question

Cinchona:Origin? Compound? Use?

answer

-South America -Quinine(alkaloid) -Blueprint for synthetic chemical Chloroquinine used in treating Malaria

question

Some of the main prescription drugs derived from plants

answer

Asprin Taxol Coumadin Vincristine Coartem

question

Origination of Asprin

answer

Willow Tree, Salix alba

question

Who used willow tree bark in the 18th centrury as treatment for fever and chills?

answer

Rev. Edmund Stone

question

Salicin's initial use before Asprin

answer

rheumatic fever, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis

question

Derivation of the name "Asprin"

answer

'a'- acetylsalicylic acid 'sprin'- spirea another plant source

question

What is salicylic acid still used for?

answer

topically for various skin ailments

question

What are Asprins 3 valued properties?

answer

Anti-inflammatory Antipyretic Analgesic

question

Taxol derivation

answer

1960s (pacitaxel) from Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Yew plant (gymnosperm/conifer)

question

Taxol's use

answer

anti-cancer/anti-tumor treatment for breast and ovarian cancers

question

Warfarin derivation

answer

(coumadin) from Melilotus spp, sweet clover

question

Warfarins chemical compound

answer

Coumarin Warfarin is synthesized from this to be more potent and longer-acting anticoagulant

question

Warfarin use

answer

Prevent blood clots Usually prescribed for people who suffered from a heart attack

question

Vincristine derivation

answer

1957 Catharanthus roseus, Rosy periwinkle from Madagascar

question

Chemical compounds extracted from Rosy periwinkle?

answer

Vincristine and vinblastine Extracted from the leaves

question

Vincristine use

answer

Childhood leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, breast cancer, sarcoma ; more.

question

Coartem derivation

answer

Atermisa annua, Chinese Artemisia (Wormwood)

question

Coartem use

answer

cerebral malaria

question

Coartem chemical compound and invention?

answer

Compoud: Artemisin

question

Artemisin

answer

Invented by Zhou Yiqing in 1980. Approved in US in 2009

question

Coartem's cure rate?

answer

95%

question

If its natural, is it safe to eat?

answer

No, Wild Garlic, Meadow saffron, curare, Desert tea, yellow jasmine

question

When a plant provides edible food, the entire plant is usually safe to consume?

answer

No. Elderberry, Mayapple, Opium

question

Phase 1

answer

trials in relatively few healthy people (<12) to determine the best dosage form and safe dose

question

Phase 2

answer

trials are done in a large number of patients to test the efficacy and to evaluate safety

question

Phase 3

answer

trials are done on a relatively large number of patients to test the new drug against their current standart treatment.

question

Quality control

answer

The procedure that ensures safety and efficancy of phytomedicines by carefully checking many different factors **Review These!!**

question

What parts of plants generally contain different active ingredients?

answer

Leaves, roots, bark, fruits, or seeds

question

Example of plants where one part is okay to use while other parts are toxic?

answer

Elderberry (fruits vs leaves)

question

Opium (Seeds vs latex)

answer

Opium seeds vs latex properties more than 20 chemical compounds accumulate in latex and give active ingredients such as morphine. Seeds give false positive used in cakes (safe to eat no chemical compounds)

question

So there is not confusion in the official medical plant documents what kind of system is used for naming the specific plant parts used?

answer

Latin names of pharmaceutical names of plants and plant parts

question

Devils claw:Scientific name? Meaning? Origin?

answer

Harpagophytum procumbens -Laying flat -Common name based on fruit shape -African Medicinal plant

question

Devils claw root: Name? Use?

answer

Harpagophyti radix - Dried, sliced roots are used to reduce lower back pain and inflammation -Europe commonly used for mild joint pain -Dr. Oz mentioned reduces pain and heals sprains

question

Devils claw root:Forms of medicine? Active compound?

answer

-Capsule or tonic -Harpagoside

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Stems

answer

Stip./ Stipes/ Stipites

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Root

answer

Rad./ Radix

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Rhizome

answer

Rhiz. / Rhizome

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name: Bulb

answer

bulbus

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Tuber

answer

tub. / tuber

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Bark

answer

Cort. / cortex

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Wood

answer

lig. / lignum

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Leaf

answer

fol. / folium

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Arial parts

answer

herba

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Flowers

answer

flos.

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Fruit

answer

fr. / fructus

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Seed

answer

sem. / semen

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Gum

answer

gummi (dissolves in H2O)

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Resins

answer

resina

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Fatty Oil

answer

oleum (found in seed/fruit parts)

question

Latin Pharmaceutical name:Essential Oil

answer

Aetheroleum (volatile oil, aromatherapy - organe peels)

question

Dosage Forms:Extracts

answer

crude mixtures of chemical compounds

question

Dosage Forms:Mixtures

answer

made from 2 ore more plants that dont contradict eachother

question

Dosage Forms:Teas

answer

dried infusions in boiling water

question

Dosage Forms:Tincture

answer

Alcoholic solution (some compounds dissolve better in Alcohol than in H2O)

question

Dosage Forms:Medicinal oils

answer

Fatty oils or waxes mixed with medicinal extracts; external/internal use ex. Sesame oil

question

Dosage Forms:Granules

answer

Made by binding powders or powdered extracts

question

Dosage Forms:Capsules

answer

Small containers with medicinal products(to keep from being dissolved right away) veap=plant product capsules

question

Dosage Forms:Tablets

answer

compressed powdered material uncoated

question

Dosage Forms:Pills

answer

semisolid preparations in small proportions

question

Dosage Forms:Lozenges

answer

tablet-like (intended for chewing- anything for throat and treatment of thrush) ex. ginger and echinacea

question

Dosage Forms:Suppositories

answer

intended for inserting (rare for herbal products) Ex. Castor bean oil is used to make suppositories

question

Dosage Forms: Ointments

answer

semisolid preparations meant for external application Ex. Periwinkle

question

If a plant is okay to take in one dosage form is it okay to take it as a tincture? Why?

answer

No Ex. if it can be taken as tea, it could be unsuitable as tincture. Ethanol may dissolve toxic substances or form toxic substances.

question

Why is it safe to eat an animal killed by curare poison?

answer

Because it is only toxic by injection not by digestions

question

Types of administrations into the body

answer

Oral-infusion, decotions, syrups Nasal- powder, suspenions Topical-lotions oils, creams, Rectal liquid preparations

question

Are crude herbal drugs used for serious health conditions?

answer

No.

question

Whar are phytomedicines usually administered for?

answer

For short periods of time to ease symptoms or shorten recovery time.

question

Sometimes for supportive treatment of chronic conditions

answer

Ex. poor blood circulation, mild depression and some diabetes -St. Johns Wart is an example of this

question

Top selling botanicals as of 2001

answer

Ginkgo, Ginseng, Garlic, Echinacea, St. Johns Wart, Saw Palmetto, Soy, Kava, Valerian

question

Top selling botanicals of of 2011

answer

Ginkgo, Ginseng, Garlic, Echinacea, St. Johns Wart, Saw Palmetto, Soy, Cranberry, Milk thisle, Black Cohosh

question

Who oriented assemensts/clinical trials of the populare botanicals of 2001 and published them?

answer

Ernest, E in 2002 published in the Annals of Internal Medicine

question

Ginkgo Biloba: Common name and traditional use

answer

Maiden hair tree

question

How is Ginkgo Biloba used?

answer

Used in China to strengthen hearth and lungs

question

Ginkgo Biloba: Plant Description

answer

A gymnosperm so old considered a living fossil. Seed has fleshy coat and looks like a silver apricot.

question

Ginkgo Biloba: Source and Name of Chemical Compounds

answer

Source: Leaves- Flavonoids, terpenes

question

Ginkgo Biloba: Modern Use

answer

treats dementia and related memory impairments, sleep disorders and dizziness

question

Ginkgo Biloba: Clinical trails

answer

Prove its efficacy in delaying dementia.

question

Adverse effects

answer

are mild & reversible (may interact with anticoagulants)

question

Ginseng: Scientific name

answer

Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng)

question

P. quinquefolius

answer

(America ginseng)

question

Ginseng: Plant Description

answer

-Leaves look like palmately compound leaf -Roots look like man laying down -can only harvest in 6th year

question

Ginseng: Traditional use

answer

China, Europe and North America- improve stamina, concentration as diuretic, antidepresant and aphrodisiac

question

Ginseng: Source and names of active chemicals

answer

Dried roots- triterpenoid saponins and sterols

question

Ginseng: Clinical trials

answer

Give mixed results- enhances mood and improve stamina

question

Not many incidence of serious side effects but may cause

answer

-may be insomnia, diarrhea, schizophrenia, headache -decrease effect of warfarin -avoid using with other stimulants

question

Garlic: Scientific name*

answer

Allium sativum (sati= cultivated)

question

Garlic: Traditional use*

answer

TEM(Europe) and TIM(Indian) used for antibacterial and lipir-lowering activities

question

Garlic: Source and name of chemical compound*

answer

Bulb- rich in sulfur-containing compounds Alliin -Alliin is converted to Allicin when crushed and exposed to air

question

Garlic: Modern Use*

answer

reduces cholesterol lives

question

Garlic: Clinical trials*

answer

effect is modest, lowers serum triglycerides not LDL cholesterol.

question

No adverse effects (Except odor)

answer

-Avoid w/ Warfarin -Maybe effective in large quantities

question

Purple Cone Flower: Scientific name

answer

Echinacea (pointed/prickly in center brown portion) purpurea (purple)

question

Purple Cone Flower: Origin

answer

North America

question

Purple Cone Flower: Source and active compounds

answer

Fresh plant/root juice -Polysaccharides

question

Purple Cone Flower: Use

answer

Upper respiratory tract and urinary infections. Immune stimulant and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

question

Purple Cone Flower: Clinical trial

answer

prevents colds by 58% and reducing the duration of upper respiratory tract infections. -Entire plant extract as antidepressant -Flower oil: wound healing/body pain

question

Purple Cone Flower Rare adverse effects-

answer

allergic reactions

question

St. John's Wort: Scientific Name and Meaning

answer

Hypericum perforatum -little holes/oily glands in leaves that have essential oils

question

St. John's Wort: Traditional Use and Origin

answer

Used originally in Europe as liver remedry including jaundice, or as a detoxifier. Also later found in Asia and North America.

