SOC 204 FINAL chap 8-9-15 – Flashcards

The example of Patrick Henry College is intended to point out

Which of the following is a social institution dedicated to the formal process of transmitting culture from teachers to students?

In 1848, Horace Mann, often referred to as the father of public education, called education

Which of the following statements about education in the United States is correct?

Which of the following is not one of the five positive functions that education serves for both individuals and society?

The Chinese government's revision of the nation's history curriculum to teach that the Chinese Communist Party played a central role in defeating Japan in World War II is an example of using education to

Many colleges require students to live on campus during their first two years. Which of the following is a reason for this policy?

In schools in the United States, bilingualism has been defended on which of the following grounds?

Critics of bilingualism in schools in the United States argue that

Higher levels of education generally lead to

Because schools serve as a transitional agent between childhood and entry into the labor force, they are crucial instruments of

Which of the following school programs was initiated to stimulate social change?

How do college campuses provide an environment for cultural innovation?

Jonathan Kozol determined that wide disparities exist between what types of schools?

In most states, a significant percentage of funding for public schools comes from

The "hidden curriculum" refers to the

In the United States, schoolchildren are taught to stay quiet until the teacher calls on them, and to regulate their activities according to clocks or bells. This learning experience is referred to as

Which of the following is an example of the hidden curriculum?

The impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements is known as

The term tracking refers to

Tracking programs

The "correspondence principle" refers to the tendency of

An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field is called

Which of the following is an effect of credentialism?

Which of the following describes what has happened since women have been awarded greater opportunities in education?

Federal Title IX policies require schools to

Reynolds and Baird's study revealed that those who failed to achieve their educational dreams did not experience long-term frustrations over that failure. They called this response

Researchers have identified distinctive student subcultures on college campuses. The students who focus on having fun and socializing are referred to as the ______ subculture.

Community college students are likely to possess which of the following traits, compared to their peers at four-year schools?

Which of the following characteristics is most likely to be true of families who home school?

According to W.E.B. Du Bois, "The true college will ever have one goal—not to earn meat, but to know the end and aim of that life which meat nourishes." By this Du Bois meant that the purpose of higher education is to expand our understanding of the world around us rather than just to increase our chances of benefiting materially.

One of the key reasons identified by researchers for why education perpetuates inequalities is the disparity in spending on education between rich and poor areas.

Contrary to conventional wisdom, a parent's level of education has no impact on the academic performance of the parent's children.

The term "hidden curriculum" is used by sociologists to specifically describe what they see as the positive role played by schools in preparing students to be productive members of society.

One long-term effect of the "correspondence principle" is that class divisions within society have been reduced significantly.

The approach to religion that focuses less on what religion is than on what religions do, with a particular emphasis on how religions contribute to social order, is the ______ approach to religion.

The concept of the sacred encompasses

Many cultures have shamans, or spiritual guides, who assist individuals on spiritual journeys to the "underworld" or some other non-earthly realm. These shamanic journeys would likely be considered part of

The term profane refers to

Émile Durkheim's approach to religion is closely tied to and gave rise to the

Which of the following would be considered examples of religious practices?

Which of the following groups do not function like a religion?

Members of a religious group think that God meant for people "to be fruitful and multiply"; therefore, they permit men to have several wives at one time. This is an example of a religious

The rigid adherence to core religious doctrines is referred to as

On the Jewish holiday of Passover, Jews are expected to eat matzo (unleavened bread) during their seder (holiday dinner) rather than the bread they eat during the rest of the year. Eating the matzo and having a seder are examples of religious

The feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion is called a religious

A religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion is known as a(n)

Which of the following is true regarding a denomination?

Which of the following is the largest single denomination in the United States?

Which of the following is an example of an established sect?

Which of the following is true about new religious movements or cults?

Which of the following is true about secularization?

Which of the following best reflects the most significant trend concerning religion in the United States?

Which religion is the largest single faith in the world?

