Final Labs Geog 100 – Flashcards

How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming? The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees. The athletic program collected money during games to recycle newspapers and plastics. The athletic program eliminated all carbon emissions. The athletic program used solar energy during games to remove carbon dioxide from the air.

The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____. decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere decreased production of carbon dioxide increased production of carbon dioxide

The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____. promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon eliminated consumption of all plastics throughout its program and athletic events recycled all paper used in its program and at football games replaced all vehicles with electric cars

How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program? The planted trees will be cut down to produce paper products for the athletic program. The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow. The planted trees will be cut down to produce construction materials for the athletic program. The planted trees will be burned to generate electricity for the athletic program.

Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____. any use of electricity in the stadium any use of hot water in the stadium, which is heated using gas fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium all plastic products used in the stadium to provide fans with food and beverages

Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment? carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide methane gas nitrous oxide oxygen

All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy. solar wind renewable geothermal nuclear

Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant? boiler control room cooling tower silo generator

During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity? It almost always increases. It almost always decreases. Cost of electricity always stays the same. It depends on where the power plant is located. It depends on the time of the year.

What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel? black red white green clear

The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________. collects runoff water from lawns and parking lots to water lawns and gardens on campus uses water from campus sinks and toilets to water lawns and gardens on campus uses tap water to water lawns and gardens and then catches and reuses any water that runs off of these systems conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation

The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________. to conserve water as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to directly generate electricity from photosynthesis in the leaves as landscaping, providing energy-saving shade to homes and businesses

LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________. conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality limit construction to the use of recycled materials require that all energy used in the building comes from wind or solar sources encourage the consumption of local foods

One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________. processed foods that require little to no preparation before consumption food that is individually wrapped meat instead of fruits and vegetables foods that are grown locally

What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University? a shortage of water for irrigating lawns and landscaping the local production of food the production of biofuels used to generate electricity on campus the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots

Why has the earth experienced natural climate changes? The earth has experienced natural climate changes because the increased number of asteroids between the earth and the sun is blocking the amount of solar radiation the earth receives on an annual basis. The earth has experienced natural climate changes because of rapid deforestation of the tropical rainforest. The earth has experienced natural climate changes because of increased burning of fossil fuels. In cycles of tens or often hundreds of thousands of years, the earth's tilt and its orbit around the sun gradually change. These natural changes have contributed to dramatic shifts in earth's climate. The earth has experienced natural climate changes because of the variability in solar irradiance, as evidenced by sun spot activity.

Why is carbon dioxide so important? Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases temporarily trap heat energy in the earth's atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm and habitable. Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide lead to global cooling. Increased carbon dioxide decreases the number of global hurricanes (tropical cyclones). Carbon dioxide is important because without it we wouldn't have carbonated drinks. Without carbon dioxide, we wouldn't have important mineral rocks, like uranium.

What would earth's temperature be without the Greenhouse Effect? Without the Greenhouse Effect, the earth's temperature would reach 26.6 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit). The Greenhouse Effect does not affect global temperatures; it only has local effect. Without the Greenhouse Effect, the earth's temperature would hover just above freezing the entire year. The global temperature would be minus 19 degrees Celsius. Without the Greenhouse Effect, the North and South Poles would disappear.

What non-renewable resource, when burned, is the leading cause of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Natural gas Uranium Coal Wood Oil

How can increased carbon dioxide uptake, or sequestration, by global forests change climate? Net global forest growth removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus cooling the earth's climate. As forests expand, carbon dioxide is lost to the atmosphere. Increased carbon sequestration leads to increased tsunami frequency. Carbon dioxide uptake by forests led to the end of the Pleistocene epoch. Increases in forest cover lead to increased flooding.

Approximately how many kilometers did the glacier retreat from 2001 to 2002? 3 mi 2 km 10 km 3 km

Approximately how many kilometers did the glacier retreat from 2002 to 2003? 10 km 7 mi 7 km 4 km

Which of the following statements regarding the glacier's retreat is correct? The glacier retreated more from 2003 to 2008 than from 2002 to 2003. The glacier retreated over 15 km from 2001 to 2008. The glacier retreated almost 5 km from 2001 to 2008. The glacier retreated more from 2001 to 2002 than from 2003 to 2008.

