World History Final Exam Review Study Guide – Flashcards

economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit

Government in which the people hold ruling power

Holy book of recorded events for Hebrews

Belief in reincarnation, karma, dharma, profoundly influenced Indian civilization.Had no original founder but was started by the Aryans

France Italy Russia and Britain In World War I and Great Britain France the Soviet union United States and China in World War II

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis were the powers that agreed to not interfere with one another's plans for expansion

Germany and Austria-Hungary Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire

is a label given to the various U.S.-backed and funded right-wing rebel groups that were active from 1979 to the early 1990s in opposition to the left-wing, socialist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua.

A group of reform-minded nationalists including a large number of women and leftist students that apposed the Anastasio Somoza leader of Nicaragua in the 1970's

Granted by Henry IV king of France gave Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities which helped to rebuild France

A complex system of social groups into which people are born in from which they cannot change in Aryan culture and adopted in religions*

The Nazi massacre could more than 6 million Jews

Made by President Franklin Roosevelt was lifted the Platt Amendent which limited Cuban independence and withdrew troops from Haiti and Nicaragua ending American intervention in Latin American affairs.

Signed by the king John and stated parliament had to approve any new laws, taxes had to be passed, and gave rights to nobles

in the ottoman empire a religious community of non-Muslims

was set up as a forum for settling disputes in 1945 intervening in conflicts with a goal of keeping peace

loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

North Atlantic Treaty Organization a military alliance between United States, Canada, and nine Western European countries in 1949 following the cold war formed as a defense against the threat of communist attack

response to the formation of the NATO formed by the Soviet Union was a military alliance including USSE and seven satellite states in Eastern Europe

person in Spain's colonies in the Americas who was an American-born descendant of Spanish settlers second in the social class system of Spanish America

member of the highest class in Spain's colonies in the Americas

person in Spain's colonies in the Americas who was of Native American and European descent part of the lowest social class in Spanish American colonies

a church court set up to root out heresies during the Middle Ages

Found it in Arabia holy book is the Quran one all powerful compassionate God Muhammad was the prophet of Islam and the five pillars of Islam of the major beliefs a religion based on the teachings of Muhammad

A global war between the allies which included France, Russia, Britain and Italy and the Central Powers Germany and Austria-Hungary happened when the Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated

the United States funneled food and economic assistance to Europe to help countries rebuild after World War II

4 wars that ended in Christian defeat by the Muslims caused end of feudalism centralized monarchies growth of Italian trading centers

was committed to a policy of westernization in Russia. However, persuading Russians to change their way of life proved difficult. To impose his will, He became the most autocratic of Europe's absolute monarchs. forcing the boyars, or landowning nobles, to serve the state.imported western technology. used autocratic methods to push through social and economic reforms. imposed policies which caused the spread of serfdom. brought all Russian institutions under his control. Peter created the largest standing army in Europe and set out to extend Russian borders to the west and south. Peter unsuccessfully fought the Ottomans in an attempt to gain a warm-water port for Russia. engaged in a long war with Sweden, eventually won land along the Baltic Sea. On land won from Sweden, Peter built a magnificent new capital city, St Petersburg. (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

published "On the Origin of Species" and argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of year putting forth the idea of natural selection

an engineering marvel that boosted American trade and shipping worldwide

a center of international trade in the Turkish speaking Shiite Muslims dynasty Safavid Empire which was located in present day Iran

a prosperous city state of Italy known for being a center of trade in Italy was that later became a place where ghettoes were set up to for jews to live in separately from

prosperous port city of East Africa where merchants offered goods from both inland and coastal regions

the first known civilizations in the fertile crescent were found here between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers/ modern day turkey and Iraq

A thriving market town at the crossroads of two main caravan routes linking southern Arabia to india and Syria and Palestine on the Mediterranean coast and Mesopotamia to eastern Africa. Was also known to be a thriving pilgrimage center

created when Soninke people united to form a kingdom was known to be the land of gold was a kingdom where Islam spread

a capitol built by Constantine on the Bosphorus the strait that connects the Black and Mediterranean seas in Rome

A city in China that the Ming dynasty leaders set up as a trading post for the Portuguese

This is the region around India, which influenced Indian Ocean trade, and helped spread Buddhism through oasis cities

Grandson of Genghiz Khan Old all of China as well as Korea tibet and Vietnam fought to limit Chinese influence on Mongol Culture The powerful Mongol emperor who ruled over most of Eurasia during the 13th century

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

a lawyer who opposed the Batista regime in Cuba later becoming Cuba's leader introducing radical reforms that turned Cuba into a communist state

outlined a knew economic theory that proclaimed a battle between proletariat or working class members and bourgeoisie would take place in which proletariat would win and take control of a means of production setting up a classless society/communist society where wealth and power were equally shared.

