MORAL REASONING, AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. LUCY SHOULD SPECIALIZE IN ________ PSYCHOLOGY.
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developmental
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SPURLING ET AL. INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF TWO VOCABULARY LEARNING STRATEGIES ON WORD RETENTION TWO WEEKS LATER. IN THIS EXAMPLE, LEARNING STRATEGY IS THE ________ VARIABLE AND WORD RETENTION IS THE ________ VARIABLE.
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independent; dependent
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KRISTA AND TATIANA HOGAN ARE PARTICIPANTS IN A(N) ________ OF CONJOINED TWINS WHO ARE JOINED AT THE HEAD.
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a case study
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IN A ________ STUDY, BOTH THE RESEARCHERS AND THE PARTICIPANTS ARE UNAWARE OF THE GROUP ASSIGNMENTS.
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a double blind
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________ IS A REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS AS SOME DROP OUT OF THE STUDY OVER TIME.
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attrition
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WHAT IS A LIMITATION THAT AFFECTS THE GENERALIZABILITY OF RESEARCH RESULTS?
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small sample size
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________ ASSESSES THE CONSISTENCY OF OBSERVATIONS BY DIFFERENT OBSERVERS.
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inter rater reliability
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GREEN ET AL. USED A ________ FROM THEIR ________ OF INTEREST IN ORDER TO MAKE A ________.
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sample; population; generalization
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________ RESEARCH STUDIES THE SAME GROUPS OF PARTICIPANTS OVER TIME.
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longitudinal
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________ RESEARCH USES PAST RECORDS OR DATA SETS TO INVESTIGATE RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR TO LOOK FOR PATTERNS OR RELATIONSHIPS.
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archival
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________ MEANS THAT THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES.
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correlation
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A NEGATIVE CORRELATION MEANS ________.
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one variable decreases as the other increases
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A(N) ________ IS A VARIABLE THAT AFFECTS BOTH VARIABLES OF INTEREST AND MAY FALSELY GIVE THE IMPRESSION OF A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP.
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confounding variable
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SANDRA STRONGLY BELIEVES THAT ATTENDING DAYCARE IS DETRIMENTAL TO CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT SO SHE DECIDES TO WRITE HER PSYCHOLOGY TERM PAPER ON THIS TOPIC. SHE DOES A LITERATURE SEARCH AND FINDS SEVERAL SOURCES SUPPORTING HER OPINION, BUT SHE FINDS THAT THE MAJORITY OF RESEARCH INDICATES THAT CHILDREN ATTENDING DAYCARE EXPERIENCE HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT. SHE WRITES A PAPER USING THE SOURCES THAT FIND NEGATIVE ASSOCIATIONS WITH DAYCARE ATTENDANCE. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF ________.
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a confirmation bias
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THE ________ GROUP DOES NOT GET THE EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT.
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control
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A(N) ________ IS A DESCRIPTION OF HOW THE RESEARCHERS WILL MEASURE THE VARIABLES OF INTEREST.
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operational definition
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RESEARCHERS ARE CONDUCTING A STUDY WHERE THEY HAVE CONCERNS THAT THE PARTICIPANT'S BELIEFS AND/OR THE EXPERIMENTER'S BELIEFS MAY SKEW THE RESULTS. THEREFORE, THEY CHOSE TO CONDUCT A ________ STUDY.
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double-blind
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SIMPLY EXPECTING SOMETHING TO HAPPEN CAN MAKE IT HAPPEN. THIS DESCRIBES ________.
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placebo effect
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THE ________ IS CONTROLLED BY THE EXPERIMENTER.
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independent variable
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DEVINE ET AL. ARE INTERESTED IN ASSESSING WHETHER ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE PLAY CAUSES A PREFERENCE FOR SWEET OR SALTY FOODS IN TODDLERS. THEY ASSIGN GROUPS OF CHILDREN TO EITHER AN ACTIVE PLAY, PASSIVE PLAY, OR NO PLAY GROUP AND RECORD THEIR FOOD CHOICES WHEN PRESENTED WITH A VARIETY OF SWEET AND SALTY FOODS. IN THIS STUDY, ________ IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND ________ IS THE CONTROL GROUP.
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type of play; no play
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A SAMPLE THAT ________ IS MOST LIKELY TO YIELD GENERALIZABLE RESULTS.
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is large and randomly selected
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PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHERS STUDY GENETICS IN ORDER TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE ________ THAT CONTRIBUTES TO CERTAIN BEHAVIORS.
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biology
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STUDYING CLOSE RELATIVES ALLOWS BEHAVIORAL GENETICISTS TO DETERMINE ________.
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the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population
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HUMAN EGGS AND SPERM EACH CONTAIN 23 ________, WHICH ARE COMPOSED OF LONG STRANDS OF ________.
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chromosomes; DNA
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POLYGENIC MEANS THAT MOST TRAITS ARE CONTROLLED BY ________.