question

St. John's Wort: Active ingredient

answer

Phenolic compounds, terpenoids, hypericin (antiviral), hyperforin

question

St. John's Wort: Clinical trials

answer

Effective/Superior to conventional antidepressants -Excellent safety profile, potential serious symptoms: manic and infrequent photosensitization. -Avoid when taking prescription drugs

question

Saw Palmetto: Scientific name and meaning

answer

Serenoa repens- creeping(on ground)

question

Saw Palmetto: Origin and plant description

answer

From South Eastern U.S - A prostrate plant, with fan-shaped leaves

question

Saw Palmetto: Use

answer

Dry fruit solvent extract used to treat benign prostate hyperplasia (frequent uriniation and inflammation)

question

Saw Palmetto: Clinical Trials

answer

Efficiency compared to synthetic Well tolerated with rare/mild side effects

question

Saw Palmetto: Active ingredients

answer

Fatty acids and phytosterols

question

Kava: Scientific Name and meaning

answer

Piper methysticum(intoxicationg)

question

Kava: Origin

answer

Known in TAUM(Australian) and Polynesia

question

Kava: Plant parts

answer

Rhizome and roots are ground into a beverage. Traditionally women of the tribe chewed it to ground it up and mix w/ saliva to make the beverage

question

Kava: Use and Active ingredients

answer

-Drank to treat anxiety and disturbed sleep -Kavalactones, kavapyrones

question

Kava: Clinical Trials

answer

Effective in short term use -Serious side effect are rare- toxic liver damage -Long term use at high dose- flaky, dry, yellowing of skin, hair loss, hearing loss, and weight loss

question

Cranberry: Scientific Name

answer

Vaccinium sp

question

Cranberry: Active ingredients

answer

Antioxidants (anthocyanin)

question

Cranberry: Use

answer

-Treats UTIs (effective but not 100% of the time) -Improves cardiovascular health -Avoid taking with anticoagulants

question

Milky Thistle: Scientific name

answer

Silybum marianum related to echinacea

question

Milky Thistle: Plant part and Use

answer

Dry fruits (achenes) -used for liver health

question

Milky Thistle: Clinical Trials

answer

Lack of Rigorous clinical trials -no severe side effects reported

question

Black Cohosh: Scientific name

answer

Cimicifuga racemosa

question

Black Cohosh: Plant part and use

answer

Dried rhizomes and roots -to treat menopausal symptoms/hot flashes (combine w/ st. johns wort)

question

Black Cohosh: Clinical Trials

answer

No side effects except mild GI upset -Higher doses (>160 mg/day) may cause nausea & vertigo

question

Soy: Scientific name

answer

Glycine max

question

Soy: Plant part and active ingredients

answer

- Seeds - phytoestrogens: isoflavens

question

Soy: Use

answer

taken by menopausal women

question

Soy: Clinical Trials

answer

2006 study proves effect is small but positive -not intended for small children -may cause allergy

question

What is DSHEA?

answer

-dietary supplements and health education act -1994 signed by clinton

question

Difference between FDA and DSHEA?

answer

FDA regulates dietary supplements under a different set of regulations through DSHEA. And DSHEA guides manufacture of dietary supplements by a set of definitions, stipulations and respondibilites

question

What are the guide-lines of manufacturing Dietary supplements?

answer

-safe before marketing -label must be true -Register: facility, product and approval

question

Phytochemicals

answer

plant-derived chemicals (usually used for plants own protection)

question

Phytomedicines

answer

aka phytopharmaceuticals -the phytochemicals that help in preventing health disorders and/or in maintaining health in human body

question

What are the two major categories of phytochemicals?

answer

Primary and Secondary metabolites

question

Primary metabolites: definition and examples

answer

Something part of that living organism. NO adaptive significance to the plant. Ex. Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids

question

Secondary Metabolites: Definition and examples

answer

Natural products formed by secondary metabolic pathways. Ex. alkaloids, sterols, tannins and phenols

question

Secondary Metabolites: Use to plant

answer

Were considered "waste products" but are actually defensive agents and help plants survive.

question

Which Metabolite is generally the active compount?

answer

Secondary metabolites

question

What can cause the chemical profile of a plant to vary?

answer

could be different depending on genus(ex. american vs asian ginseng), between part of the plant, development period, or different plants of 1 population

question

How many secondary metabolites have been identified?

answer

14,000

question

What two groups are secondary metabolites divided into?

answer

Nitrogen- containing and non-nitrogen containing

question

Nitrogen Containing substances

answer

alkaloids, Non-protein amino acids, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, and a few more

question

Largest class of secondary metabolite substances?

answer

Alkaloids "Alkali-like substances"

question

Alkaloid: description

answer

-Crystalline or liquid form -colorless, brown, or yellow -most names end in "-ine" -most are toxic at high concentrations

question

What percent of plants contain alkaloids as active compound?

answer

15%

question

What plant families have more alkaloid containing taxa than most?

answer

Colchicacea- Meadow saffron(poisonous)

question

Apocyanaceae-

answer

Rosy Periwinkle(leukemia)

question

Rubiaceae-

answer

Cinchona(malaria)

question

Solanaceae-

answer

Tobacco

question

Alkaloids: Analgesica and Narcotics

answer

Morphine and Codine

question

Alkaloids: Central stimulants

answer

stychnine and brucine

question

Alkaloids: Local anesthetics

answer

cocaine

question

Alkaloids: Antispasmodics

answer

Atropine and hyoscyamine

question

Alkaloids: Antihypertensives

answer

reserpine

question

Alkaloids: Muscle paralyzers

answer

tubocurarine

question

Alkaloids: Anti-tumor agents

answer

camptothecine

question

Morphine and Codine: Plant Names, Origin

answer

-Opium poppy "joy plant" -Papaver somniferum(sleep bearing) - Native to SE. Europe and W. Asia

question

Morphine and Codine: Plant part and description

answer

Coagulated latex from ripened capsules- "Crude opium" -contains other 23 alkaloids including papaverine -Seeds give false positive but do not contain active compounds

question

Morphine: Use

answer

Pain reliever and hypnotic

question

Who is F.W. Serturner

answer

In 1805, first person to separate morphine extract and named it morphine after Morpheus(God of dreams)

question

Codine: Use

answer

Mild sedative and cough suppressant

question

Morphine and Codine: Narcotic

answer

Classified as depressant narcotics -"Opiates" synthetic drug derived from opium

question

Strychnine and Brucine: Origin, Scientific name and meaning

answer

-South Asia -Nux Vomica (induced vomit) Strychnos nux-vomica

question

Strychnine and Brucine: Plant parts

answer

Seeds used in homeopathy -contain Strychnine and Brucine both extremely toxic - Bark juice reduces fever

question

Strychnine: Use

answer

Important in physiological and neuroanatomical research. increases appetite and digestion so used as tonic in <20mg/day

question

Brucine: Use

answer

Alcohol denaturant

question

Strychnine and Brucine: Strychnos Toxifera

answer

Plant found in S. America in same genus containing toxiferine (used in curare poison) -useful in surgery to prevent muscle contraction

question

Cocaine: Scientific name Origin

answer

Coca plant

question

Erythroxylum coca

answer

-Q'oka, an aztec word meaning for for travelers/workers South American Shrub

question

Cocaine: Plant part and other compounds

answer

Cocae folium(leaves) -contain 14 diff alkaloids: nicotine and propane alkaloids

question

Cocaine: History and Use

answer

Albert Neimann extracted cocain in 1860s -S. American local anesthetic and euphoric -Australia local anesthetic for mouth and lung ulcers (up to 1916) -Replaced in Western Medicine by synthetic local anesthetics benzocaine and anbezol(derived from cocaine)

question

Atropine and Hyoscyanine: Scientific name and origin

answer

Deathly nightshade Atropa (inflexible) belladonna (beautiful lady) -Europe and Asia

question

Atropine and Hyoscyanine: Plant part and alkaloids

answer

Leaves and Roots -"belladona alkaloids" -tropane alkaloid (tropane shares chemical structure and similar reaction)

question

Atropine: Use

answer

Modern med in ophthalmology (pupil dialator) -treat bradycardia (slow hr) and hyperhydrodosis

question

Hyoscyamine: Use

answer

treats disorders of GI tract ; reducing symptoms of parkinson's

question

Atropine and Hyoscyanine: dosage

answer

Low dose- sedative High dose- hallucinations, insomnia and death

question

Atropine and Hyoscyanine: Other family members containing tropane alkaloids

answer

Solanaceae- jimson weed and angels trumpet

question

Reserpine: Origin, Scientific Name and meaning

answer

India indian snakeroot Sarpagantha(snake like) Rauwolfia serpentia(shape of root)

question

Reserpine: Plant part and other species

answer

Root R. vomitoria (African species) and R. tetraphylla (Indian species)

question

Reserpine: Traditional Use

answer

Anti-hypertensive properties(Gandhi drank as tea to calm down) -Cure Moon disease (schizophrenia)

question

Reserpine: Modern Use

answer

Powder form is treatment for mild hypertension, blood pressure and mental disorders -Root decoction induces uterine contractions

question

Tubocorine: Origin, Scientific Name, meaning

answer

South America curare plant Chondrodendron (cartilage) tomentosum(spices)

question

Tubocorine: Plan source and use

answer

Tree bark used as anesthesia provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery -Crude extract has paralyzing effect -Reverses strychnine poisoning

question

Dr. Michael B.

