A&P2 Chapter 17 – Flashcards

The respiratory quotient is calculated as the

At sea level, if oxygen is consumed by the body cells at a rate of 300 mL per minute, then how much oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries?

Oxygenated blood is found in which of the following? A) right atrium only B) pulmonary artery only C) pulmonary vein only D) both the right atrium and pulmonary artery E) both the right atrium and pulmonary vein

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood occurs by what process?

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the rapid movement of gases into and out of the blood within the lungs? A) permeability of the membrane B) large surface area C) concentration gradient D) thin membrane E) rapid blood flow

At sea level the air pressure which equals 1 atmosphere is

In a mixture of gases, the driving force for the movement of an individual gas within that mixture is ultimately the

What is the most abundant gas in the air that we breathe?

What percentage of air is oxygen?

What percentage of air is carbon dioxide?

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in a gas mixture that is 40% oxygen, 40% argon, and 20% helium, when the total pressure of the gas is 1000 mm Hg?

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in air at sea level?

As humidity increases, the partial pressure of oxygen in air

As the air is saturated with water vapor (humidified) upon entry into the conducting pathway, there will be

At equilibrium, the gas molecules that dissolve in solution and those that remain in the gaseous phase are, by definition, at the same

The relationship between the concentration of a gas in solution and the partial pressure of that gas can be described by

Which of the following can increase the concentration of a particular gas in a solution? A) Increase the volume of the solution only. B) Decrease the concentration of other gases in the solution. C) Increase the volume of the container containing the gas and solution. D) Increase the volume of the gas only. E) Increase the partial pressure of that gas exposed to the solution.

At equilibrium, which of the following statements is TRUE when helium and nitrogen are present in a gas at equal partial pressures over water? A) The partial pressure of nitrogen is greater than the partial pressure of helium. B) The partial pressures of helium and nitrogen in the water are equal. C) The concentrations of helium and nitrogen in both the water and gas are equal. D) The concentrations of helium and nitrogen in the water are equal. E) The concentrations of helium and nitrogen in the gas are equal.

Which statement best describes why O2 and CO2 can both be exchanged simultaneously at the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries? A) Blood in the pulmonary capillaries is high in both O2 and CO2 . B) Nitrogen is at a high pressure in both the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries and drives the exchange of O2 and CO2. C) Each gas acts independently and diffuses down its own partial pressure gradient. D) Blood in both the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries is at equilibrium. E) Blood in the alveoli is high in both O2 and CO2

Which statement best describes the cause of decompression sickness? A) Carbon dioxide is driven into the cardiovascular system and causes acidosis. B) Nitrogen gas bubbles form in the blood, joints, and nervous system as pressure decreases from too fast an ascent. C) Oxygen molecules are so tightly compressed due to pressure exerted by the water column that they cannot deliver oxygen to the tissues. D) Carbon dioxide bubbles come out of solution too quickly and burst blood vessels, especially in the brain. E) The oxygen molecule expands upon ascent and bursts, therefore causing a lack of oxygen to the tissues

Gangrene is often caused by anaerobic bacteria deep in tissues that lack adequate blood flow and adequate oxygen supply. Many times, gangrene can be treated by putting the patient into a hyperbaric chamber. Which statement best describes why this type of therapy is effective?

The mixing of atmospheric air within the dead space of the conducting zone of the lung upon inspiration results in a partial pressure of

Which of the following causes a decrease in the PO2 of air as it enters the conducting zone of the lungs? A) warming of the air B) the increasing PCO2 C) humidifying the air D) the consumption of oxygen E) decreasing alveolar PO2

Pulmonary edema describes a condition where the uptake of oxygen and unloading of carbon dioxide is reduced as a consequence of a(n)

Your patient is in the hospital due to left heart failure. In your observation, you notice that she has a very low pulse oximeter reading, her skin is turning blue, and she appears to be in respiratory distress (rapid shallow breathing). You immediately call the doctor because you recognize that these symptoms indicate ________,a life-threatening situation.