Which of the following is not a belief that is shared by Christianity and Islam?

Which of the following is not a way that Hinduism differs from Christianity, Islam, and Judaism?

Which of the following religions has internal variations?

Durkheim argued that religion had what type of effect on society?

Which of the following is true about Max Weber?

Which of the following groups was not one of those Weber noted to be overwhelmingly Protestant in his 1904 book?

What term did Weber use to refer to a disciplined commitment to worldly labor driven by a desire to bring glory to God shared by followers of Martin Luther and John Calvin?

To which of the following does liberation theology refer?

Which of the following would be an example of liberation theology?

Which of the following statements about liberation theology is correct?

Karl Marx suggested that religion

Peter Berger's definition of religion as "the human enterprise by which a sacred cosmos is established" is an example of a functional definition of religion because it focuses on the importance of the role religion plays in the lives of ordinary people.

According to Max Weber, Protestants make better capitalists because at the heart of most Protestant belief systems, such as Calvinism, is the idea that only the rich can enter heaven.

For most Christians, bread is a profane object that becomes sacred during the act of communion.

Support for a sports team could be considered a religion according to a functionalist definition of religion, but not according to a substantive definition.

The main difference between ecclesiae and denominations is that ecclesiae are recognized by the government as national churches whereas denominations are not recognized.

Which term was used by Max Weber to refer to the ability to exercise one's will over others?

A sociology instructor decides what subject matter will be covered each time the class meets. The fact that the instructor can make these decisions and that the students must follow her lead is an example of

Weber defined force as

After a dinner-table argument with his grown children, a man changes his position on the issue of immigrant refugees being granted asylum in the United States. This would be an example of

Which of the following terms refers to power that is recognized as legitimate by the people over whom it is exercised?

Which of the following would most likely be an example of authority?

Which of the following is not one of Weber's classifications of authority?

Perceiving the orders of one's superiors to be legitimate because "this is how things have always been done" would be an example of a political system based on

Which of the following is the purest form of rational-legal authority?

After a mayoral election in a small town, nearly half the population readily accepts the leadership of the person for whom they did not vote. This is an example of

Which type of authority is derived more from the beliefs of followers than from the actual qualities of leaders?

Which of the following would not be an example of leadership through charismatic authority?

Which of the following best defines politics?

Which of the following is true about monarchy?

Which of the following is true about an oligarchy?

Which of the following statements is not true?

The pluralist model of power relations in the United States suggests that

Critics of ______ argue that it fails to address the potential power of elites to keep certain matters entirely out of the realm of political debate.

Which model of power relations suggests that society is ruled by a small group of individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests?

As described by C. Wright Mills, the power elite is made up of which of the following?

Which of the following terms did C. Wright Mills use to refer to the military power elite at the top of his pyramid structure?

According to G. William Domhoff's model of the political power structure, which coalition would colleges and universities likely belong to?

Which of the following statements about political behavior in the United States is correct?

A decline in political participation allows governments to

Which of the following tends to occur when there is lower voter turnout?

Which group has historically had particularly low voter turnout?

An analysis of newspaper coverage of gubernatorial races indicated that

Which recent event was reminiscent of Philip Zimbardo's mock prison experiment conducted in 1971?

Which of the following is an example of terrorism?

Which of the following typically occurs in the aftermath of a terrorist attack?

A system in which a small number of individuals rule over the people is best described as a "dictatorship."

Although fewer people are interested in politics in the United States relative to other countries, voter turnout is higher in the United States than most other democracies.

The use of the term "fiesta politics" implies that White politicians are only interested in minorities for their votes at election time.

Power elite theories and the pluralist model are very similar in that both highlight the problems associated with the exercise of power by the same groups of people within the United States' political system.

Although there are small differences in meaning between the terms "power" and "authority," most sociologists use the terms interchangeably.

The social institution dedicated to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services is the

A society that has an economy based on the production of goods in factories through mechanization would be an example of a(n) ______ society.