What evidence is there that the O'Higgins Glacier is being affected by global warming? It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because of increased snow pack at extremely high elevations. There is no evidence that the changes of O'Higgins are being affected by global warming. It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of a dramatic decrease in snowfall at the source of the glacier. It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting. It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because warmer temperatures have caused melting along the edge of the glacier, allowing it to move more quickly.

How might global warming affect cities that rely on glacial runoff for their water supply? Cities may face long-term water surpluses as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will continue to increase as temperatures rise. Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink. Cities will likely be unaffected as increased runoff will form natural lakes where glaciers used to be. Cities may face short-term water shortages but will have long-term water surpluses. Cities will likely be unaffected as global warming affects melting only along the leading edge of the glacier.

What is causing a decline in Antarctica's Chinstrap penguins? An increase in the leopard seal population, who feed on the penguins, Has impacted the penguin population. Warmer temperatures have allowed diseases to spread through the Chinstrap population. Unregulated hunting in the waters off Antarctica has decimated the population of these penguins. Populations of the penguin's major food source are declining because of melting sea ice. The Chinstrap penguins are not able to migrate back to breeding grounds in Antarctica by way of sea ice because the ice is disappearing.

What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period? Greenhouse gas levels have remained at roughly the same levels for the past 200 years. A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution. A sudden decline in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution. Greenhouse gases are more concentrated in polar regions than they are in the tropics. Greenhouse gases have steadily risen for the past 850,000 years.

What impact would rising sea levels have on human migration? Rising sea levels would have minimal effect as sea walls are easily to build. Rising sea levels would have virtually no effect as most of the world's population lives in inland locations. Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas. There would be a movement of people from inland locations to the coasts. Large-scale migrations would occur from countries in the mid-latitudes to countries in the tropics.

The Triassic rocks must have been most likely tilted during or after the______________ period

The Triassic and Cretaceous rocks are separated by this type of unconformity: __________________

he Quaternary and Tertiary rocks are separated by this type of unconformity: ______________

Due to an unconformity, the ______________ period is missing from the rock record.

The dike dates at least to the __________ period.

Which of the following statements about relative and absolute age dating is correct? Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, and can provide information about absolute age. Relative age dating provides information about absolute ages, but does not place rocks and events in chronological order. Relative age dating does not provide information about absolute ages, nor does it place rocks and events in chronological order. Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, but does not provide information about absolute age.

What is the Principle of Original Horizontality? Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited. Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when eroded. Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when deposited. Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when eroded.

What is the Principle of Superposition? Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers in the middle of a sequence are older. Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older. Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers higher in the sequence are older.

What is the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships? Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through. Geologic features that cut through rocks must form at roughly the same time as the rocks that they cut through. Geologic features that cut through rocks must form before the rocks that they cut through.

Five layers of rock are cut by two faults. Both faults cut through all five layers of rock. Fault A breaks through to the surface, while Fault B does not. Which of the following statements about Faults A and B is correct? Fault A is younger than Fault B, and both are younger than the five layers of rock. Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are younger than the five layers of rock. Fault A is younger than Fault B, and both are older than the five layers of rock. Faults A and B are about the same age, and both are older than the five layers of rock.

Which principle of relative age dating is important for determining the relative age of igneous rock that has intruded into overlying rock? the Principle of Superposition the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships the Principle of Intrusive Relationships the Principle of Original Horizontality

A fault (F) breaks three layers of sedimentary rock (S). An igneous intrusion (I1) has broken through the bottommost layer of rock. A second igneous intrusion (I2) has moved up the fault and pooled on top of the uppermost layer of rock. Which event would be considered the youngest? Deposition of the three sedimentary layers, S, is the youngest event. We know this because the fault underlies the igneous rocks. The intrusion of I1 or I2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest. The intrusion of I2 is the youngest event. We can know this because I2 sits on top of all other rocks. Faulting of rock along F is the youngest event. We know this because all three layers of sedimentary rock have been broken.

