Drug Exam One – Flashcards
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GFHP
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G (Gabby)-Gathering Data F(Fico)- Finding Patterns H(Hates)-Hypothesis P (Pizza)- Prediction
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What is the role of the FDA?
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The organization that makes sure drugs are safe and effective.
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How did the FDA come about?
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Originally they had very little power. Then, an antibiotic for yeast infections included ethylene glycol (anti-freeze) which is extremely toxic to your kidneys and liver. 100 people died. Led to the passing of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act of 1938.
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Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
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It gave the FDA sweeping power over the approval fall drugs.
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Diuretic
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Any substance that makes one urinate.
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What can a diuretic do to your blood pressure?
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Urinations lower your blood pressure.
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Half-life
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How long it takes for half of the drug to remain in your system.
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Placebo
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A sugar pill used in blinder, double blind studies.
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Double blind Study
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Both parties are blind in the clinical trial and the experimenter or scientist and the person receiving the drug doesn't know whether its placebo or the actual medicine. This process is used in clinical trials to prevent bias in the research.
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Explain the process of how the drug is performed orally
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Swallow the pill and make it go to your stomatch and then the drug will disintegrate and dissolve; after this it makes its way to the small intestin and from here it goes to the bloodstream.
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What drug dissolves directly into the blood stream
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Aspirin
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Are there other methods for drug delivery?
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Orally, IV, Intro Muscular, Subcutaneous
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What is a block buster joke?
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When a drug is successful and annually makes 1 billion dollars from sales.
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What is the cost of research in clinical trials?
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1.2 Billion
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Blockbuster Drug
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A blockbuster drug is a successful drug to be considered a blockbuster sales need to eclipse one billion dollars annually. In order to be a blockbuster drugs need to be unique and distinguish themselves be funded by insurance companies.
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Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and this prevalence of each
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Type 1 diabetes is early childhood diabetes Type 2 is more prevalent or common types of diabetes 90% of cases are type two diabetes Type 2 is influenced by certain factors such as poor eating habits, obesity, lack of exercise, etc.
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Newer treatments for diabetes
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Lantus is 24hr insulin coverage, byetta is injected under the skin twice a day. Byetta comes from Gila monster
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What organs are involved in diabetes?
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Pancrieas and liver
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Understand the first clinical trial and scurvy
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Scurvy was a disease that was common in sailors. People were getting it quickly. Symptoms bleeding gums and lost of teeth.
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Doctor James Lyn
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experimented by selecting 12 patients with those symptoms. He figured that lemons and oranges were the best and patients were healthy after that. This means the sailors had vitamin c deficiency.
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Purpose of Scurvy clinical trial
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To show why the clinical trial process is important.
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Phase 1
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Healthy male volunteers are tested with the drug. Because the female reproductive system is very important and they did't want it to be tarnish. They test them to see how long the drug is in the body and if its safe.
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Phase 2
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Several hundred people are tested. The purpose of this is to test the drug on people who actually need it. Just to see if it would work on people who needed it
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Phase 3
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100 of thousands of people are tested. The purpose of this is to see safety and masses and to see how a drug works in different gender, race, and age. Effectiveness and long-term safety are key driving forces. If this goes well the company meets with the FDA to file and IND (Investigational new drug application) this means the drug was approved by the FDA and can be reduced by the public.
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Ma huang
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This treated coughs and its the first documented drug from China (from Emperor Shen Nung). Active componant of Ma huang is ephedrine.
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Pseudoephedrinephredine
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Meth is stemed from Pseudoephedrinedine once removing alcohol.
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Turmeric
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Was used to treats coughs liver ailments and inflamation. This is very healthy because it contains curcumin.
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Curcumin
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This lowers cholesterol, prevents cancer and surprises diabetes.
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Opium
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Stemed from damage poppy plants and is a highly addictive drug used for pain. This also contains morphine which is the reason why its so addictive.
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Cinchona Bark
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This was a useful treatment for malaria and fever. Its key component quinine. This is also used as a cutting agent.
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Caffeine
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It has health benefits due to being a diarretic and it helps to lower blood pressure. Its a powerful stimulant; its the most common stimulant.
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Nicotine
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Another stimulant second to caffeine. It is high addictive.
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What therapy did ancient Egyptian use for treating infected wounds? What are some natural remedies?
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The ancient Egyptian therapy was known as poulticing. Some natural remedies are taking a piece of moldy bread and placing it on the affect wound. Another one is honey.
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Half-life on penicillin VK (Oral form of penicillin)
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30-60 minutes and it generally has taken twice to three times a day.