What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

) During intense exercise, the metabolic activity of muscle causes ________ in the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue, ________ the movement of oxygen into the tissue.

Mixed venous blood samples can be taken from which of the following blood vessels?

The venous blood in the right ventricle is referred to as "mixed" because the blood that enters the hear

What is an increase in alveolar ventilation to match the demands of increased metabolic activity in the cells called?

Hyperventilation would lead to a(n) ________ within the systemic arteries

Hypoventilation would lead to a(n) ________ within the systemic arteries.

What is a decrease in carbon dioxide within the blood called?

What percentage of oxygen is transported in the plasma?

What percentage of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin?

The majority of oxygen present within the blood is

Each ________ on the hemoglobin subunit is capable of binding an oxygen molecule, thereby allowing ________ oxygen to bind with one hemoglobin molecule.

What is the primary driving force for the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

Which statement best describes why the law of mass action explains the loading and unloading of oxygen in hemoglobin? A) As oxygen levels in the pulmonary capillaries decrease, more carbaminohemoglobin is formed due to the concentration of carbon dioxide. B) The mass of both carbon dioxide and oxygen is the same and therefore they exchange at the same rates C) As oxygen level rises, so does the pressure, which breaks the bonds of hemoglobin thereby releasing hemoglobin to the tissues. D) Oxygen has a greater mass than carbon dioxide and therefore can load more quickly than carbon dioxide. E) As oxygen levels in the pulmonary capillaries increase, more oxyhemoglobin is formed. Conversely, as oxygen levels in the systemic capillaries decrease, the reaction reverses and releases oxygen from hemoglobin.

If hemoglobin is saturated (1.3 mL of oxygen per gram) and there are 150 grams of hemoglobin per liter of blood, how much oxygen can be delivered to the tissue if cardiac output is 15 liters per minute?

What is the definition of anemia?

What is labored or difficult breathing called?

What is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues called?

What is rapid shallow breathing called?

What is a decrease in oxygen in the blood called?

As oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the ________ of the hemoglobin molecule will change through a process of ________ such that the binding of oxygen is enhanced

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding a leftward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve? A) It can be caused by an increase in blood pH. B) It can be caused by an increase in PCO2. C) Oxygen loading onto the hemoglobin is increased. D) Hemoglobin is more saturated at a given PO2. E) Affinity for oxygen is increased.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding a rightward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve? A) Hemoglobin unloading of oxygen is increased. B) Oxygen loading onto hemoglobin is decreased. C) Affinity for oxygen is decreased. D) A rightward shift usually occurs in active tissue. E) It can be caused by a decrease in 2,3-BPG.

Which of the following will cause a shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right? A) increase in temperature only B) increase in plasma pH only C) increase in 2,3-BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) only D) both an increase in temperature and an increase in 2,3-BPG E) both an increase in temperature and an increase in plasma pH

As it leaves the lung in the pulmonary vein, blood is ________ saturated with oxygen

Which of the following increases oxygen unloading from hemoglobin? A) decreased temperature B) increased carbon dioxide in the tissue C) increased oxygen levels in the tissue D) decreased metabolism E) increased blood pH

Which of the following will increase the unloading of oxygen within the tissue? A) increased hydrogen ion concentration only B) increased PCO2 only C) increased body temperature only D) both increased hydrogen ion concentration and increased body temperature E) increased hydrogen ion concentration, increased body temperature, and increased PCO2

Which of the following will increase the loading of oxygen onto the hemoglobin molecule within the lungs? A) increased PCO2 B) increased body temperature C) decreased hydrogen ion concentration D) increased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) E) decreased pH

In the systemic arteries, the partial pressure of oxygen is approximately ________, and hemoglobin is approximately ________ saturated with oxygen

In the pulmonary arteries, the partial pressure of oxygen is approximately ________, and hemoglobin is approximately ________ saturated with oxygen.