gifted preacher who emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement organizing peaceful boycotts and led peaceful marches throughout the 1960's to end segregation in the United States

strengthened Mongol India by implementing policy of religious toleration employed and paid officials instead of hereditary officeholders modernize the army encourage international trade standardized weights and measures and introduced land reforms.

developed a brilliant theory of gravity which explained why the planets moved as they did

The most honored Maurya empire and dynasty was once in the war, but then rejected violence and converted to Buddhism and set up stone pillars across India announcing laws and promising righteous government

People are basically reasonable and moral. People have certain natural rights. A government has a duty to the people it governs. If a government fails, the people have the right to overthrow it.

the treaty that ended World War I that imposed harsh reparations on Germany

The Palestine Liberation lead by Yasir Arafat waged guerrilla war against Israelis at home and abroad

He overthrew the directory and crowned himself the empower of France he consolidated his power by strengthening the central government. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the knew regime developing the the Napoleonic Code, which embodied Enlightenment principles and got rid of some of the reforms of the French Revolution. He controlled most of Europe through forcefully diplomacy he steps down after loosing the battle of Leipzig and is exiled he then comes back again in rules for 100 days before he is exiled again

campaigned through using nonviolent and sacrificing methods in oder to force Britain to agree to hand over some power to Indians and to meet other demands of the Congress party.

wrote a handbook combining personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power by using whatever methods necessary to achieve goals

started in Britain was a long, slow uneven process in which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machines The change of production that took place in Europe from about 1750 to 1850

loosened the soviet grip on Eastern Europe leading to the fall of the Soviet Union

Ottoman Turks lived here who brought the fall of Byzantine Empire and later brought the fall of hungry and Serbia. Followed Islam

War between North Vietnam and South Vietnam supported by the U.S

lead by Vladimir Lenin was a group who overthrew the Russian Petrograd government

lead by Pope Paul III was a vigorous reform movement that took hold within the Catholic Church to revive the moral authority of the church and roll back the Protestant tide

three sets of wars between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C between Rome and Carthage that ended in the desolation of Carthage.

Nubian people who were initially under Egyptian control but who gained independence when Egypt declined and viewed themselves as guardians of Egyptian culture

Existed fro Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. "Fell" when germanic leader Odoacer ousted the emporer

An Indian religious reformer who sought spiritual enlightenment. His teachings gave rise to a new religion, Buddhism that spread through southeast and east Asia

made up of citiy states such as Spart and Athens;Athens can be best descirbed as an early Greek city-state kown for its democratic government grew out of Mycenean and Minoan cultures; influenced entire Mediterranean world; used myths to try to explain and understand their world; many gods that were anthropomorphic; moved away from magic, religion, and superstition; made a great stride in math by employing a new way of thinking; built the Parthenon; set a new standard for human excellence that inspire us even today

a shrewd political operator and behind-the-scenes organizer went against Trotsky to gain power over Russia after Lenin's death. Created the fiver year plan to increase industrial growth and the great purge, to get rid of any opposition in Russian government. Both had disastrous effects. a Soviet leader who opposed collectivization of agriculture eliminated individual freedom and executed or exiled protesters

June 6, 1944 was the day when the allies invaded France through the English Channel leading to the taking of France from Germany

followed the policy of racial segregation/apartheid used to maintain white control over this county*

American colonists declared their independence from England because of the english parliament rais on colonial taxes

Caused by the Corrupt, inconsistent, and insensitive leadership Prosperous members of Third Estate resent privileges of First and Second estates Spread of Enlightenment ideas, Huge government debt Poor harvests and rising price of bread Failure of Louis XVI to accept financial reforms Formation of National Assembly Storming of Bastille effected Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen adopted France adopts its first written constitution Monarchy abolished Revolutionary France fights coalition of European powers Reign of Terror Napoleon gains power Napoleonic Code established French public schools set up French conquests spread nationalism Revolutions occur in Europe and Latin America

Byzantine empire was influenced by Hellenistic culture and blended Christian beliefs and Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature had a prosperous economy. Served as a buffer between western Europe and Arab empire Struggles of succession and Invasions of the crusades and Ottoman empire lead to its downfall.

a state of tension and hostility among nations, without armed conflict

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

A civilization that was eventually conquered by Hernando Cortes a famous Spanish conquistador*

recovered territories for Russia and centralized government by limiting the power of boyars

Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jeshi) nationalist party favored by the west and Mao Zedong communist party were engaged in a civil war. But once japan invaded, they joined forces. Immediately after the Japanese were defeated, they continued fighting. In 1949 the peoples republic of china established by Mao became the second communist country. Nationalists fled to Taiwan.