answer

Expert in curare, accidently poisoned himself with a coated arrow

question

Campothecine: Origin, Scientific Name and meaning

answer

China Happy Tree/Cancer Tree Camptotheca acuminata (the shape of the pointed leaf tip)

question

Campothecine: Plant part and history

answer

Bark and leaves

question

who discovered Campothecine

answer

Discovered in 1966 by Drs. Wall and Wani

question

Campothecine: Use

answer

-breast, prostate, pancrease, ovarian, leukemia and lymphoma cancers - malignant melanoma -synthetic variants are also developed

question

Non-protein amino acids

answer

Garlic(allium sativum) and Onion(allium cepa)

question

Onion: Use

answer

-ophthalmia, ear ache, and jaundice (middle east) -hypoglycemic agent -raw red onion prevents arteriosclerosis(thickening of arteries)

question

Cyanogenic glycosides: Description

answer

-a sugar molecule attached to a non-sugar active compound(aglycone) -inert until mixed with water or enzyme

question

Cyanogenic glycosides: Source

answer

-Milky latex of cassava roots -Pits of stone fruits (cherries plums aricots almonds i.e. drupes)

question

Amygdalin

answer

laetrile/Vitamin B17 -cancer treatment

question

Cyanogenic glycosides

answer

-Linamarin and lotaustralin -Glucosinolates -Amygdalin

question

Linamarin and Lotaustralin: scientific name and meaning

answer

Found in bitter and sweet Cassava (yuca) Manihot(manroot) esculenta(edible)

question

Linamarin and Lotaustralin: Use

answer

Hydrogen syanide released from roots is used in the treatment of scabies

question

Glucosinolates: Source

answer

-Sinigrin, bitter pungent compound found in horseradish tap roots (related to mustard)

question

Glucosinolates: use

answer

Spamolytic effects (release pain and relax mucles)

question

Non-nitrogen containing substances

answer

Terpenes, saponins, steroids (cardiac glycosides/steroidal saponin), Phenolics, Tannins

question

Terpenes: Plant side effects

answer

Some cause rashes: Pencil cactus latex Some are toxic: water hemlock

question

Terpenes: Use

answer

Analgesic, antirheumatic, volatile oils, anti-tumor

question

Terpenes: Devils Claw

answer

Harpagosides -anti-inflammatory -reduced arthritis

question

Terpenes: Anti-tumor

answer

Paclitaxel (toxic compound)

question

Terpenes: Volatile oils

answer

Artemisinin -Chinese wormwood

question

Saponins

answer

Ginsenosides -soap-like property -Ginseng, Panax spp. -Improve stamina, concentration, as diuretic, antidepressant and aphrodisiav -fresh or dry fruit

question

Steroids: two types

answer

Cardiac glycosides and steroidal saponin

question

Cardiac glycosides: part of plant and compound

answer

Leaves and seeds contain cardiac stimulants: digitoxigenin, digitoxin

question

Cardiac glycosides: plant, Origin, scientific name

answer

Foxglove Mediterranean and Europe Digitalis purpurea -snapdragon relative

question

Cardiac glycosides: Use

answer

Since 1785 to treat dropsy (heart attack symptoms) and currently used for mild to moderate heart failure

question

William Withering

answer

Doctor that observed application of Digitoxin from lady in the mountains treating villagers dropsy

question

Steroidal saponin: Copmound and plant part

answer

Diosgenin- can be synthesized into steroidal hormones and birth control corms or rhizomes(modified stems **Exception** Fenugreek seeds/leaves

question

Steroidal saponin: Sources, scientific names

answer

Wild yams- Dioscorea villosa Fenugreek-Trigonella foenum-graecum

question

Phenolics: Glycosides

answer

salicylic acid, flavanoids, curcuminoids, coumarins

question

Phenolics: Salicylic acid

answer

from white willow and many other plants -salicin

question

Phenolics: Flavonoids

answer

>4,000 flavonoids have been identified many of which occur in fruits, vegetables and beverages. -Many beneficial biochemical and antioxidant effects Ex. Black Elderberry

question

Phenolics: Curcuminoids- Plant Origin and scientific name

answer

Curcuma(turmeric) Curcuma longa India

question

Phenolics: Curcuminoids- Use

answer

Fresh/dried rhizomes (curry powder) -antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, also cosmetic use (soften skin)

question

Phenolics: Coumarins- Plant

answer

Leaves of sweet clover Mellitus officinalis

question

Phenolics: Coumarins- Use

answer

Anticoagulant (warfarin) -wound healing

question

Tannins: Plants

answer

-Polyphenols w/ astringent taste -Witch Hazel: Hamamelis virginiana -Oaks, chestnuts, pomegranates

question

Tannins: Use

answer

Fungicidal: use in leather Antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic

question

Primary metabolites

answer

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

question

Carbohydrates

answer

Sugar alcohols, Sugar acids, Dietary fibers, gums & mucilages

question

Sugar alcohols

answer

Carbohydrates ex. Rosaceae fruits- sorbitol (low sugar option)

question

Sugar Acids

answer

Carbohydrates Ex. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) in citrus fruits and strawberry

question

Dietary fibers

answer

Carbohydrates Ex. Insoluble and soluble fibers in the form of cellulose, pectin and lignin

question

Gums & Mucilages

answer

Carbohydrates Ex. Psyllium as laxative Okra mucilae as plasma replacement or blood volume expander

question

Amino Acids and Proteins

answer

Abrin and Ricin, Glutathione, Folic acid

question

What will deficiency of essential amino acids cause?

answer

Malnutrition

question

Abrin and Ricin

answer

Glycoproteins Studied for anti-cancer

question

Glutathione

answer

Antioxidant/detox Immune system enhancer

question

Folic acid

answer

Vitamin B9 in many green veggies

question

Rosary pea

answer

Abrus precatorius -Contains Abrin= very poisonous -Seeds look like ladybug/candy

question

Castor Bean

answer

Ricinus communis -Contains Ricin in the leaves= less than 1mg can kill an adult -same family as cassava

question

Lipids: General Health

answer

Essential(Flax/hemp), Saturated(coconut), Unsaturated(olive) fatty acids

question

Lipids: Medicine

answer

Primrose oil, Ricinoleic acid, Chaulmoorgric acid

question

Primrose oil

answer

Lipid -Evening primrose: Oenothera biennis -treatment for PMS (yellow flower) -EFAs from the seeds

question

Ricinoleic acid

answer

Lipid Castor oil Purgative

question

Chaulmoogric acid

answer

Lipid -Treats leprosy(micrococcus infection loss of sensitivity and deformation) -Chaulmoogra: Hydnocarpus wightiana -Joseph Craft

question

How did traditional medicine probably first evolve?

answer

Trial and error

question

Since ancient people did not have much insight on Science what did they depend on for Cures and answers ?

answer

witchcraft and superstition

question

What is another term for Traditional Medicine?

answer

Herbalism

question

What is another term for Conventional Medicine?

answer

Allopathy

question

Doctrine of Signatures 15th century

answer

The idea that each medicinal plant had a sign or symbol that told what it should be used to treat. Ex. Walnut Looks like a brain so it was used to treat head injuries

question

what was the name of the era when herbal medicine first Came about

answer

The great age of herbal

question

Paracelsus

answer

a Swiss /German botanist and physician who believed he knew everything especially about plant signs and wrote a book on Surgery and "Doctrine of Signatures" -emphasized importance on correct dosage

question

Paraclesus: Chelidonium majus

answer

-yellow latex has successfully cured jaundice -yellow flower assumed to treat yellowing of skin he was right with this plant

question

How does herbalism work?

answer

The chemical compounds inside a medicinal plant may act individually, additively, or in synergy to improve health.

question

Can a plant have more than one healing property?

answer

Yes, like Ginseng: stimulates digestion, reduces swelling and pain, and also acts as an antibacterial and diuretic because of a variety of chemical compounds present in it.

question

How is herbal medicine maximized?

answer

By using a chemically compound plant or by mixing several different plants traditional herbal medicine tries to maximize a synergistic effect.

question

How do different herbalism practices differ?

answer

By the region in which they are practiced in i.e: western, Chinese (Japanese Korean) or Ayurvedic (Indian)

question

Herbalism: compared to allopathy?

answer

Aims to reduce symptoms, maintain health, to improve quality of life in a cost effective way, restores balance, varies from region to region.

question

Allopathy: compared to herbalism?

answer

-Aims to develop a patentable single compound ("magic bullet") to treat specific conditions (serious and acute conditions), has its roots in herbalism but incorporates knowledge from ethnomedicine.

question

African and Middle Eastern traditional medicine

answer

The oldest and perhaps the most diverse of all medicine systems.

question

What style is the African TM?

answer

Holistic involving mind and body. Medicines are prescribed after finding out the psychological basics for an illness.

question

Materia Medica

answer

Plant Sources used for healing

question

Materia Medica of Southern Africa

answer

general tonics, sedatives, diuretics, laxatives, stomachics, and numerous wound-healing plants

question

List of African Medicinal plants

answer

Aloe vera, African Wormwood, Khat, Rosy periwinkle, Devils claw, African Cherry, African snakeroot, Kombe

question

Artemisia afra

answer

African Wormwood - Africa

question

Catha edulis- roseus

answer

Rosy periwinkle - Africa/Madigscar

question

Harpagophytum procumbens

answer

Devil's Claw- Africa

question

Prunus adricana

answer

African Cherry (BPH like Saw Palm. Almost extinct)

question

Rauwolfia vomitoria

answer

African snakeroot

question

Aloe vera: known as

answer

Cleopatra's plant - Africa -now used to radiation burns. -The burn plant/medicine plant

question

Aloe vera: plant part

answer

Succulent leaves (juice and gel)

question

Aloe vera: Juice

answer

Latex- contains a glycoside, aloin. Used as a laxative.

question

Aloe vera: Gel

answer

Tissue area- contains saponins, sterols and salicylic acid for treating burns. - works as a cleanser and antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, reduce pain.

question

What plant did Alexander the Great conquer lands for?

answer

Aloe Vera

question

Catha edulis: Known As and Found where?

answer

Khat tree (non-flowering) -S & E Africa to Afghanistan

question

Catha edulis: Plant part

answer

-Leaves with reddish tips. -Chewed with lime (calcium hydroxide)

question

Catha edulis: Chemical compounds

answer

- Cathine, and Cathinone - CNS Stimulant

question

Catha edulis: Use

answer

Stimulants, antidepressants, and social behavior

question

Catha edulis: Symptoms

answer

Long term use: constipation, decreased appetite, irritability and low sexual drive.

question

Strophanthus spp: Known as and where?

answer

-Kombe -Gratus: Strophantus

question

Strophanthus spp:Origin

answer

-S, E, & W Africa

question

Strophanthus spp: plant part and family

answer

- Seeds - Oleander family

question

Strophanthus spp: Use

answer

-Toxic- Arrow poisons in Africa -cortisol precursor Gratus-As a cardiotonic agent (similar to digoxin and digitoxin)

question

Strophanthus spp: Chemical compounds

answer

Cardiac glycosides -Ouabain (gratus) -Strophanthin -Sarmentogenin (cortisol precursor)

question

What was used as a cortisone precursor before Strophanthin?

answer

ox bile make from 40 Ox to treat 1 human. -Strophanthus seeds are 17 chemical steps closer to cortisone than Ox bile.

question

Who discovered Strophanthus?

answer

William Laurance- a science writer who won a Pulitzer Prize (1947) -discovered while climbing a tree

question

The Middle East: What is it known as?

answer

The cradle of civilization

question

Where did modern crops first originate from?

answer

The Middle East

question

Where did Assyrians, Babylonians, and Sumerians record herbal remedies?

answer

Clay tablets dated 2000-4000 BC.

question

Oldest known prescription pads?

answer

Sumarian Clay tablets

question

What plant was commonly found in wall paintings in Egyptian Tombs?