The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants, is known as

Which of the following is not a common step in the process of deindustrialization?

A dress manufacturer closes a factory in South Carolina and moves the factory to Malaysia, where labor costs are lower. This is an example of

Reductions taken in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization are called

Which of the following is true regarding offshoring?

Offshoring is a type of

A recent trend is that U.S. companies are shifting ______ to developing countries.

Which of the following is true about the impact of offshoring on the economy of India?

Which of the following is true regarding the Great Recession?

In the future, sociologists expect a workforce increasingly composed of

What are the two basic types of economic systems that distinguish contemporary industrial societies?

Capitalism is an economic system in which

Which of the following is not a principle of capitalism according to Adam Smith?

Competition in the context of capitalism means that the marketplace

Adam Smith described the law of supply and demand as

Mary opens up a small printing business in her town. Although she enjoys the work, her primary motive for opening this business is to earn more money to help support her family. This would be characteristic of which type of economic system?

Laissez-faire is a form of

In the book The Jungle, Upton Sinclair described the meatpacking industry in Chicago at the beginning of the 20th century. The unregulated meatpacking companies had questionable health and safety standards, and they exploited their employees unmercifully. Sinclair was discussing a stage of economic development known as

A computer software manufacturer creates a product that all computers are required to use. The exclusive product allows the manufacturer to dictate prices, standards of quality, and product availability. This manufacturer would be an example of a(n)

Socialism is defined as

Which of the following was not a reason Karl Marx thought socialism was inevitable?

Which of the following problems seem endemic to socialist states?

Which of the following countries has seen the highest percentage of GDP growth since 1970?

A ______ economy features elements of more than one economic system.

In June 2009, when General Motors went bankrupt, ______ became its majority stock holder.

Transfers of money, goods, or services that take place but are not reported to the government are referred to as

An unlicensed street vendor sells watches, which may have been stolen, from a makeshift stand in New York City's Times Square. Another individual repairs cars for "private" clients in a garage attached to his home. Both of these people are part of

Which of the following is a reason why informal economies can be dysfunctional for workers?

According to the principle of "laissez-faire," the only justification for government intervention in the marketplace is to maximize the good of society as a whole.

According to Karl Marx, problems such as poverty and hunger that occur under capitalism are problems of distribution rather than insufficient production.

An economy that combines elements of both capitalism and socialism is known as a dysfunctional economy.

Karl Marx praised capitalism for placing pressure on producers for constant innovation.

An informal economy often arises when a government is too inefficient to manage the formal economy, thus an informal economy is generally more efficient than a formal economy.

Which of the following is not an example of dramatic recent social change?

Which of the following is true of social change?

Which theory of social change holds that society is moving in a definite direction?

Auguste Comte saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from

Émile Durkheim contended that societies progressed from ______ forms of social organization.

The writings of Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim are examples of

The notion that traditional societies are simple or primitive is an example of

The expectation that African and Latin American countries will become more complex as Western societies have, is consistent with

Talcott Parsons viewed society as naturally being in a state of

According to the ______, when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts.

The role of women in the family has changed dramatically in the United States during the last 50 years. Women have furthered their education and developed careers. This change in the family has necessitated adaptive changes in school systems, corporations, churches, and other facets of society to provide child care services. This situation reflects which view of social change?

Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization?

Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize a feature of social change that social institutions become more specialized in their purposes?

People needing to have their cars repaired can go to a muffler store, a transmission shop, a tire retailer, or a gas station for a tune-up. Talcott Parsons refers to this type of specialization as

Recently, medical schools have practiced ______ by admitting increasing numbers of women and African Americans.

Talcott Parsons contends that societies experience value ______, the development of new values that legitimate a broader range of activities.

Which term refers to the period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions?