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more than one gene
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_______ ASSERTS THAT OUR GENES SET THE BOUNDARIES WITHIN WHICH WE CAN OPERATE, AND OUR ENVIRONMENT INTERACTS WITH OUR GENES TO DETERMINE WHERE WITHIN THOSE BOUNDARIES WE WILL FALL.
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range of reaction
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THE SPACE BETWEEN TWO NEURONS IS CALLED THE ________.
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synapse
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PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATIONS ARE DRUGS THAT TREAT PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS BY RESTORING ________ BALANCE.
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neurotransmitter
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SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS) ARE DRUGS COMMONLY PRESCRIBED FOR ________.
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depression
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THE TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ARE THE ________ AND ________.
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central; peripheral nervous systems
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SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS OF THE ________ NERVOUS SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVITIES TRADITIONALLY THOUGHT OF AS CONSCIOUS OR VOLUNTARY.
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SOMATIC
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THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND THE ________.
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spinal cord
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THE ________ IS THE DEEP GROOVE THAT SEPARATES THE BRAIN INTO TWO HALVES.
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longitudinal fissure
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THE SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROCESSING ________.
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temperature, touch, and pain
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THE AUDITORY CORTEX IS LOCATED IN WHICH LOBE OF THE BRAIN?
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temporal
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SENSES IS NOT ROUTED THROUGH THE THALAMUS?
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smell
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THE ________ IS INVOLVED IN OUR EXPERIENCE OF EMOTION AND TYING EMOTIONAL MEANING TO OUR MEMORIES.
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amygdala
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THE ________ CONNECTS THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD.
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pons
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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF GLANDS THAT PRODUCE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES KNOWN AS ________.
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hormones
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THE ________ GLAND IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE MASTER GLAND OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
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pituitary
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GYRI AND SULCI ARE THE ________ AND ________, RESPECTIVELY, WHICH CHARACTERIZE THE SURFACE OF THE HUMAN BRAIN.
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folds; grooves
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WHAT HORMONE DOES THE PINEAL GLAND RELEASE?
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melatonin
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ALI IS AWARE OF HIS FEELINGS, EMOTIONS, AND THOUGHTS. HE IS ALSO AWARE OF HIS SURROUNDINGS, THE WARMTH OF THE SUN, AND THE SOUND OF NEARBY TRAFFIC. ALI IS IN A STATE OF ________.
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consciousness
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF WAKEFULNESS?
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Jemma, competing in a marathon
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SEEING THE LIGHT FROM THE SUN, FEELING THE WARMTH OF A ROOM, AND HEARING THE VOICE OF A FRIEND ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF ________ STIMULI.
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external
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THE SLEEP CYCLE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A(N) ________ RHYTHM.
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circadian
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MONA LIVES IN NORTH CAROLINA. SHE TAKES AN OVERNIGHT FLIGHT TO CALIFORNIA TO VISIT WITH FAMILY FOR A MONTH; WHEN SHE ARRIVES SHE IS FATIGUED, SLUGGISH, AND IRRITABLE. FOR THE NEXT WEEK OR SO SHE HAS TROUBLE SLEEPING. MONA IS PROBABLY SUFFERING FROM ________.
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jet lag
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VICTORIA HAS ACCUMULATED A LARGE SLEEP DEBT. THIS MEANS THAT SHE ________.
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suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
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MOHAMMED IS SLEEPING. HIS EYELIDS ARE QUIVERING BECAUSE HIS EYES ARE DARTING AROUND. MOHAMMED IS PROBABLY EXPERIENCING ________ SLEEP.
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REM
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Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________
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evolutionary psychologists
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The space between two neurons is called the ________.
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synapse
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.
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depression
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The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
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central; peripheral nervous systems
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________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.
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homeostasis
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The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.
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spinal cord
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The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.
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longitudinal fissure
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Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
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Broca's area
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The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.
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temperature, touch, and pain
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The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.
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amygdala
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The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
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midbrain
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A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.
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computerized tomography (CT) scan
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The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.
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volution by natural selection
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The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.
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billions
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
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Genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual, and phenotype is the observed expression of an individual's genetics.
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Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
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scientific theory
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Behaviorists study ________.
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learned behavior
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Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?
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Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates
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If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?
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object permanence
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Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
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Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times.
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According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
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interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
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What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common?
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They are all examples of applied psychology.
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Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?
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whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
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It is complex.
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Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?
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naturalistic observation
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In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?
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Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.
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What three features are central to Carl Rogers's client-centered therapy?
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Sample Answer: Carl Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of the client-centered approach: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.
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Identify an advantage cross-cultural psychology has over traditional psychological approaches.
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Sample Answer: Culture has important impacts on individuals and social psychology, yet the effects of culture on psychology have not been studied sufficiently. There is a risk that psychological theories and
data derived from White, American settings could be assumed to apply to individuals and social groups from other cultures—this is likely to be false. Cross-cultural psychology addresses this potential issue by addressing the effect of culture on individual and social psychology.