answer

Opium poppy capsules (2700-2200 bc)

question

The Code of Hammurabi

answer

Lists several hundred medicinal herbs in a series of several hundred clay tablets carved under the direction of the King of Babylon

question

What ancient record states "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth"

answer

The Code of Hammurabi

question

What are some of the main herbs mentioned in The Code of Hammurabi that are still used today?

answer

Henbane, licorice and mint

question

Two other forms of ancient medical records?

answer

Bible and Ebers papyrus (both 1500 bc)

question

Ebers papyrus

answer

a 10m papyrus scroll that lists >700 medicinal recipes based on plants, containing plant substances, and are now known to have therapeutic value.

question

Plants mentioned in Ebers papyrus that are still therapeutic today?

answer

Pomegranate, Cannabism aloe, castor, and mandrake (atropa belladonna fam.)

question

Who were the gurus of herbalism in the Middle East?

answer

Hippocrates, Dioscorides, and Avicenna.

question

Who wrote Canon Medicine?

answer

Avicenna (AD 980-1037) included elements of other healing cultures

question

What was Canon Medicine the basis for?

answer

Distinct Islamic healing system known as Unani-Tibb ="Greek" "Medicine" in Arabic

question

Some important Middle Eastern Medicinal plants are?

answer

Onion, Safflower, Asafoetida, Opium Poppy, Pomegranate, Castor bean, Fenugreek, Grape

question

Allium cepa

answer

Onion - Middle East

question

Carthamus tinctorius

answer

Safflower- Middle East -Source of dye

question

Ferula assa-foetida:common name and origin

answer

Asafoetida/Devils Dung - Iran and Asian deserts

question

Ferula assa-foetida: Chemical Compound

answer

Oleoresin (essential oil) gums from roots -Contains Terpenes and colatile oils rich in sulfur compounds

question

Ferula assa-foetida: Use

answer

Flatulence, dyspepsia, and bronchitis - Add this before cooking beans or other foods to remove after effects or taste

question

Punica granatum:common name and origin

answer

Pomegranate - SE Europe / Mediterranean

question

Punica granatum: Plant part

answer

Fruit rind (pericarp, white skin around seeds) or tree bark

question

Punica granatum: Chemical compound

answer

Tannins (pericarp) and alkaloids (bark)

question

Punica granatum: Treats

answer

Tannins: antidiarrheal effect Alkaloids: act against intestinal parasitic worms, also toxic (when dosage is exceeded)

question

Punica granatum: history

answer

-mentioned in Judaism and many Pharmacopeia -Considered an ancient fruit

question

North American Healers

answer

Shamans- indigenous healers that approaches illness by addressing both the physical and spiritual dimensions of disease.

question

What are Shamanistic ceremonies like?

answer

Involved chanting, dancing and other rituals aimed at expelling evil forces.

question

Where did early pioneers of North America adopt their medical system from?

answer

Shaman herbal remedies, which later formed the basis of the Pharmacopoeia.

question

Father of American Herbalism

answer

Samuel Thompson (1794 - 1868) he contributed to the preservation of american medicine, chill pepper, and Indian tobacco, believed plants could cured any illness of body. He experimented on himself.

question

North American Herbalism in the 20th Century and Now

answer

-"Botanicals" were viewed with skepticism and their uses went into decline. -Now increasing popularity but are still viewed by many as nutritional supplements rather than medicines.

question

American medicinal plants

answer

Cayenne pepper, Indian tobacco, Purple cone flower, Goldenseal, Goldenseal

question

Capsicum frutescens: common name and origin

answer

Cayenne pepper aka Chili pepper -Tropical America

question

Capsicum frutescens: Plant part

answer

Fruits and seeds

question

Capsicum frutescens: Chemical Compound

answer

Capsaicin. Can be artificially sythesized

question

Capsicum frutescens: Uses

answer

-Topically: Arthritis, rheumatism, spasms, itching -Internally: for dyspepsia, colic, flatulence etc - antibacterial (not soluble in water)

question

What plant is the basis for chemicals used in icy-hot and zostrix?

answer

Chili pepper

question

Lobelia inflata: common name and origin

answer

Indian tobacco aka Puke weed - North America -Native American, flowering/inflated lobelia

question

Lobelia inflata: plant part

answer

Stems and leaves are used

question

Lobelia inflata: Use

answer

Treatment of asthma, bronchitis and pertussis(whooping cough) -As a bronchodilator

question

Lobelia inflata: Chemical Compound

answer

Lobeline- tropane alkaloid, could be toxic or cause hallucination -used in oral anti-smoking until 1993

question

Lobelia inflata: Other species use

answer

variously as diuretic, syphilis cute and as narcotic

question

Echinacea purpurea

answer

Purple cone flower - North and West America

question

Hydrastis canadensis

answer

Goldenseal - North America

question

West American healing style

answer

Directed at specific problems or diseases. -whole plant extracts were usually used -Use of Herbal remedies has soared since 1990

question

West American medicinal plants

answer

Bilberry, Evening primrose, Saw palmetto, Purple Cone flower, St. John's wort

question

Vaccinium myrtillus:common name and origin

answer

Bilberry - Most northern hemispheres

question

Vaccinium myrtillus: plant parts

answer

Berries and leaves

question

Vaccinium myrtillus: chemical compounds

answer

tannins, phenolic acids, and some alkaloids-epimyrtine

question

Vaccinium myrtillus: Use

answer

-Help in reducing blood lipids and sugar levels -inhibits platelet aggregation Leaves- used in UTIs -Not very many clinical studies have been done

question

Oenothera biennis

answer

Evening primrose - West America

question

Serenoa repens

answer

Saw Palmetto - West America

question

Hypericum perforatum

answer

St. John's wort - West America

question

Central and South America Herbalism healing methods and now

answer

Methods are diverse but poorly recorded like Africa -rich source of many new herbal remedies -Rural ppl still use traditional Indian Herbal medicine but influences from immigrants are evident

question

Central and South American Medicinal Plants

answer

Quina Quina, Coca, Guarana, Mate, Guava

question

Cinchona pubescense:common name and origin

answer

Red cinchona (flowering) - South America

question

Cinchona pubescense: Plant part

answer

Reddish bark (related to coffee plants)

question

Cinchona pubescense: Chemical compound

answer

Quinine and Quinidine

question

Cinchona pubescense: Quinine Medical use and side effects

answer

Anti-malarial ("bad air") Side effects(aka cinchonism): Tinnitus (ringing ears), depressions, miscarriage, blurred vision

question

What did Ronald Ross discover?

answer

found the female mosquito carried the parasite that cause the disease, and that locals used to treat malaria

question

How did researchers combat Cinchonism

answer

Produced a synthetic version of quinine called chloroquinine

question

Cinchona pubescense: Quinidine medical use

answer

antiarrhythmic (controls fast rhythms of heart). Used to treat flatulence and loss of appetite.

question

Erythroxylon coca

answer

Coca - central/south america

question

Paullinia cupana: common name and origin

answer

Guarana -South America

question

Paullinia cupana: plant part

answer

seeds for a woody climber -Sometime fresh leaves

question

Paullinia cupana: Chemical compounds

answer

Caffeine and Tannins

question

Paullinia cupana: Uses

answer

Preparations are made from roasted, powdered seeds and water (soft drink in Brazil) -Caffeine- counteracts fatigue, as diuretic, weight loss, energy drinks

question

Tannins

answer

-treat diarrhea

question

What south american plant looks like many eyes and is legend to be the plant grown from a boys eyes who was killed by an evil spirit?

answer

Guarana

question

Who were the Scientists in the movie "20th century medicine man"?

answer

Richard Schultes and Mark Plotkin

question

What studies is the national cancer institute near Washington dc doing?

answer

Used plants to test possible cures for cancer and AIDS as well as trying to bring the Bald Eagle population back

question

Plant Healing system in Australia

answer

Aborigines at one time has a complex healing system but much of the traditions were lost.

question

Plant Healing system in Southeast Asia

answer

It is still being actively researched recorded and developed. Chinese influence is seen in many countries.

question

Important Medicinal plants in Australia and Southeast Asia

answer

Bluegum, Tea Tree, Kava Kava, Nux vomica

question

Eucalyptus globulus: common name and origin

answer

Bluegum (flowering) -Australia

question

Eucalyptus globulus: Plant part

answer

Large tree with white peeling bark -Mature leaves are used

question

Eucalyptus globulus: Chemical compounds

answer

Essential oils (volatile nature) with eucalyptol. - there are about 700 species Terpenes (aromatic compound gives smell)

question

Eucalyptus globulus: Use

answer

*Essential oils*- treat cold, nasal congestion, respiratory problems (in vicks vapor rub) -Mostly external application and pain relief *Terpenes*- show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and expectorant activities

question

Melaleuca alternifolia

answer

Tea tree (white flowering plant) -Australia

question

Melaleuca alternifolia: Plant part

answer

Medium tree w/ papery bark (same family as eucalyptus) -Leaves are used

question

Melaleuca alternifolia: Chemical compound

answer

Essential oils Leaves have >60 terpenoids

question

Melaleuca alternifolia: Use

answer

Creams and ointments to treat skin conditions. -Campthor based aroma -surgery and dental hygiene due to high germicidal activity -aromatherapy and cosmetic products

question

Melaleuca alternifolia: Approved by what major organization?

answer

World Health Organization to treat cough and skin conditions

question

Piper methysticum: common name and origin

answer

Kava Kava -Southeast Asia

question

Strychnos nux-vomica: common name and origin

answer

Nux vomica (source of straighten, vomiting sensation, seed portion) - Southeast Asia (India)

question

What is India's traditional, natural system of medicine? How long has it been around?

answer

Ayurvedic medicine -; 4,000 years

question

Meaning of name Ayurvedic

answer

Ayur= Life, Vedic= knowledge or science "Science of life"

question

Rig Veda

answer

thousands of poetic hymns that contani the Ayurvedic principles and medicinal uses of herbs

question

What cultures are known for embracing the Ayurvedic concepts?

answer

Chinese, Tibetan and Greek

question

Main goal of Ayurvedic practice

answer

Gives practical and holistic set of guidelines to maintain balance and harmony between the mind and body. -Encourages mental, physical and spiritual health

question

Sages of India

answer

Control mind and meditation and way of living control last day of life through meditation and breath control.

question

How does Ayurveda classify individuals?

answer

According to three hereditarily determined body types

question

Tridoshas dosha

answer

compilation of the 3 body types in Ayurveda -vata, pita, and kapha

question

How do Ayurvedic physicians determine the body type (dosha) of a patient?