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

first hominids to leave africa for europe and asia mastered fire

the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah, and according to the New Testament, an ancestor of Jesus. One of the rulers of the kingdom of Israel*

One of the rulers of the kingdom of Israel also called Jedidiah, was, according to the Bible, Qur'an, and Hidden Words a fabulously wealthy and wise king of Israel and a son of David.

the adopted son of the pharaoh's daughter led Hebrews in their escape out of enslavement

ruler of Libya who became a prominent figure in state sponsorship of international terrorism during the 1980s. A colonel in Libya. After 8 years of UN economic sanctions, he turned over suspects in the Lockerbie bombing for a trial that was held in the Netherlands under Scottish law. During Arab Spring, he tried to crush protests, resulting in many deaths and human rights violations.

(1900?-1989) Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989. Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

the economic system of 16th- and 17th- century Europe that favored the idea that to be strong, a country must export more than it imports

a type of dictatorship that permits private ownership of property and capitol but places strict government rules on the people and economy

a system of thought or action concerned with human interests and values

a policy that prevents a country from having cultural and economic relationships with other countries

system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses a system in which the major means of production and distribution are owned, managed, or controlled by the government, by associations of workers, or by the community

a feeling of loyalty to one's country

the european explorer who first reached the new world in 1492

Also know as the Yagntze river is the longest river in Asia in the third longest in the world. For thousands of years a Riverhead venues for water irrigation sanitation transportation industry boundary marking in war A major river that flows through southern China

the term used to describe movement whole goal was to give people of distinct nationalities self-rule

Prophet of Islam spread Islam made a journey from a good to Mecca to Medina and returned to mecca in work to unite Arabs under Islam was thought to be the last and most important prophet of God

a famous sophists who questioned everything in order to find the truth

A dictator of Rome we try to make reforms to solve problems between the differences in class introduced a new Julian calendar

War in the high middle ages between England and friends the devastated France in drained England created a growing sense of national feeling in France in about French kings to expand their power in the end England lost family

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Miguel de Cervantes a Spanish writer who wrote the first modern novel in Europe

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth 1513 and St. Augustine the first permanent European colony was established in 1565 to keep the French out.

a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador, best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World, Significance: He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Colombia, Connection: he founded the first permeant settlement in the Americas.

-was the portugeuse leader/captain of the first people to circumnavigate the world, led Spanish expedition to Philippines

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. Portugal's most enthusiastic supporter of exploration who helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta in North Africa

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

is credited with discovery of the Grand Canyon and several other famous landmarks in the American Southwest while searching for the legendary Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola—which they never found.explored the American Southwest the Pacific Coast.*

Fought in the 100 years war and won many battles for the French died from English persecution

A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century.

English military, political, and religious figure who was the rincipal leader and gentry member of the Puritans in Parliament. led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658)Leader of Roundheads defeated Charles I and condemned him to death and then set up England as a republic under the House of Commons these actions ensured no future leaders could take absolute power and ignore the law

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Italian inventor and electrical engineer, known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system

He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.

British physician who introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox that involved inoculation using cowpox germs

A leading architect of skyscrapers in the late nineteenth century, stressed the need for building designs that followed function. His works combined beauty, modest cost, and efficient use of space.

a physiocrat who said population would outpace the food supply. As long as the population kept increasing, the poor would suffer. People should have fewer children.

issue the 14 points Alyssa terms for resolving World War I and future wars

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Communist leader of China; gained power through the Chinese civil war; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek

President who dropped atomic bombs because Truman was convinced that Japan would not surrender without an invasion that would result in enormous losses of both American and Japanese lives. Truman also may have hoped that the bomb would impress the Soviet Union with American power.

British politician who became the prime minister warned Europe of the Nazi threat

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

(1981-1985) and (1985-1989), first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.*

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Reagan in the next election.*

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

(1869-1940) Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1937 to 1940. He is responsible for the policy of appeasement with Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany.*

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)*

Was made the supreme Allied Commander. He and other allied leaders face the task of planning the operation and assembling troops and supplies.

American commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation governemnt of Japan after the War; commanded UN forces during the Korean War*

The empower of Japan who's reign lasts 63 years

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.*

president, 1961-1963, and the youngest president ever elected, as well as the first Catholic to serve; he had a moderately progressive domestic agenda and a hard-line policy against the Soviets. His administration ended when Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated him.

US General, created plan for rebuilding Europe (Marshall plan)

Introduced the New Deal, a massive package of economic and social programs, to help combat the Great Depression

The leader of the communist North Vietnamese Used guerrilla warfare to fight against French and US

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union.

French prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference of 1919. Pushed for heavy reparations from Germans. Wanted to make Germans suffer and help break Germany up.

lead the Bolshevik revolution by spreading Marxist ideas and after going into exile from Russia overthrew the government building a communist state who overall strengthened Russian economy

marxist thinker and skillful speaker who was an architect of the Bolshevik revolution jockeyed for power against Lenin for power and lost when he was exiled and stripped of party membership