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Explain the process of how diabetes was confirmed in a dog and how insulin was discovered
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(Minkowski and von Mering found that when the pancreas is removed from dogs diabetes begin) from this they concluded that the pancreas was crucial for sugar metabolism. El Scott extracted stuff with alcohol they took it and injected it into dogs and it lowered their blood glucose. After this they took fluid from healthy dog pancreatic islets and then injected this fluid into diabetic dogs. Then the insulin returned the diabetic dogs to normarcy. (Genetic engineering allows scientist to make insulin).
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Pellagra Case
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The second clinical trial that affected poor people and people institutions. This was common in people in prisons, and anyone who had a diet consisted of pork fat, malases and cornbread. The people employees of people in institutions didn't have it. They isolated a fraction of liver abstract which cured pellagra in chickens. Whatever they isolated from the river cured pellagra in chickens. They called this vitamn "G" after Goldberger from the guy who started this experience. Vitamin G is now referred to as Vitamin B3 and the whole conclusion of this case is that individuals who had this case had Vita D 3 difficiency. The point of this case is to show why the scientific process is important and continuous.
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Patulin
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This is a drug that was proposed for the common cold. In the end after testing both groups they realize the drug did nothing compared to the placebo. The important of this is that in introduced the placebo and double blind study to the world.
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Explain the process of how the discovery of Penicillin took place for Dr.Fleming
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The mold juice was capable of killing off a wide variety of bacteria.
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What were the major challenges of this discovery of process?
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Dr.Flemings assistant tried to isolate pure penicillin from the mold juice. But it was too difficult. It was too unstable which made it hard them purify it.
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How do penicillin derivatives work to kill bacteria?
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This inhibits cell wall growth. Therefore, if the bacterial sell wall can't grow the bacterial one dies. It needs the cell wall in order to remain there. If there is no cell wall the bacteria dies.
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What are some major problems that can happen with penicillin directives?
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The problem with this is that it is highly resistant it is common for people to have a resistant or tolerance for it. Resistance a long with allergic reactions or problems than derive from penicillin use.
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What are the uses of penicillin
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Penecilin is used today to treat infections. It kills bacteria with the whole cell wall. This skims infections, strep throat and lime disease. Penicillin can be used for syphlis.
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Why is there a penicillin "G" and a penicillin "VK"
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Penicillin "G" is used for staff infections and staff infections can't be treated with the oral penicillin which is why penicillin "G" is needed and staff infections can be deadly.
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Sypro
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This belongs to Quinolone antibiotics.
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What is Sypro not useful against?
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Its not useful against Pneumonia, because it is not effective against the bacterial line.
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What does Sypro work for?
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It works well for infections but particularly bone infections. Skin infections and UTI are also infected by this.
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Who develops Sypro?
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This was first marketed in 1987 by Buyer
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Why should you avoid anti acids with Sypro?
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Ant Acids contains aluminum or magnesium in both of these can form a fault with Sypro and salt isn't soluble. If salt can't resolved then the drug can'y absorbed through the small intestin.
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What is the mechanism of action with Sypro?
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It stops cell division of bacteria so the cell dies off.
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What is Clindamysin uses
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Its used for infections but mostly use for topical drug which is mostly used for drug. It used with mercy to help treat soft tissue infections.
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What is Merca and why is it a public health danger?
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It is a strain of staff that is resistant to penicillin based drugs. It is a serious health risk which can't be stopped by penecillin.
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How does Clindamysin work?
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It inhibits proteins synthesis which causes bacteria to die off.
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Where was found Tetracycline uses?
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It uses is to treat acne and other infections caused by bacteria. This was derived from soil dwelling founges.
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Other facts of tectracycline:
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Children born from mothers that take tecracyline are often born with brown or yellow teeth. Light sensitivty is also an issue with this drug. Doxycycline another type of tetracycline is often used immediately after someone is taught to contract lime disease.
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Law of Nature
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A type of mathematical equation of a regularity of nature.
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Hypothesis
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A tentative explanation of some some regularity of nature, based on patterns in data.
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Theory
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A thoroughly tested explanation of basic natural phenomena.
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Prediction
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A saying in advance about what one believes to happen or how a particular system will behave.
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Genetic Modification
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Scientists can use technology in mice to shut a gene ogg or turn a gene on with different consequences.
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Patent Life
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last for 20 years
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What are the 4 elements that bond with carbon?
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Hydrogen, NITROGEN!!!!, OCYGEN!!! CARBOOOOON!!!