answer

Observations, interviews and pulse diagnosis

question

5 elements of Ayurvedic medicine

answer

Water, earth, fire, sky and air -describe body type and personality

question

Vata dosha

answer

Movement in the body

question

Pitta dosha

answer

Metabolism in the body

question

Kapha dosha

answer

Strength of the body

question

How is balance between Tridosha achieved?

answer

diet, yoga, massage, armoan, music therapy and herbal remedies.

question

Ayurveda herbal remedies focus on?

answer

Balance of the six tastes. This governs good digestion and all aspects of health. Each taste has beneficial effects but can be negative in excess

question

Rasas

answer

Ayurvedic 6 tastes: sweet, sour, salt, bitter, pungent, and astringent

question

Famous Ayurvedic medicinal plants

answer

Neem, Indian pennywort, Chaulmoogra, Sarpagantha, Sandalwood, winter cherry

question

Azadirachta indica

answer

Neem tree -India, Sri Lanka and Burma -Large trees (white flowers

question

Azadirachta indica: Plant parts

answer

bark, leaves seeds and twigs

question

Azadirachta indica: Chemical compounds

answer

Terpene- Azadirachtin

question

Azadirachta indica: Uses

answer

Infusions and seed oil are used -Insecticidal and spermicidal, antimicrobial and anti fungal. -Hung on doors, chickenpox -cosmetic products: soap, shampoos, toothpaste, etc -ex. medimix and margo, twig used as toothbrush

question

Centella asiatica

answer

Indian pennywort - India -leaves are used and look like trebol used for brain boosting (memory) -same family as american pennywort

question

Hydnocarpus wightiana

answer

Chaulmoogra -India

question

Rauwolfia serpentina

answer

Sarpagantha -India

question

Santalum album

answer

Sandalwood -India -has essential oils used in massage and aromatherapy from bark. -Cutting down trees=near extinction

question

Withania somnifera: Common name origin

answer

Indian cherry asawantha India

question

Withania somnifera: Plant and part used

answer

Solenacea family-Looks like little tomato/cherry Roots are mainly used

question

Withania somnifera: Chemical compound

answer

Contain a complex mixture of chemical compounds ;80 Steroids and alkaloids - Withasomnine Leaves- withaferin (sterol)

question

Withania somnifera: Use

answer

massages-removes pain Tonic- induces sleep and relax Treats neurolgia, gout, fever, cough diuretic aphrodisiac Withaferin-used in antibiotic and possibly cancer

question

Traditional Chinese medicine system

answer

;5000 years old -good health and longevity -ying and yang and five elements

question

Yin and Yang

answer

opposites are needed to compliment eachother (ex: hot/cold)

question

5 elements of Chinese medicine

answer

earth, metal, water, wood, and fire

question

What are the 5 elements of Chinese medicine linked to?

answer

Main organs of the body: spleen, lung, kidneys, liver and heart

question

What other things are linked to 5 elements?

answer

5 motions and 5 seasons ect

question

What is Chinese medicine trying to achieve?

answer

balance between 5 elements and to grant vital energy (qi) - using yin and yang aspects

question

Chinese Medicine logic: treating a cold

answer

use a hot herb ex: ginger tea

question

Chinese Medicine logic: treating hot symptoms (fever or hot flashes)

answer

use cooling herbs

question

How are Chinese herbal medicine prepared?

answer

6000 different herbs are given fixed mixtures or formulas of up to 20 herbs according to traditional recipes found in ancient compendium.

question

What other T.M system is closely related to Chinese?

answer

Korean. Both of which influence Japanese.

question

Kampo

answer

Japanese Medical System

question

Father of Chinese medicine

answer

Chinese Emperor Shen Nong (Sung Dynasty). Wrote "The Great Bative Herbal" (2800 BC)

question

What is the most complete reference to chinese herbal prescriptions?

answer

Modern Day Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica (1977) -lists 4800 plant medicines.

question

Some important Chinese medicinal Plants

answer

Chinese Wormwood, Desert Tea, White Peony, Ginseng, Chinese rhubarb

question

Artemisia annua

answer

Chinese wormwood (Coartem) - China

question

Ephedra sinica

answer

Desert Tea (Ma Huang) -China -Shrug somewhat wiry and greyish green *GYMNOSPERM*

question

Ephedra sinica: Plant Parts used

answer

Stem -sometimes aerial parts

question

Ephedra sinica: Chemical compound

answer

Ephidrine- isolated by Nagai in 1987 -makes medicine called ephedra

question

Ephedra sinica: Use

answer

Asthma, nasal congestion, bronchitis, CNS stimulant (enhances concentration) -bronchodilator -Stimulant with thermogenic properties- increase metabolism when combined w/ caffeine

question

What plants did Neanderthals use 60,000 years ago to cover bodies?

answer

Ephedra sinica

question

Pseudoephedrine

answer

Synthetic version of Ephidrine used as behind counter decongestion

question

Ephedra sinica: Symptoms

answer

Overdose: anxiety, convulsion, rapid heart beat and death,

question

Ephedrine by itself: sideeffects

answer

Insomnia and death Prolong use: dependency

question

Paeonia lactifloria

answer

White peony (milk, white, flower)

question

Paeonia lactifloria: Plant part used

answer

Dired roots

question

Paeonia lactifloria: Use

answer

menstral disorders, dyspepsia, dementia, vertigo, anticoagulant *Paeoniflorin*- antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, sedative. Contracts uterus on test animals.

question

Paeonia lactifloria: Chemical compound

answer

Paeoniflorin

question

Where did European medicine originate?

answer

Hippocrates (460-377) and Aristotle (384-322 B.C) whose ideas rooted in ancient beliefs in India and Egypt

question

Father of European Medicine

answer

Hippocrates- believed that sickness was caused by bodily problems not evil spirits

question

Who started the science of botany?

answer

Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus- with detailed descriptions of the species growing in the botanical gardens in Athens

question

Greek and Roman medicine was based on what belief?

answer

That the world was composed of four elements- and their corresponding humours

question

European: The four elements- and their corresponding humours

answer

? Earth= blood ? air=phlegm ? fire= black bile ? water = yellow bile

question

European: What did the four humours influence

answer

health, temperament and cold, heat, dampness or dryness

question

How would the European physicians treat patients and return balance?

answer

Bleed patients out using leeches. Then used a corresponding range of herbs

question

What was the most significant Greek contribution and the first European herbal standard reference?

answer

5-volume De Meteria Medica written by the Greek physician Dioscorides in the first century A.D. 1000 simple drug preparations.

question

How did Europeans cultivate medicinal plants?

answer

In monasteries as early as 800 A.D

question

When did the experimental approach to herbal medicine start in Europe?

answer

the 17th and 18th centuries

question

Dr. William Withering

answer

(1741-1799) experimented with foxglove extract for heart problems

question

Where in Europe is the use of herbal teas and mixtures popular?

answer

Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Great Britain, Switzerland

question

When was there a tremendous advancement in herbal medicine in Europe?

answer

first half of 20th century

question

European: Where are many modern medicines derived from?

answer

were isolated, purified products from traditional plant-derived extracts

question

European: Active compounds isolated from plants that are still used in medicine today

answer

? Atropine ? resepine ? morphine ? quinidine ? Ajmaline ( is antiarrhythmatic) from rowolfia serpentina ? digoxin ? taxol ? vinblastine

question

Important European Medicinal Herbs

answer

Deathly nightshade, fennel, stinging nettle, valerian

question

Atropa belladonna: common name and origin

answer

Deathly nightshade -Europe

question

Foeniculum vulgare: common name and origin

answer

Fennel - Europe

question

Foeniculum vulgare: parts used and application

answer

-Roots used as spice for digestion

question

Urtica dioica

answer

Stinging nettle- Europe and Asia -No thorns, there is a gland where chemical compound accumulates on bulb -dioecious

question

Dioecious

answer

di= two oecious=house Meaning plant is either male or female

question

Urtica dioica: Plant parts

answer

Aerial parts, leave or roots are used (stem branches leaves)

question

Urtica dioica: Chemical compound

answer

Phenolic compounds

question

Urtica dioica: Use

answer

*Leaves*- anti-rheumatic, mild diuretic, analgesicm and anti-inflammatory action. Relieves pain of arthritis and rheumatism. Also nutritional supplement due to high mineral content

question

Valerian officinalis

answer

Valerian - Europe and Asia

question

Valerian officinalis: plant parts used

answer

Fleshy roots and aromatic rhizomes -leaves have compounds but not as effective

question

Valerian officinalis: Chemical compound

answer

Volatile oils- Valerinic acid

question

Valerian officinalis: Use

answer

Valium- for traumatic events calm ppl down, relaxant -non-addictive tranquilizer -easing sleeplessness and minor nervous conditions -WHO supports to ease PMS and menopause symptoms

question

Aromatherapy

answer

a healing system that uses essential oils in the form of inhalations massages, baths and perfumes to improve physical and psychological health -used in ancient times in all cultures

question

Father of modern day aromatherapy

answer

Ren'e Gattefosse 1928 -First to use the term

question

Are there health benefits to aromatherapy

answer

Yes. Essential ouls are known to have various health benefits when absorbed through the mucous membranes of the nose or lungs or skin

question

Areas aromatic oils act on:

answer

Central nervous system, spasmolytic (eucalyptus) or antiseptic (tea tree) -help restore health through positive effect on mind and mood

question

Bach Flower Therapy

answer

Similar to aromatherapy, but based on liquid extracts of wild flowers

question

Dr. Edward Bach

answer

developed bach flower therapy in 1930s-believes that physical illness is a manifestation of emotional problems - mentioned on Dr. Oz

question

Homeopathy

answer

In Greek means "like" "Suffering" -principle of "like cures like"

question

What is one of the most widely practiced alternative therapies in the Western World?

answer

Homeopathy -dates back to Hippocrates

question

Homeopathy system

answer

Plants used in very dilute forms to treat illnesses associated with the high doses of the same plant. Which stimulates the body's own defenses against the illness

question

Examples of Homeopathy

answer

Belladonna in diluted for is used to cure scarlet fever - Minerals (sulfur) and animal products (bee venom) are also popular

question

Human health disorders may result from what?

answer

genetic factors or environmental influences

question

Environmental influences that may cause human health disorders

answer

Pathogens, injury and toxins

question

How do you treat a disorder that is complex or if the cause is unknown?

answer

The treatment is to remove the symptoms -Such as pain and swelling thus improving the quality of life

question

Synthetic medicines

answer

Potent and specific and are often associated with undesirable side effects

question

Phytomedicines

answer

usually less specific and often aim at more than one molecular target -Not usually the first choice to treat, severe life threatening conditions

question

What major instances are photmedicines useful in?

