Exam #3 Ant 101 – Flashcards
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About 10,000 years ago every human was a ______
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- hunter / gatherer
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By 2000 years ago everyone was practicing ________
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- field agriculture or herding animals
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Neolithic Revolution
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- New Stone Age
- the shift from reliance on wild resources to domesticates.
- aka agricultural revolution
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African Crops
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- Grain= millet.
- Pulse= black eyed peas, field peas
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Southeast Asia Crops
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- Grain= rice.
- Pulse= soybeans
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The Fertile Crescent
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- Home of the first farmers
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Dietary Deficiencies
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- Enamel hypoplasia and Harris lines interruptions in growth
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Generalized Reprocity
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- is often in the form of giving gifts or services without expectation of immediate return (*Hxaro- beads and bands passed down as "connections" or kinship bonds among the *Kung San)
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Balanced Reprocity
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- exchanges with an expectation of equivalent goods or services in a specified period of time.
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Tlingit Potlach
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- Redistribution
- gave gifts/feasts to rival chiefs and try to one-up the gifts/feasts
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Culture
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- Our extrasomatic means of adaptation
- Everything we have, think, and do, as members of a society
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Symbolic
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- something verbal or non-verbal in a culture that comes to stand for something else
-1 of the 6 postulates of culture
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Learned
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- Not transmitted genetically
- Enculturation: acquiring culture by growing up in a society
- A male child in Mississippi
- A male child among the Jie of Uganda
- 1 of the 6 postulates of culture
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Shared
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- As member of society
- Behavior is understandable and predictable
- Effects of gender
- 1 of the 6 postulates of culture
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Integrated
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- All aspects of a culture function as a whole
- Change in one area eventually creates change in other areas
- 1 of the 6 postulates of culture
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Cultural Emphasis
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- Vocabulary will emphasize words that are adaptively important in that culture.
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Descriptive Linguistics
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- seeks to describe the features of a language
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Sociolinguistics
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- situational use of language
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Para-language
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- The use of voice and or gestures to convey meaning
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Ethnolinguistics
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- concerned with the relationship between language and culture
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The Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islanders is an example of:
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C) Balanced Reciprocity
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The Process by which one culture forces another to adopt certain behaviors, give up their language and religious practices is known as:
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B) acculturation
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The process by which individuals acquire culture is known as:
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C) enculturation
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Our extrasomatic means of adaptation is know as:
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D.) Culture
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That we have so many different words that refer to money or income in our language is an idea known as:
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A) Cultural Emphasis
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Which gene is associated with human language?
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A) FOXP2
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The linguist who proposed that human language is a product of our genes is:
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A) Norm Chomsky
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If you were sent out to decipher an unwritten language, which area of linguistics would be the most useful?
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C) descriptive linguistics
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Some chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans have been taught:
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- A.) American Sign Language
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The idea that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions is known as:
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- D.) Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis
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True or False. The Kung San, simple hunter-gatherers, speak a simple, substandard language
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- B.) false
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The feature of language that allows us to speak of things outside of the immediate environement (including the future and the hypothetical) is known as:
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- B.) displacement
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Syntax
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- the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
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Phoneme
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- The smallest unit in which a language can be divided.
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Dialect
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- A variety of a language resulting from the speaker's region, occupation, or class.
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Anemia
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- many cultures suffered from this due to too little protein