Which statement best describes why oxygen is unloaded in tissue that is highly active? A) As temperature increases, the Bohr effect causes hemoglobin to release oxygen. B) As temperature increases, the carbamino effect causes hemoglobin to release oxygen. C) Highly active tissues produce more carbon dioxide, which competes for the heme groups in hemoglobin, thereby displacing oxygen. D) As temperature increases, the affinity for oxygen to hemoglobin increases, allowing more oxygen to be carried to the tissues. E) As temperature increases due to increased metabolism, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased.

Which statement best describes the Bohr effect? A) The Bohr effect refers to a decrease in pH which decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. B) The Bohr effect refers to the cascading events that must take place in order to chemically remove oxygen from hemoglobin. C) The Bohr effect refers to the release of a chemical 2,3 BPG from erythrocytes that degrades hemoglobin and releases oxygen. D) The Bohr effect speeds up metabolism and therefore increases the temperature in the body releasing oxygen to the tissues. E) The Bohr effect refers to a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration which decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

The carbamino effect describes a change in the conformation of hemoglobin that is induced by a(n)

Which of the following statements about 2,3-BPG is FALSE? A) 2,3-BPG synthesis is inhibited by high levels of oxyhemoglobin. B) 2,3-BPG increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. C) 2,3-BPG is produced by red blood cells. D) 2,3-BPG produces a rightward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. E) 2,3-BPG is an intermediate of glycolysis.

Where in blood does the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate occur?

What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide transport in blood?

Which statement best describes how people die of carbon monoxide poisoning? A) Carbon monoxide is toxic because it binds more readily to hemoglobin than oxygen, thereby decreasing the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. B) Carbon monoxide causes decompression sickness which can lead to death. C) Carbon monoxide is toxic because it readily picks up oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, causing acidosis and eventual death. D) As the carbon dioxide content of blood increases, a phenomenon known as the Haldane effect converts the excess carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide until it reaches toxic levels. E) Carbon monoxide causes the carbamino effect where carbon dioxide is stripped of an oxygen, producing carbon monoxide.

The presence of bicarbonate ions in the blood has an important direct effect, aside from the transport of CO2, that involves

Within an erythrocyte, the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate is prevented from reaching equilibrium by the

The hydrogen ions released by the dissociation of carbonic acid are buffered by their

The Haldane effect describes the increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for CO2 in the presence of a lowered

During quiet breathing, a person's breathing cycle consists of

Which of the following nerves has activity during quiet inspiration? A) phrenic nerve only B) internal intercostal nerve only C) external intercostal nerve only D) both the phrenic nerve and internal intercostal nerves E) both the phrenic nerve and external intercostal nerves

During active breathing, bursts of action potentials are observed to occur

The ________ is the respiratory center that appears to facilitate the transition between inspiration and expiration.

In the model for quiet breathing, expiration is induced by

Coughing is initiated by ________ located in the ________.

Peripheral chemoreceptors are specialized cells in contact with arterial blood that respond directly to changes in blood

Central chemoreceptors are neurons in the medulla that respond directly to changes in

Chemoreceptors respond primarily to changes in PCO2 indirectly by its effect on

Hyperventilation will cause changes in PCO2 that are detected by the chemoreceptors which causes a(n)

Which of the following best describes a chemoreceptor response to PO2? A) Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to small changes in PO2. B) Central chemoreceptors do not respond to changes in PO2. C) Central chemoreceptors respond to only large decreases in PO2. D) Peripheral chemoreceptors respond only indirectly to PO2. E) Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to oxyhemoglobin.

A decrease in PCO2 within the lung will result in a ________ in the pulmonary vasculature and a ________ in the bronchioles

A local bronchodilation within the alveolus will result in a(n) ________ in the ventilation-perfusion ratio in that region. A vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteriole diameter will result in a(n) ________ in the ventilation-perfusion ratio in that region.

The primary effect of increased PO2 in the lungs is to cause ________ which ________ the ventilation-perfusion ratio back to a normal level.

The primary effect of increased PCO2 in the lungs is to cause ________ which ________ the ventilation-perfusion ratio back to a normal level.

What is the normal pH range for blood?

Which statement best describes the effect on the body due to pH changes either above or below the normal range? A) Changes in pH can only lower pH causing acidosis, meaning organs deteriorate due to high levels of acid. B) pH ranges vary throughout the body; therefore, blood pH has no detrimental effects on the body as it changes pH. C) Changes in pH out of the normal range are normal and will not have any detrimental effects on the body. D) Changes in pH destroy the nephrons of the kidney, making kidney failure is inevitable. E) Changes in pH can denature proteins that serve as enzymes and receptors throughout the body, resulting in widespread effects on the body.

When the blood becomes ________, it can lead to a depression in the activity of the central nervous system

The buffering capacity of hemoglobin is directly related to its ability to bind with

Bicarbonate is an important buffer in blood and its concentration is regulated by the

A change in the ratio of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide concentration in the blood will

Respiratory acidosis will result from a(n)

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in air?

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli?

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveoli?

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary veins?

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in pulmonary veins?

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arteries?

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in systemic arteries?

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in systemic veins?

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in systemic veins?

Assuming resting conditions at sea level, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary arteries?

A decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin is described by the

A decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by the binding of a hydrogen ion to hemoglobin is described by the

A decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide caused by the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is described by the

At an altitude where atmospheric pressure is 500 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?

A decrease in the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin is reflected as a ________ shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve, which would facilitate the ________ of oxygen.

What is the partial pressure of nitrogen if it accounts for 20% of a mixed gas with a total pressure of 1000 mm Hg?

Respiratory acidosis can occur during

Over a period of time and under resting conditions, the amount of carbon dioxide generated by the body is greater than the amount of oxygen the body consumes.

The average respiratory quotient at rest and on a mixed diet is 0.5.

The partial pressure of an individual gas within a mixture of gases is determined by the total pressure of those gases and the fractional concentration of that gas in the mixture.

The most abundant gas in air is oxygen.

The percentage of air that is oxygen decreases as altitude increases.

At the same partial pressure, all gases in a solution will be at equal concentration.

Dalton's law describes the solubility of a gas in a liquid.

Oxygen is much more soluble in aqueous solution than carbon dioxide.

There is a substantial safety margin for the uptake of gases in the alveolus because at rest, blood is completely oxygenated after traveling only 1/3 the length of the pulmonary capillary bed.

In active skeletal muscle, the gradient for oxygen movement into the muscle is increased by a decreased PO2 within the muscle cell.

The blood in the pulmonary vein is called mixed venous blood.

Hyperpnea describes the increase in ventilation that occurs to meet an increase in metabolic demands of the tissues.

A decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity can result from alterations in hemoglobin structure or concentration.

Hyperventilation decreases blood pH.

The compound 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is a metabolic intermediate of glycolysis within the erythrocyte that can affect the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen in the lungs than it does in respiring tissue.

Carbaminohemoglobin is hemoglobin with carbon dioxide bound to it

The reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase is an irreversible reaction.

As blood flows through systemic capillaries, carbonic acid dissociates into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion within the erythrocyte; the bicarbonate is moved out by the chloride shift while the hydrogen ion binds with hemoglobin.

The Haldane effect refers to the decrease in affinity of oxyhemoglobin for carbon dioxide.

The Bohr effect describes the effects of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

The inspiratory neurons of the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups stimulate motor neurons in the phrenic nerve, which stimulates contraction of the diaphragm.

The central chemoreceptor responds to hydrogen ions generated from the dissociation of hydrogen from carbonic acid and lactic acid produced by active skeletal muscle.

The chemoreceptor reflex regulates ventilation primarily through sensing changes in blood PO2.

The resistance of the airways is controlled by bronchioles that are sensitive to changes in PCO2

A respiratory acidosis is cause by increased carbon dioxide within the blood

Hemoglobin can bind O2, CO2 and H+ all at the same time.