answer

Leading causes of death like cancer, heart, and lung disease

question

Cancer

answer

Comprises a large variety of malignant tumors. And is fatal if a tumor destroys the functions of vital organs. Cells divide much faster than normal cells

question

HeLa cells

answer

Henrietta Lack's cells that are still being cultured today

question

What kind of compounds would be useful to combat cells division?

answer

Alkaloids (Vinblastine or camptheca chinese happy tree )

question

What kind of compounds kill cancer cells?

answer

Cytotoxic substances kill already formed cancer cells.

question

Two most commonly employed means of chemotherapy?

answer

Killing cancer cells and stopping cell division

question

Main plants used in cancer treatment:

answer

Chinese happy tree, Rosy periwinkle, Mayapple, Pacific Yew, European mistletoe

question

Camptotheca acuminata: Common name

answer

Chinese happy tree (camptothecine compound)

question

Podophyllum peltatum: Common name

answer

Mayapple

question

Podophyllum peltatum: Plant description and origin

answer

Flowering and looks like an Elephant foot. (podo=feet phyllum=leaves) -Ripe fruit is edible.

question

Podophyllum peltatum: Chemical compound

answer

Podophyllumtoxin and peltatins in the resin from the rhizomes and roots -highly toxic when ingested

question

Podophyllum peltatum: Uses

answer

to remove warts, NaM main area? -Resin is corrosive and kills underlying malignant tissues

question

How do the toxins in the mayapple stop cell division?

answer

The toxins act on spindle fibers

question

Podophyllum peltatum: history and now

answer

Traditionally ysed by natives of N. America as a purgative and to remove warts. Now used in testicular tumors and in breast and lung cancer

question

Podophyllum peltatum: common form

answer

semi synthetic due to high toxicity and related side effects

question

What plant was use to treat genital warts secretly in the 1800s?

answer

Podophyllum peltatum (Mayapple)

question

Viscum album: Common name and plant description

answer

European mistletoe Album (white) -same family as the american, green fruit -Semi parasitic, woody shrub

question

Viscum album: common form

answer

Fresh or dried herb or leaves

question

Viscum album: chemical compounds

answer

Viscotoxins

question

Viscotoxins

answer

As toxic as cobra venom. When injected, show immune-stimulating effects. At high concentrations the cytotoxic and anti-tumor activities predominate

question

Viscum album: Use

answer

prolong life of cancer patients

question

What causes heart insufficiency?

answer

An inability of the heart muscle to supply the body with adequate amounts of blood

question

Symptoms of heart insufficiency

answer

-difficulty breathing (dyspnea), fatigue, tachycardia -Nocturia= frequent urination -Adema= accumulation of fluids -Cyanosis= blue green coloring of skin

question

New York Heart Association has published?

answer

a scale of heart insufficiency with four stages:

question

NYHA 1, NYHA 2:

answer

heart complaints under physical activity

question

NYHA 3 and 4:

answer

heart complaints under moderate activity

question

Crataegus laevigata: common name and description

answer

Hawthorns -Shrubs or small trees, white flowers and little cherries -Cherry family Europe & Asia

question

Crataegus laevigata: Chemical compounds and common form

answer

Procyanidins and flavanoids found in dried leaves/flowers -Special extracts are used as a cardiotonic

question

Crataegus laevigata: Use

answer

Treats NYHA 1 and 2 and bradycardia (slow heart beat) -Increases the strength of contraction and coronary blood flow. - removes some of the symptoms of heart failure (edema, hypertension, anxiety, high blood pressure) -Safe to take regularly

question

What compound is used to treat NYHA 3 and 4?

answer

Cardiac glycosides

question

What plants are used to treat NYHA 3 and NYHA 4 heart conditions

answer

Dogbane, purple foxglove, oleander, strophantus, Yellow oleander -All in Apocyanaceae or Milk Weed family

question

What is a good sign that a plant is in Apocyanaceae or Milk Weed family?

answer

When you break a branch sticky white sap or latex comes out

question

Difitalis purpurea

answer

Purple foxglove -Used to treat NYHA 3 or 4 heart conditions

question

Nerium oldeander

answer

Oleander (pink) -Used to treat NYHA 3 or 4 heart conditions

question

Strophanthus gratus: common name and application

answer

Strophantus -Used to treat NYHA 3 or 4 heart conditions

question

Thevetia peruviana

answer

Yellow Oleander -Used to treat NYHA 3 or 4 heart conditions

question

Apocynum cannabinum: Common name and plant description

answer

Dogbane / Indian hemp -Shrubby, extremely toxic -Found all over N. America

question

Apocynum cannabinum meaning

answer

dog go away

question

Apocynum cannabinum: Chemical compound and plant part

answer

Cymarin found in roots -Milky latex may cause blisters

question

Apocynum cannabinum: Use

answer

Treat NYHA 3 or 4 - Lowers pulse rate and increases blood pressure -Also used in HOmeopathy

question

Heart: Rauwolfia alkaloids

answer

Serpentine Anti-hypertension

question

Heart: Ephedra

answer

Anti-hyportensive

question

Heart: Coumarins

answer

Anticoagulants

question

Heart: Theophylline (tea leaves)

answer

Diuretics

question

Arrhythmia and treatment

answer

Problem w/ heart rhythm

question

Antiarrhythmic drugs:

answer

Digioxin, Ouabain, Quinidine

question

Arteriosclerosis

answer

risk factor for cardiac infraction and stroke can result from heperlipidemia and cholesterol

question

Plants used to treat Arteriosclerosis

answer

Garlic, onion, Tea plant (Tree), Tumeric, Ginseng

question

Allium sativum

answer

Garlic -used to treat Arteriosclerosis

question

Allium cepa (heart)

answer

Onion -used to treat Arteriosclerosis

question

Camellia sinensis

answer

Tea plant (Tea tree) used to treat Arteriosclerosis and Bronchitis Theophylline extracts-helps in blood flow, dilating vessels

question

Curcuma longa

answer

Tumeric -used to treat Arteriosclerosis

question

Panax ginseng

answer

Ginseng -used to treat Arteriosclerosis

question

Arteriosclerosis: Holistic approach

answer

-Well balanced, sensible diet -exercise -no smoking -stress-free lifestyle -positive outlook

question

Diseases related to the Respiratory System

answer

Cold, rhinitis (inflammation of nasal caity, sinusitis, and otitis (ear infection), congestion, cough, bronchitis, asthma

question

Causes of cold, rhinitis, sinusitis, and otitis

answer

Infectious viruses detroy mucous membrans which lead to bacterial infections and painful inflammation of the respiratory tract and middle ear

question

Treatment for cold, rhinitis, sinusitis, and otitis

answer

Mostly symptomatic to reduce inflammation and dryness

question

Plants used externally to treat cold, rhinitis, sinusitis, and otitis

answer

Camphor, Blue gum, Pepper mint

question

Cinnamomum camphora

answer

Camphor -Used as essential oil to treat respiratory disease

question

Eucalyptus globulus

answer

Blue gum Eucalyptus oil to treat respiratory disease

question

Mentha x(cultivated form) piperita

answer

pepper mint -to treat respiratory disease

question

Plants used internally to treat cold, rhinitis, sinusitis, and otitis

answer

Onion, Ephedra, Echinacea, Black Elderberry

question

Allium cepa (respiratory)

answer

Onion -to treat respiratory disease -Juice mixed w. honey overnight drain honey and take table spoon 3-4 times a day

question

Ephedra spp.

answer

-to treat respiratory disease -usually prescribed

question

Echinacea spp.

answer

-to treat respiratory diesease

question

Sambucus nigra: common name and plant description

answer

Black Elderberry -Black fruit used to make jelly -shrub/small tree - Europe, Asia, N Africa, Eastern N. America

question

Sambucus nigra: Chemical compound and use

answer

Rutin Dried flower are used to treat colds inflammation of respiratory tract and hay fever

question

Expectorants

answer

help clear chest congestion by coughing out mucus

question

Plants used to treat congestions

answer

Ipecac, Volatil oils (Eucalyptus, anie, fennel, thyme)

question

Psychotria ipecacuanha: Common name and description

answer

Ipecac -looks like coffee plant (same family- Rubiaceae) -small shrub -S. America- Brasil

question

Psychotria ipecacuanha: Chemical Compound and use

answer

Emetine -Dried roots/powder used for chronic bronchitis w/ dry cough (.5-2g) -emetic purposes -also induces vomiting

question

Antitussives

answer

used to supress cough EX: Codeine and pertussis

question

Papaver somniferum

answer

Opium -Codine used to supress cough

question

Lobelia inflata

answer

Indian Tobacco Used to treat Pertussis (whooping cough), bronchitis, and asthma

question

Bronchitis and treatment

answer

Inflammation of bronchi; fever -Bronchodilators: Relax the smooth muscles of the bronchioles

question

Plants used to treat bronchitis

answer

Jimson weed, Ephedra, Tea Tree

question

Datura stramonium: common name and description

answer

Jimson weed -Robust annual -looks like angels trumpet -Tropical N. Murica -same family as atropa belladonna

question

Datura stramonium: Active compounds and use

answer

Hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine Found in leaves mainly Used to in cough syrup to treat asthma and bronchitis -Used in Homeopathy

question

Datura stramonium: Side Effects

answer

-Can cause hallucinations and is deadly

question

Asthma

answer

influenced by infections, toxins and allergens that cause chronic inflammation

question

Plants used to treat Asthma

answer

Atropa belladonna, tea tree, Ephedra, Jimson weed, Indian Tobacco

question

Dementia

answer

loss of individually acquired intellectual capabilities: memory, concentration, power of judgement etc. -Most treatments are symptomatic and can temporarily improve improve or delay the progression

question

Ginkgo biloba:Common name

answer

Maiden hair tree

question

Ginkgo biloba: Medical Application

answer

-Delays onset of dementia, treats vertigo and tinnitus

question

Plants used to treat dementia

answer

Ginkgo and Snowdrop

question

Galanthus nivalis: Common name and description

answer

Snowdrop Small plant w/ nodding white flowers

question

Galanthus nivalis: Origin

answer

Europe

question

Galanthus nivalis: Chemical compounds and in what part

answer

Galanthamine Found in Bulbs along w/ other toxic alkaloids

question

Galanthus nivalis: Use

answer

Approved for use of alzheimers in most countries -Increases the concentration of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.

