Chapter 1 – Human growth & development – Flashcards

the field of study that examines patterns of growth,change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the life span

development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses , and the need for food,drink,and sleep

development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a persons behavior

development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span

the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life

1. prenatal period - conception to birth 2. infancy and toddlerhood - birth-3 3. preschool period - 3 to 6 4. middle childhood - 6 to 12 5. adolescence - 12 to 20 6. young adulthood - 20 to 40 7. middle adulthood - 40 to 60 8. late adulthood - 60 to death

a shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time

a group of people born at around the same time in the same place

biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment

biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are raised

the social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership

specific, atypical events that occur in a particular persons life at a time when such events do not happen to most people

development is gradual, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels

development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages

a specific time during development when a particular even has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally

a point of development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

refers to traits, abilities, and capabilities that are inherited from ones parents

the predetermined unfolding of genetic information

refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior

explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an unorganized set of facts or principles

the approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples awareness and control

the theory proposed by freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

part of the personality about which a person is unaware

1. id 2. ego 3. super ego

the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present at birth

part of the personality that is rational and responsible

goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society

represents a person conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong

according to freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part

1. oral 2. anal 3.phalic 4.latency 5. genital

behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to an unresolved conflict

the approach that encompasses changes in out interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society

the approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

effectively controlling a persons environment

a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response

a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences

the process by which a behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated

the introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus or the removal of a desirable stimulus, will decreas the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future

a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model

the approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world

organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions

the process in which people understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and existing ways of thinking

refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events

the model that seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information

considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills

the approach that examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes

the theory that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior

the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives

the state of self fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way

the theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

the perspective suggesting that levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals; urie bronfenbrenner

the everyday, immediate environment of children daily lives

connects the various aspects of microsystem

represents broader influences: societal institutions such as local government, the community , schools, places of worship, and the local media

represents the larger cultural influences on an individual , including society in general, types of governments, religious and political value systems, and other broad, encompassing factors

underlies each of the previous systems, involves the way the passage of time and more gradual historical changes affect children's development

the notion that the well being of the group is more important that that of the individual

the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of culture

development between the people in a childs environment and the child

the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

a process of natural selection creates traits in a species that are adaptive to its environment

examines the way in which our biological makeup influences our behavior

studies the effects of heredity on behavior

sigmund freud, erik erikson

john b watson, b f skinner, alber bandura

jean piaget

carl rogers, abraham maslow

urie bronfenbrenner, lev vygotsky

charles darwin, konrad lorenz

the process of posing and answering question using careful,controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and collection of data

1. identifying questions of interest 2. formulating an explanation 3.carrying out research that either lends support to the explanation or refutes it

a prediction state in a way that permits it to be tested

research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists

research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors

strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represent by a mathematical score

indicates that a value of one factor increase, it can be predicted that the value of the other will also increase

informs us that as the value of one factor increases, the value of the other factor declines

a type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation

a method that from anthropology and is used to investigate cultural questions

researchers choose particular settings of interest and seek to carefully describe, in narrative fashion, what is occurring, and why

studies that involve extensive, in depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals

a type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes,behavior or thinking on a given topic

research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior

eeg;uses electrodes placed on the skill to record electrical activity in the brain

cat; a computer constructs an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual xrays take at slightly different angles

fmri;provides a detailed 3d computer generate image of brain activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain

a process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for participants

the variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment

the variable that researchers measure to see if tit changes as a result of the experimental manipulation

participants are assigned to different experimental groups or conditions purely on the basis of chance

the group participants chosen for the experiment

a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting

a research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant

research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age

research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time

people born at around the same time and in the same place

participants in some age groups are more likely to stop participating than others

research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time

1. researchers must protect participants from physical and psychological harm 2. researches must obtain informed consent from participants before their involvement in a study 3. use of deception in research must be justified and cause no harm 4.participants privacy must be maintained