Based on the evidence found at the Kizimen placemark, which of the following would you be least likely to encounter at this location? magma igneous rocks pyroclastics lava basalt

Based on the evidence in the Kaibab Trail Gigapan image, what type of rock is found in this part of the Grand Canyon? metamorphic clastic sedimentary extrusive igneous intrusive igneous organic sedimentary

How are metamorphic rocks formed? Preexisting sediment is altered through melting and pressure. Preexisting rock is altered through melting and pressure. Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure. Preexisting sediment is altered through heat and pressure.

Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form? almost always sometimes, but not always often never rarely

What is foliation? fracturing in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals fracturing in sedimentary rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals banding in sedimentary rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals

How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented? perpendicular to the direction of plate movement oblique to the direction of plate movement parallel to the direction of plate movement

What would you call a granite that has undergone metamorphism and now exhibits foliation? gneiss limestone lava basalt granite

What lies underneath volcanic features at Earth's surface? mantle conduits and volcanic chambers volcanic conduits and mantle chambers magma conduits and volcanic chambers magma chambers and volcanic conduits

What is the difference between a dike and a sill? A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers. A dike leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a sill leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers. A sill intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a dike intrudes between sedimentary layers. A sill leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a dike leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers.

What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion? a volcanic neck a volcanic conduit a volcano a hot spot

Why are volcanic rocks often exposed at Earth's surface as hills, ridges, and mountains surrounded by areas of lower elevation? Volcanic rocks are often older than surrounding rock. Volcanic rocks are often younger than surrounding rock. Volcanic rocks are often more susceptible to erosion than surrounding rock. Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock.

What is a magma chamber called after it and the conduit have solidified and been exposed by erosion? a dike a batholith a sill a volcanic conduit a volcanic neck

Where in Chile did the magnitude 8.2 earthquake strike in 2014? Off the coast of central Chile near the capital city of Concepción In the mountains near the capital city of Santiago Off the coast of southern Chile near Tierra del Fuego Off the coast of northern Chile near the town of Iquique Near Easter Island

What was the human impact of the earthquake? Approximately 500 deaths occurred and over 2 million people evacuated their homes. Remarkably, there were no deaths and only a few people were injured by falling debris. Approximately 100,000 deaths occurred and up to 3 million people were left homeless. There were fewer than 10 deaths but almost 1 million people evacuated their homes. Approximately 100 deaths occurred and over 2 million people evacuated their homes.

How destructive was the tsunami generated by the earthquake? There was widespread damage along the South American coast and throughout the Pacific Ocean. The tsunami was approximately two meters high and destroyed some fishing boats. There was no damage, as the tsunami was less than one meter high. There was widespread damage along the South American coast. There was limited damage along the South American coast but widespread damage as the tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean.

What was the response of the Chilean government to the earthquake? Chilean governmental structures were badly damaged in the earthquake, so the United Nations temporarily took over emergency response operations. The Chilean government did nothing and received widespread condemnation within Chile and abroad. The Chilean government quickly evacuated low-lying areas and declared states of emergency. The Chilean government immediately asked neighboring countries for assistance in search and rescue operations. The Chilean government was slow to respond to the crisis, resulting in avoidable deaths in the affected areas.

How did the earthquake affect major economic activities of northern Chile? The earthquake closed Chile's major airports, halting international tourism to the country. Although major copper mining operations are nearby, they were unaffected by the earthquake. Landslides caused by the earthquake dammed major rivers and wiped out the growing salmon industry. The earthquake stopped production in the nearby copper mines, which cause global copper prices to rise dramatically. The earthquake struck Chile's major financial center, closing banks for several months.

Where are tectonic plates located? below Earth's surface, in the upper mantle below Earth's surface, near the core just under Earth's surface at Earth's surface

What are the three types of plate boundaries? divergent, converse, transform divergent, converse, transverse digressive, convergent, transform divergent, convergent, transform divergent, convergent, transverse

Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is correct? Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots. Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with hot spots. Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries. Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with plate boundaries.

Which plate boundary type is not associated with volcanic eruptions? transform converse divergent convergent

Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean? transform motion divergence subduction hot spots earthquakes

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building? convergent boundaries transform boundaries hot spot boundaries divergent boundaries

Which type of force causes folding? shear force compressional force tensional force

What is an anticline? a fault shaped like a right-side-up U a fold shaped like a right-side-up U a fold shaped like an upside-down U a fault shaped like an upside-down U

What is a syncline? a fold shaped like a right-side-up U a fault shaped like a right-side-up U a fault shaped like an upside-down U a fold shaped like an upside-down U

Imagine that an anticline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface? Rocks would be youngest on the right and oldest on the left. Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle. Rocks would be youngest on the left and oldest on the right. Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle.

Imagine that a syncline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface? Rocks would be youngest on the left and oldest on the right. Rocks would be youngest on the right and oldest on the left. Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle. Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle.

What produces plunging folds? a combination of folding and rotating a combination of folding and tilting a combination of rotating and tilting

What does the term "plunging fold" mean? a fold that is bent down into the Earth a fold that is faulted down into the Earth a fold that is tilted down into the Earth a fold that is synclined down into the Earth a fold that is pushed down into the Earth

Imagine that a fold has been eroded to a flat surface. In general, how would you know if this fold is plunging? Nonplunging folds look like straight lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like wavy lines. Nonplunging folds look like wavy lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like straight lines. Nonplunging folds look like valleys at the surface, and plunging folds look like hills. Nonplunging folds look like hills at the surface, and plunging folds look like valleys.

What is a fault? fractures along which rocks move folds along which rocks bend folds along which rocks move fractures along which rocks bend

What are rocks below and above a fault called? the footwall below and the hanging wall above the lower wall below and the upper wall above the footwall below and the upper wall above the lower wall below and the hanging wall above the hanging wall below and the footwall above

Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation? compressional force shear force tensional force

Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation? shear force tensional force compressional force

Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation? compressional force shear force tensional force

Which type of fault has no vertical motion of rocks associated with it? shear fault normal fault reverse fault strike-slip fault

Which of the following are types of volcanoes? Choose all that apply. Cinder volcano Shield volcano Caldera Composite volcano Cinder cone

What information do geologists use to classify volcanoes? Shape and type of deposits Shape and height of peak Color and height of peak Color and type of deposits Height of peak and type of deposits

Cinder cones are made of________. pyrobasalt deposits basalt flows pyroclastic deposits granite flows

In general, how often do most cinder cones erupt? Most cinder cones erupt seasonally. Most cinder cones erupt several times each decade. Most cinder cones do not erupt. Most cinder cones erupt once. Most cinder cones erupt annually.

What are shield volcanoes generally made of? Basalt flows Pyrobasalt deposits Pyroclastic deposits Granite flows

What is the range of shield volcano height? 300 to 10,000 meters 3,000 to 10,000 meters 300 to 1,000 meters 1,000 to 3,000 meters

What are composite volcanoes made of? Choose all that apply. Basalt flows Pyroclastic deposits Pyrobasalt deposits Granite flows

Why are shield volcanoes wider than composite volcanoes? The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is less fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes. The lava that flows out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes. The pyroclastic material that comes out of shield volcanoes is more fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes. The pyroclastic material that comes out of shield volcanoes is less fluid than the lava that flows out of composite volcanoes.

What type of magma erupts out of dome complexes? Felmafic magma Mafelsic Mafic magma Felsic magma

What type of volcanoes are the tallest? Dome complexes Composite volcanoes Shield volcanoes Cinder cones

What is the range of dome complex height? 2,000 to 5,000 meters 200 to 500 meters 500 to 2,000 meters 20 to 500 meters

What type of volcano is Mount St. Helens? Composite Shield Cinder cone Plinian

Which of these most directly triggered the main eruption? Outgassing of the magma The formation of a bulge on the north slope Mud flows in the Toutle river Avalanches of pyroclastic debris A massive landslide

There had been many earthquakes in the area prior to this eruption. Why did this last earthquake trigger a massive landslide? Clearing of trees allowed erosion on the mountain slopes. Extensive rain had weakened the mountain slopes. Moving magma had over-steepened the mountain slopes.

If previous eruptions had left Mount St. Helens with a different shape, what differences might have influenced the timing of the eruption? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. If the northern slopes had been less steep initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later. If the northern slopes had been steeper initially (same height), the eruption would likely have happened later. If the volcano had been significantly taller initially (same steepness), the eruption would likely have happened sooner. If the volcano had been significantly shorter initially (same steepness), the eruption would likely have happened sooner.

How much material was removed from the volcano? 0.28 cubic kilometers of rock 2.8 cubic kilometers of rock 28 cubic kilometers of rock 280 cubic kilometers of rock

"Earth is both the planet we live on and the material we live from" (Suzuki, Chapter 4). From the following multiple choice selections below, which is not a specific statement covered in Chapter 4, Suzuki, Made from Soil. Soil offers far less to attract our attention than a marsh or tidal pool. Soil is a complex mixture of mineral particles, organic material, gases and nutrients. Mechanical and chemical weathering and how it impacts soil destroys all and is a means which ultimately does not produce life. Gaia or Gaea, is the mother goddess from whom everything else came forth. All growth, every harvest, comes from the dark, rich realm of the soil. The profile of fertile soil includes organic matter, air, water, and mineral matter.

How big is the range of soil degradation observed between continents? about 7% about 15% about 22% about 50%

Which continent likely represents the largest absolute land area experiencing degradation? North America South America Africa Europe Asia

For which continents is land degradation having the least impact on global grain production? Asia and Europe Africa and Asia North and South America Europe and North America Africa and South America

Assume you are advising the UN on global soil conservation projects. If you had to select one continent, where would you recommend the UN concentrate its efforts based on the information in this graph? South America Africa Asia North America Europe

Which continent has the largest proportion of land with more than moderate degradation? Europe Africa North America Asia South America

Assume that these categories represent a progression of degradation through time. In other words, if left unchecked, lightly degraded soil progresses into moderately degraded soil and so forth. Which continent poses the greatest concern for future loss of agricultural productivity? North America South America Africa Europe Asia

In the western half of North America, ultisols are most commonly found in which precipitation range? 60 inches and over 40 to 59 inches 20 to 39 inches 10 to 19 inches under 10 inches

What soil type is most commonly associated with the subtropical desert climate? aridisols alfisols mollisols ultisols histosols

Which of the following vegetation types is most closely associated with gelisols? middle-latitude prairie tropical forest broadleaf forest tundra desert shrub

Which combination of soil types comprises the majority of the soils found in areas with July temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius? aridisols and spodosols histosols and ultisols gelisols and entisols oxisols and andisols aridisols and entisols

Which soil type is the most commonly found in the tropical rainy climates of South America? gelisols aridisols ultisols oxisols inceptisols

Which agricultural activity dominates regions with oxisols? pastoral nomadism plantation shifting cultivation intensive subsistence grain

What is the order, from most to least, of the amount of desertification among river basins in South America? La Plata, Orinoco, Amazon La Plata, Amazon, Orinoco Amazon, Orinoco, La Plata Orinoco, Amazon, La Plata Amazon, La Plata, Orinoco

Which of the following countries is most affected by desertification? Algeria South Sudan Sudan Oman Iran

In which climate is desertification NOT currently occurring? midlatitude steppe highland humid continental midlatitude desert humid subtropical

Which climate is most associated with salinization? humid subtropical desert subtropical steppe tropical wet tropical monsoon

Salinization appears to be most closely located geographically to which other environmental issue? forest areas acid rain desertification extensive deforestation All of these are closely associated with salinization.

Which Australian city is most at risk of encroaching desertification? Brisbane Alice Springs Perth Auckland Cairns

Based on the radar image associated with the Gravitational Water folder, at which of the following locations would you expect to find relatively higher rates of gravitational water? Sulfur Alexandria Crowley Beaumont Silsbee

Which of the following is true of lunar soil, when compared with terrestrial soil? Select all that apply. It cannot support life. It does not contain mineral matter. It does not contain organic matter. It does not contain air.

Which of the following is NOT one of the five primary soil-forming factors? Human activity Topography Parent material Biological activity Climate

Which of the following best describes the composition of soil? Soil includes pebbles, gravel, cobbles, and a varying combination of sands, silts, and clays. Soil consists of approximately 45% organic matter, 50% mineral matter, and 5% water and/or air. Soil is primarily mineral matter (approximately 72%), but also consists of organic matter (10%), and water (18%). Soil is composed of about 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and 50% pore space containing air and water.

In regards to soil-formation, which of the following best describes the role of climate? Because all soils are ancient, they show the climatic conditions of the period in which they formed. Relative humidity and atmospheric pressure are the dominant climatic factors that influence soil development. Of the five principle soil-forming factors, climate is the least significant with little correlation between soil and climates worldwide. Temperature and moisture determine the chemical reactions, organic activity, and water movement within soils.

Which of the following best describes the role of biological activity in soil development? Earthworms increase soil porosity and contribute to soil movement and organic content. Broadleaf trees tend to increase the alkalinity of soil, whereas needleleaf trees increase the acidity. Plant roots provide channels for air and water movement in soils. All organisms living in, on, and over the soil, influence soil development and characteristics: they can influence the pH, the organic matter, chemical content, and biological content of soils.

Which soil horizon facilitates chemical links between nutrients and plants? C horizon E horizon O horizon A horizon

Which of the following is an output of the soil system? Nutrients from rock and sediment Microorganisms Plant ecosystems Water

Which of the following is NOT a physical property used to distinguish soils? Texture Temperature Moisture Porosity Color

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding soil color? Soil color is a relatively unimportant physical property of soil. Color reflects composition and chemical makeup of a soil. Dark soils always indicate high organic content. Soil color is used solely to determine the moisture content of soil—darker soils have a higher moisture content, whereas lighter soils have less water content.

The practice of leaving crop residue on the field between plantings to help prevent soil erosion is known as no-till agriculture. swidden. slash and burn agriculture. shifting cultivation.

The phenomenon of desert expansion along the margins of semiarid and arid lands is known as permeability. erosion. deflation. desertification.

In which of the following regions would one likely find Spodosols? Tropical rainforests Savannas and grasslands Northern coniferous forests Deserts and semiarid areas

Most of the glacially derived till and outwash materials from New York through the Appalachians are Gelisols Inceptisols Spodosols Histosols

Warming temperatures have accelerated the thawing of Gelisols. This efffect is of particular concern because Gelisols are the youngest, least developed soils on the planet. Warming will further stifle the horizontal development of these soils. Gelisols contain about half of the pool of global carbon in the form of frozen carbon dioxide and methane and their release into the atmosphere could further affect warming climate. Gelisols are an important soils for growing speciality cold weather crops. The thawing of the Gelisols will adversely impact this lucrative market. as the permafrost melts, the meltwater will runoff, further contributing to global sea-level rise.

Why do farmers apply nitrogen to their fields in the spring and fall? Nitrogen prices are cheapest in spring and fall. Nitrogen is depleted through the use of pesticides on fields. Nitrogen is used to eradicate insects that will consume crop seedlings. Nitrogen provides nutrients to the plants for the coming growing season. Nitrogen is used to eradicate weeds and other plants that will compete with crops for soil nutrients.

From where do the majority of the nutrients found in the northern Gulf of Mexico originate? Fertilizer manufacturing plants in Florida and Alabama Factories located along rivers in the Mississippi River system Farms located in the American Midwest Farms in northern Mexico Farms in the southeastern United States

Why is the northern Gulf of Mexico described as a "dead zone"? Overfishing has disrupted the food chain in the Gulf, resulting in a cascade of localized extinctions Nutrient enrichment starts a chain of events that depletes the water of oxygen, making it difficult for aquatic life to survive. Nutrient enrichment makes ocean water less acidic and more difficult for aquatic life to survive in. The dead zone in the northern Gulf is nothing more than the expansion of an existing dead zone in the southern Gulf. Increased levels of nutrients are poisonous to fish and have resulted in Gulf-wide fish kills.