question

Vertigo

answer

or dizziness- a symptom not a disease -sensation of spinning or whirling that occurs as a result of disturbance in balance (equilibrium)

question

Main plant used to treat Vertigo

answer

Ginkgo Biloba - 240 mg/day

question

Tinnitus

answer

ringing int he ear -can lead to insomnia, lack of concentration, anxiety, depression, headache, atc

question

Main plant used to treat Tinnitus

answer

Ginkgo Biloba - clinically proven 120-240 mg/day

question

Different types of Digestive tract disorders

answer

Irritation of the stomach and intestine -Gastritis, ulcers, diarrhea, constipation, -Haemorrhoids

question

Symptoms of irritation of the stomach and intestine

answer

Dyspepsia (indigestion) spasms (involuntary contraction of muscle-often painful) -heartburn, lack of appetite, vomiting, nausea, flatulence

question

Treatment for symptoms of irritation of stomach and intestine

answer

Antiacids, antispasmodics, caminatives (gases), purgatives, vermifugages

question

Plants used for irritation of stomach and instestine

answer

Atropa belladona, caraway, coriander, pomagranate, ginger, plant enzymes

question

Carum carvi: Common name and description

answer

Caraway -small branched herb with tiny flowers

question

Carum carvi: Plant part used and common form

answer

Small, dry, brown fruits are used as carminatives

question

Carum Carvi: Application/ Use

answer

-Also used as a spice and colic remedy

question

Carum carvi: chemical compound and use

answer

Volatile oils -treat dyspepsia, flatulence, and intestinal spasms

question

Punica granatum

answer

Pomegranate

question

Zingiber officinale

answer

Ginger

question

Popular plant enzymes

answer

Papaya, pineapple, figs

question

Gastrits, Ulcers cause

answer

irritation of the mucous membrane of the stomach (Alcohol, drugs, HCl)

question

What is the bacteria that causes stomach ulcers?

answer

Helicobacter pylori - treated by antibiotics

question

How is Gastritis/Ulcers treated?

answer

-Tropane alkaloids inhibit gastric acid secretion -Anti-inflammatory drugs protect mucous membranes

question

Plants used to treat gastritis and ulcers

answer

Atropa belladonna, Caraway, Coriander/Cilantro

question

Coriandrum sativum: common name, plant description and origin

answer

Coriander/Cilantro Annual aromatic -Mediterranean

question

Coriandrum sativum: Plant part used

answer

Fresh leaves (cilantro) and dry fruits (coriander)

question

Coriandrum sativum: chemical compound and use

answer

Essential oil- lianalool -spasmolytic, carminative, and antimicrobial -insulin control -treats lack of appetite and dyspepsia

question

Diarrhea causes:

answer

Psychosomatic and autoimmune disturbances -Stomach infections -Intoxication and hormonal disturbances

question

Diarrhea treatment:

answer

Plants with anti inflammatory and carminative effects

question

Plants used to treat Diarrhea

answer

Caraway, Asafetida, Mint, Astringents (Tea tree), Witch Hazel, Chamomile

question

Camellia sinensis: Common name and compound

answer

Tea Tree -Tannin rich

question

Astringent

answer

Tannin rich used to treat Diarrhea

question

Hamamelis virginiana

answer

Witch Hazel

question

How is Witch Hazel use in digestive disorders?

answer

-shrinks inflamed tissue

question

Matricaria recutita: Common name and plant description

answer

Chamomile -White petals, yellow center, family of ragweed -annual herb

question

Matricaria recutita: Origin

answer

-Eastern Europe and W. Asia

question

Matricaria recutita: Plant part used and in what form

answer

Dried flower head extracts and taken as tea (less than 3 mg) -Or topically

question

Matricaria recutita: Chemical compound and use

answer

Essential oils, flavonoids and coumarins -used for dyspepsia, gastritis, diarrhea and nausea. -treats skin conditions due to their antibiotic & anti-inflammatory effects

question

Constipation causes

answer

Food low in fibers, lack of motility, medicines, and psychosomatic disturbances

question

Plants used for treating constipation

answer

Aloe, blackthorn, chinese rhubarb, tamarind, flax

question

Rhamnus catharticus:Common name and Use

answer

Buckthorn -stimulant laxative (one time cleansing)

question

Rheum palmatum: common name

answer

Chinese rhubarb (palm shaped leave)

question

Rheum palmatum: plant part used and form

answer

Sliced and dried rhizomes -Powdered in form of tea (1-2 grams)

question

Rheum palmatum: Use

answer

Stimulant laxative used to cleanse stomach

question

Rheum palmatum: Chemical compound

answer

Anthraquinone glycoside -not recommended to be used in combination with other medications

question

Heamorrhoids: Causes

answer

Aka Piles -Dilation and inflammation of anal arteries

question

Plants used to treat Haemorrhoids:

answer

Atropa belladonna, Witch Hazel and St. John's wort

question

Atropa belladonna application for haemorrhoids

answer

suppository,

question

Witch Hazel application for haemorrhoids

answer

shrink tissue

question

St. John's wort application for haemorrhoids

answer

topical heal

question

What is the main organ of metabolism and detoxification in our body?

answer

Liver

question

Where does Bile come from?

answer

Secreted by liver

question

What is cirrhosis and what is it caused by?

answer

Scarring of the liver. Caused by long term alcohol abuse

question

What plants are used to treat liver disorders?

answer

Globe artichoke, Soybean, Milk thistle

question

Cynara scolymus: Common name, plant description, chemical compound

answer

Globe artichoke -same family as sunflower -leaves contain Cynarin

question

Silybum marianum: common name and description

answer

Milk Thistle -Herb w/ milky latex

question

Silybum marianum:Origin

answer

S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia

question

Silybum marianum: What part of the plant is used? What form?

answer

Fruits and extracts are used in a tonic (175 mg / day)

question

Silybum marianum: Use

answer

Achenes are used in digestive tonic for dyspepsia, bile disorder and liver regeneration Extracts are used toxic liver damage, hepatitis, cirrhosis

question

galactogogue (Milk Thistle)

answer

a food or drug that promotes or increases the flow of a mother's milk. Ex: Milk Thistle

question

Plants used for Bile Secretion disorders

answer

Celandine, Tumeric, Absinthe/Northwood, Mint

question

Chelidonium majus: common name and plant description

answer

Celandine -perennial herb w. yellow latex

question

Chelidonium majus: Origin

answer

-Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia

question

Chelidonium majus: Chemical compound

answer

Plant extracts contain ;20 alkaloids including Berberine and Chelidonine

question

Chelidonium majus: Use

answer

Liver and bile disorders to treat gall stones, jaundice and hepatitis -Used externally to remove warts

question

What is Rheumatism and Arthritis?

answer

Inflammation and degeneration of skeletal muscles bones and joints, often accompanied by severe pain

question

Plants used to treat Arthritis and Rheumatism

answer

Devils claw, black mustard, Chili pepper, Blue gum, Stinging needle

question

Harpagophytum procumbens: Common name

answer

Devils claw

question

Harpagophytum procumbens: Medical application

answer

-Treats arthritis

question

Brassica nigra: Common name and plant description

answer

Black Mustard -Ancient herb w/ long seed pods (silique)

question

Brassica nigra: Origin

answer

- Europe and Asia

question

Brassica nigra: Plant part used

answer

Ripe seeds and seed oil -Seeds yield pungent mustard oil

question

Brassica nigra: Chemical compound

answer

Glucosinolates- sinigrin in the oil increases peripheral blood flow.

question

Brassica nigra: Side effect

answer

-may cause skin irritation

question

Brassica nigra: use

answer

Remedy for joins, makes paste out of seeds to treat inflammation and pain

question

What is Gout?

answer

Inflammation of the joints in the knee, wrist finger, big toe

question

Capsicum frutescens: common name

answer

Chili pepper

question

Capsicum frutescens: application

answer

-used to treat rheumatism and arthritis

question

Eucalyptus globulus: common name

answer

Blue gum

question

Eucalyptus globulus: Pain application

answer

-used to treat rheumatism and arthritis

question

Urtica dioica: common name

answer

Stinging nettle

question

Urtica dioica: pain application

answer

-used to treat rheumatism and arthritis

question

Plants used to treat gout

answer

Meadow saffron

question

Colchicum autumnale: Common name and plant description

answer

Meadow saffron/ autumn crocus -Herb w/ a fleshy corm

question

Colchicum autumnale:Origin

answer

-Europe, N. Africa

question

Colchicum autumnale: plant part used

answer

Cut and dried corms, seeds flowers

question

Colchicum autumnale: chemical compound

answer

Colchicine- from all plant parts used -small doses no more than 8 mg / day. Anything ;10 is toxic

question

Colchicum autumnale: Use

answer

Excellent anti-inflammatory agent ; pain killer Was considered in cancer therapy because it interferes spindle fiber formation. -excellent for therapy but highly toxic

question

What plant induces polyploidy in other plants?

answer

Meadow saffron

question

Ophthalmology

answer

Dieses of the eye- Glaucoma, inflammation, infections

question

Plants used to treat any ophthalmology

answer

Atropa belladonna, Buckwheat, European Barberry, Marijuana

question

Atropa belladonna's use in ophthalmology

answer

controlls inflammation of iris, cornea, and diagnostics

question

Fagopyrum esculentum: common name

answer

esculentum (edible) Buckwheat

question

Fagopyrum esculentum:medical application

answer

-to control internal bleeding and edema in the eye

question

Berberis vulgaris: Common name and plant description

answer

Barberry -Thorny shrub

question

Berberis vulgaris: Origin

answer

-Europe and Asia

question

Cannabis Sativa: Common name and plant description

answer

Sativa (cultivated) Marijuana

question

Cannabis Sativa: Origin

answer

-Asia: China and India

question

Cannabis Sativa: Parts used

answer

Female flowers and young leaves have glandular trichomes

question

Glandular trichomes

answer

Epidermis extensions found on female flowers and young leaves of the Marijuana plant. Contains high levels of psycho-active compounds.

question

Marijuana: Chemical compounds

answer

Cannabinoids, Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Cannaidiol (CBD)

question

Cannabinoids

answer

Used in Glaucoma patients to relieve intraocular pressure

question

Tetrahydrocannabinol origin

answer

Psycho-active comound found mostly in Cannabis Indica (India) and a little bit in Cannabis sativa

question

Which species of Cannabis is used as a fiber source?

answer

Cannabis sativa- China

question

Cannabidiol (CBD)

answer

Does not contain psycho active properties. Therefore is a "safe" Cannabinoid

question

Medicinal use of Cannabidiol

answer

Anti-epileptic activity (many clinical trials) - Powerful effects on CNS: Memory, emotions, concentration, time, coordination.