Large families are no longer economically necessary, nor are they commonly endorsed by social norms, but certain religious faiths continue to extol large families and to disapprove of using contraception to limit family size. This example illustrates

Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology (e.g., birth control pills, abortion pills, in vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering). This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates

The Marxist view of social change is appealing to some because it

What is the term Thorstein Veblen coined to describe people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change?

If the United States Congress passed strict anticigarette laws that banned their sale anywhere in the country, it would create serious problems for cigarette manufacturers, retailers, tobacco growers, tobacco farm workers, truckers, and many other employees in the cigarette industry. Each of these groups would probably oppose this legislation because they are examples of

The form of culture in which humans modify the environment to suit our wants and needs is referred to as

Which of the following is the name for the group of Americans who most actively participate in the information society?

Which group of Americans is most likely to be off the modern information network?

The virtual monopoly that Immanuel Wallerstein's core nations hold over information technology is known as

The 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act requires the authorization of a U.S. attorney general and then the approval of a federal judge before surveillance of which of the following may be made?

Which of the following did the USA PATRIOT Act do?

Which of the following is not a concern that sociologists have about surveillance and censorship?

Sociologists view many aspects of biotechnology as an extension of the recent trend toward the ______ of society.

Scientists use technology to increase food production and to make agriculture more efficient and economical through

What action, taken by Scottish scientists in 1997, reignited the debate on genetic engineering?

Which of the following have scientists not yet cloned?

The vast majority of Americans feel that cloning a human

Which of the following is true about Luddites?

Which of the following is true about groups such as the Luddites?

Which of the following is true of the Amish and their use of technology?

Which of the following is not true about Jacques Ellul's assessments of modern technological society?

Which of the following is not an example of modern society's efforts to measure success quantitatively?

Neil Postman argues that we should

Which term refers to organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society?

Which of the following would be an example of a social movement?

Which of the following is not an example of a social movement that has had a dramatic impact on the social structure of the United States?

Which term refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?

Which of the following illustrates relative deprivation?

What element must be present before discontent will be channeled into a social movement?

Which term refers to the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel?

False consciousness is defined as

A group of students is incorrectly labeled by the school system as "slow learners." Their teachers and parents have low expectations for them, and their academic progress is negligible. This situation would exemplify which one of Karl Marx's concepts?

In the 1960s and 1970s, women's liberation activists used ______ to convince women that they were being deprived of their rights and of socially valued resources.

Which of the following is true about women in current social movements?

Before the 1960s, traditional social movements focused on

Organized collective activities that address values and social identities, as well as improvements in the quality of life, are called

Which of the following is true about new social movement theory?

Which one of the following is an example of a new social movement?

Which of the following is true of new social movements?

The June 2009 election in Iran demonstrated the power of new communication technologies by

Recognizing the impact our individual position has on who we are and how we think and act, and taking responsibility for the impacts our actions have on others is known as

The process of bringing the insights gained through sociological observation and analysis into the public sphere, thereby seeking to bring about positive social change is referred to as

Sociology can help improve society by

Sociology is useful for explaining social change at the macro level, but can contribute little to explaining change at the micro level.

Most social theorists now accept that as societies evolve, they become more complex and more sophisticated.

Differentiation is one of the four processes of social change that Talcott Parsons viewed as inevitable. The relatively recent decision of medical schools to admit members of different social groups, such as women and African American, is a good example of differentiation in practice.

According to equilibrium theory, the natural state of society is one of stability and balance.

In general, those in society who have access to the most power and wealth have a vested interest in preserving the status quo and opposing social change.

The word sabotage derives from the practice of French workers attempting to destroy machines by throwing shoes into them.

A "technique-focused" system is one that prioritizes the quantitative measurement of success.

A person who experiences a sense of relative deprivation is making a subjective, rather than objective assessment of their situation.

On occasion, the publication of a single, influential text, such as Betty Friedan's The Feminist Mystique, is enough to produce a powerful social movement.

The term "new social movement" refers to a social movement that has yet to achieve widespread recognition or membership.