Why have local nutrient reduction strategies been slow to be implemented? The Environmental Protection Agency has implemented federal water quality standards rather than local reduction standards. The impact of nutrient runoff is merely speculation and not supported by research. Midwestern states will not adopt reduction strategies unless they are applied nationally. Land in the Midwestern United States is unable to support agriculture without large quantities of fertilizer. Farming is a business and nutrient reduction likely will not occur unless there is a clear economic benefit to doing so.

Why are researchers exploring the use of the radish as a cover crop? Global consumption of radishes has increased dramatically in recent years. It may be able to conserve most fall-applied nitrogen on the same fields where it is applied, thus preventing nutrient runoff. Radishes are increasingly being used as a biofuel. Radishes can eliminate the need for fertilizers during the spring and fall. Radishes are ground up and used as fertilizer.

What are krill? a type of shellfish related to mussels small shrimp-like organisms small fish a type of barnacle a type of marine macro-algae

Where do amphipods live? on kelp in the kelp forest within the water column only in surface waters in bottom mud in shallow, rocky tidepools

How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms? They use their countershading to sneak up on their prey items. They emit high-pitched sounds that drive their prey items into tight masses. They use cooperative behavior to corral them into a group and then swallow their prey items whole. They use a technique called bubble-net feeding. They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment.

Where are the Solomon Islands located? in the Mediterranean Sea in the South Pacific off the coast of California off the southern tip of Florida

Scientists studying evolution on the Solomon Islands described which animal as the 'poster child' for the biological species concept? white-eye bird frog snake sea turtle

Based on the video, what can you infer about speciation--the process by which one species splits into two or more species? It is rare for new species to form on islands. Different species are typically very different in appearance, even if they are closely related. Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process. New species typically form as a consequence of new parasites or predators in the environment.

Why did the biologists consider a frog that they found to be a new species? Its call was unique. It jumped higher than other known frogs. It was larger than any known frog. Its coloration was different from other known frogs.

When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he knew very little about the subject of _____, an essential component of evolutionary theory today. marine biology genetics zoology botany

What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit? spray zone upper intertidal middle intertidal lower intertidal

What is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as? a cloud a type of bottom-dwelling marine macro-algae a patch of sand a harmless flower a sea butterfly

When you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. What is really happening? It shoots water out of its tissues, which creates a vacuum that makes it feel like your finger is being pulled in. A natural adhesive is deployed that feels sticky. It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin. The tentacles are actually a suction device that is designed to grab onto any surface. A series of tiny suction cups grab onto you.

How does a sea anemone feed? By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles. By lunging toward prey items with its mouth open. By releasing poison into the water to kill its prey items. By sneaking up on unsuspecting prey items. By using strong suction cups to grab onto any passing prey item.

What is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone's body? Shells and rocks are used to help sea anemones camouflage into the environment. Shells and rocks are a decorative advantage over other animals. Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide. Males use these so that they become attractive to females. Sea anemones use shells and rocks to armor themselves to make themselves resistant to predators.

The scientist who in 1758 created a system that is the basis of the modern system of classification of organisms is __________. Carolus Linnaeus Charles Darwin Robert Hooke Aristotle Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

The scientific discipline concerned with naming and grouping organisms is called __________. taxonomic classification systematics phylogenetics evolution binomial nomenclature

The two most specific groupings in taxonomic classification are __________. class and family order and species family and species genus and species kingdom and phylum

The correct sequence of taxonomic groupings, from the most to the least comprehensive, is __________. kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species phylum, kingdom, order, class, species, family, and genus phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, and species family, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, and genus

Which of the following is the correct genus and species name of the common dolphin, a marine mammal? Delphinus delphinus delphis Delphinus delphis common dolphin delphis

Earth's biosphere is more a theoretical construct than an observable sphere of study. consists of only terrestrial organisms, while the hydrosphere includes aquatic and marine organisms. only includes the biotic components of an ecosystem, with the abiotic components being considered part of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, or atmosphere, respectively. extends from the ocean floor to an altitude of approximately 8 km (5 mi) into the atmosphere.

Which of the following is NOT a biotic component of an ecosystem? Bacteria Plants Animals Mineral nutrients