question

Tetrahydrocannabinol medicinal use

answer

Respiratory disorders: emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma -Eases nausea and vomiting for chemo patients

question

Risks associated with abuse of marijuana

answer

Impairment of short term memory, personality problems, lack of motivation Was thought to be a "Gateway drug", but recent studies disprove this and instead claim alcohol is.

question

True/False: Moderate marijuana smokers are at a lower risk of lung cancer

answer

True

question

Plant used to treat intese pain caused by surgery, cancer,fractures, wounds etc?

answer

Opium

question

Most abundant Alkaloid: Morphine

answer

-Strong analgesic/narcotic(makes drowsy) -Readily absorbed -Lasts longer

question

Migraine

answer

Affects women more than men Involves a disturbance of cerebral blood circulation

question

Migraine remedies

answer

Soak feet in hot water Paste of crushed ginger and apply to forehead.

question

Different types of Migraines/ Headaches

answer

Sinus (behind forehead/cheekbones) Cluster (in and around one eye) Tension (band squeezing head) Migraine (on one side)

question

Plants used to treat Migraines

answer

Feverfew and Butterbur

question

Chrysanthemum parthenium:common name and application

answer

Feverfew -Treats migraines fever, and rheumatism -Take as tea 100mg every now and then

question

Chrysanthemum parthenium:Origin

answer

-European T.M

question

What plant is used in germany to induce mensturation and therefore should not be taken when pregnant?

answer

Feverfew

question

Petasite hybridus: Common name and plant description

answer

Butterbur -Robust herb -grows in wet marshy riverbanks/freshwater area

question

Petasite hybridus: origin

answer

-Europe and N.W. Asia

question

Petasite hybridus: Parts use

answer

-leaves are round and unique inflorecense

question

Petasite hybridus: Chemical compound

answer

Terpene- extracted from rhizomes

question

How are the toxic alkaloids removed from Butterbur to isolate Terpene?

answer

Via CO2 and cannot be done on your own. Therefore it is dangerous to take on your own.

question

Petasite hybridus: Use

answer

Proven to reduce pain in migraine by 56% -14 times more effective than papaverine Used since middle ages for muscle spasms and convulsions

question

Neuralgia

answer

Pain along the nevers which occur in discrete attacks

question

Plants used to treat neuralgia

answer

Yellow Jasmine, Asawagantha, Clove tree

question

Gelsemium sempervirens: common name and plant description

answer

Yellow Jasmine (no relation to real jasmine) -Climber from eastern part of N. America

question

Gelsemium sempervirens: Chemical compounds and form of dosing

answer

Alkaloids- Gelsemine Taken as tincture 0.3 grams Very toxic even in small quantities (1-3g)

question

Gelsemium sempervirens: Use and side effects

answer

Treats Neuralgia for face and dental Used as decoration around the house (dangerous for children and pets)

question

Depression causes

answer

disturbances of the equilibrium between neurotransmitters, receptors and transporters of the neurotransmitters

question

Depression symptoms

answer

low spirit, cheerless mood, loss of interest and motivation adn fatigue

question

Plant used to treat depression

answer

Hypericum perforatum- St. John's wort -Interacts with up to 50% of prescription drugs

question

Treatment of Anxiety

answer

With anxiolytics or tranquilizers. To seperate the influence of psychic conditions on the vegitative system.

question

Plants used to treat anxiety

answer

Hops, St. Johns wort, Kava, Snakeroot

question

Piper methysticum: common name and medical application

answer

Kava Kava -treats anxiety

question

Rauwolfia serpentina: common name and medical application

answer

Snakeroot -treats anxiety and hypertension -Used by Gandhi for tea

question

Humulus lupulus: Common name and plant description

answer

Hops Modifies leaves close to flower used in tea

question

Humulus lupulus: Use and Chemical compound

answer

Treats Anxiety, Insomnia, tension and restlessness -Different type of THC -Non-addictive but induces sleep so don't take too much -Workers fell asleep in fields

question

Plants used to treat insomnia, tension and restlessness

answer

Hops, lemon balm, passion flower, valerian

question

Melissa officinalis:Common name and medical use

answer

Lemon Balms -Used to treat insomnia, tension and restlessness

question

Valerian officinalis:common name and medical application

answer

Valerian -Used to treat insomnia, tension and restlessness

question

Passiflora incarnata: Common name and plant description

answer

Passion flower -Woody vine with tendrils

question

Passiflora incarnata(edulis):Origin

answer

- E. and S. parts of North 'murica

question

Passiflora incarnata: Chemical compounds and plant part

answer

Leaves and thin stems are used in extracts -contain flavonoids -No active compounds known

question

Passiflora incarnata: Use

answer

Treats nervousness and insomnia -no side effects but may make you too relaxed -drinking 2-3 times a day is safe

question

Wounds ; Haematoma:

answer

Aloe, Witch Hazel

question

Infections ; itching:

answer

Tea tree oil. Garlic, Camphor, Chamomile

question

Eczema:

answer

Primrose oil, Chamomile

question

Warts:

answer

Mayapple

question

Horse Chestnut : description

answer

( white flowers) Deciduous tree

question

Horse Chestnut :origin

answer

from E. Europe to C. Asia.

question

Horse Chestnut : parts used and form

answer

Tinctures (from seeds, bark, leaves)

question

Horse Chestnut : application for skin conditions

answer

-gargled for mouth ulcer and also used in skin creams -seed extracts are venotonic taken internally for varicose veins

question

Horse Chestnut : compound

answer

saponins, and tannins

question

symphytum officinale: common name and description

answer

-Comfrey, ( purple flower) -A perennial herb

question

symphytum officinale:origin

answer

Europe ; W . Asia . Common in N.America

question

symphytum officinale: parts used

answer

Dried rhizomes ; roots

question

symphytum officinale: application

answer

-used as poultice ; paste ( external use only) -wound-healing, sprains, fractures, dislocations, boils, etc Internal use ONLY

question

symphytum officinale: side effects

answer

carcinogenic and mutagenic can cause liver damage

question

Urinary tract conditions

answer

infections inflammation kidney stones BPH

question

Urinary tract conditions : plants used

answer

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi- Bearberry Asparagus, Cranberry- Diuretic Butterbur- for kidney stones Corn Silk , Dandelion leaves Camellia Tea

question

Bearberry: description and origin

answer

- related to blueberry A shrub from the Arctic regions of Asia, America ; Europe.

question

Bearberry:Parts used and application

answer

Leaves are used as tea for urinary tract infections ; inflammations. -antibacterial, antifungal ; antiseptic.

question

Bearberry: compound

answer

-arbutin( used with Sodium Bicarbonate, to promote action)

question

Reproductive system disorders - Female: problems and treatments

answer

Include menstrual disorders, PMS, inflammation of the genital tract. hormonal mimetic are used for therapy

question

Reproductive system disorders - Female: Plants used

answer

-Black Cohosh -Nutmeg- for menstrual irregularities induces menstruation -Vitex agnus-castus- Chaste tree

question

Black Cohosh : use

answer

For PMS, menopausal symptoms -act as mild sedative

question

Nutmeg:use

answer

for menstrual irregularities induces menstruation ;5g could be toxic

question

Vitex agnus-castus: common name and description

answer

-Chaste Tree -Shrub or a small tree

question

Vitex agnus-castus:origin

answer

-originally from the Mediterranean. mENTIONEd IN "de Materia Medica" Written by dioscorides

question

Vitex agnus-castus:use /application

answer

-used for gynecological complaints. -In an extract form ( 3g of dried fruit.day) used in treating PMS, dysmenorrhea ; menopausal symptom

question

Vitex agnus-castus:compounds and parts used

answer

variety of phytochemicals from dried, ripe fruits

question

Reproductive system disorders- Male Infection: symptoms

answer

Nocturia, Dysuria, Hematuria

question

Reproductive system disorders- Male Infection: plants used

answer

Bearberry, Saw Palmetto

question

Reproductive system disorders- Male Malignancy: plants

answer

Mayapple

question

Reproductive system disorders- Male BPH: plants used

answer

enlarge prostate in males - Stinging needle, (african cherry, Serenoa repens

question

african cherry for BPH parts used

answer

Bark extracts

question

african cherry video:

answer

moorie, mainly used for prostate cancer endangered species list natural healer uses bark dorothy biochemistry student

question

Serenoa repens for BPH parts used

answer

Fruit extracts

question

Neem tree for Reproductive system disorders

answer

seed oil blocks spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone

question

Russell Marker

answer

Pioneer of oral contraception -modified compounds and made Progesterone could get estrogen and testosterone -hE USED wild yam from Mexico

question

Russell Marker plant used

answer

used Sarsaparilla

question

Sarsaparilla: compounds

answer

-saponins

question

Cortisone

answer

gave rise to many steroidal drugs Other sources: Soy, Strophantus

question

Gossypol

answer

-cotton genus) from Gossypium cotton seed oil

question

Plants that enhance immune system contain:

answer

immunostimulating, immunomodulating ; immunocorrecting phytochemicals.

question

Immune system disorders:Main plants

answer

-chamomile - ginseng -Echinacea -Hawthorn -tumeric Licorice ( true licorice) Capsicum annuum- chilli pepper Brassica nigra- black mustard the last two are used in irritative therapy ( to stimulate immune system)

question

which two plants are used to stimulate the immune system

answer

black mustard, chilli pepper

question

Licorice:description

answer

-true licorice -A shrub with woody stems.

question

Licorice: origin

answer

-Mediterranean region.(bean family)

question

Licorice:compounds/ parts used

answer

-Dried root extracts contain flavanoids ; saponins glycyrrhizin:50-100 times sweeter than sugar

question

Licorice:use and application

answer

Phagocytosis known for immune stimulating properties -antiviral, antibacterial, cytotoxic, gastric ulcers, coughs ; skin conditions.

question

Travel sickness: Main Plants

answer

Datura stramonium- Jimson's weed Zingiber officinale-Ginger

question

Travel sickness: Jimson's weed

answer

mildy hallucinating can be smoked local to area solenaece family has scopolamine has sedative effects

question

Travel sickness: Ginger parts used and compound

answer

-fleshy rhizomes contain volatile oils-gingerols stimulate gastric juice ; saliva secretion and control nausea

question

Travel sickness: Ginger side effects

answer

should not be used for morning sickness increases blood flow , can be dangerous if expecting ( pregnant) if taking in large amounts

question

Travel sickness: Ginger application

answer

tea or used in cooking shouldn't be trouble best known for treating travel sickness

question

Zintona for travel sickness

answer

medication contains powder ginger

Final Medicinal Botany – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards