PSY 105 Chapter 8 – Flashcards

Formal reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from a set of assumptions is known as _____ reasoning.

_____ intelligence is the field that examines how to use technology to imitate the outcome of human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities.

Which of the following terms best captures the meaning of the term heuristic, as cognitive psychologists use it?

Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics?

When you use the representativeness heuristic, you are:

Which of the following is true about mental images?

The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory.

Which of the following is true of heuristics?

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed as a(n):

A prototype is:

What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?

Which of the following would NOT be a defining property of the prototype of an airplane?

When the field of cognitive psychology first became prominent, it was considered a revolutionary development because it was a radical departure from

Although used often, the comparison between the computer and human information processing is oversimplified. Why?

Which of the following is NOT a descriptor of creative thinkers?

An effective way to strategize your organization of subgoals is to

Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred is demonstrating

Who would benefit the most from making subgoals?

When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is a potential advantage of using heuristics for solving real-life problems?

In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because most real-life problems

Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics?

Clint is mentally rehearsing his golf swing in his mind's eye. Based on the text's discussion of mental imagery, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Following the September 11, 2001, Twin Towers attacks, many Americans elected to drive rather than fly. The media coverage of the hijackings caused Americans to overestimate the danger of flying. As it was an event they remember easily they assumed it could occur more frequently. This example illustrates the:

Syllogisms are used to study:

_____ is the process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions.

Who is LEAST likely to exhibit mindfulness as part of their regular job responsibilities?

Ivan has misplaced his keys. If he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them, he will

Many smokers like to point to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly 100, as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer. They are utilizing

You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday of this coming weekend. Your apartment is a mess, and you have nothing to wear. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. This process of defining intermediate problems is known as

Samantha's belief that Gabe, who is muscular and wearing gym shorts, is a member of the football team is an example of

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is best described as

Mental representations of objects are called _____; mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people are called _____.

In a _____ heuristic, known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown.

_____ psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, and judging.

Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of ___________, a task that only humans can perform.

Creative thinkers are NOT usually

Cathy just got transferred to a new department. She has long believed that her new supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable person. According to confirmation bias, what will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?

Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them?

Someone relying on convergent thinking would answer _____ to the query "What can you do with a toothbrush?"

The ability to generate original ideas or develop novel solutions to problems is known as:

Which of the following is true of creativity?

Millie is stumped by a problem in her pre-calculus text. She furtively glances at the answer provided in the back of the text to get an idea of how the solution should look before she returns to the problem. Millie's strategy most closely resembles the problem-solving heuristic of:

Traditional intelligence tests tend to assess _____ thinking; tests of creativity tap into _____.

_____ involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists.

_____ is defined as a sudden awareness of the relationship among problem elements; it is thought to lead rapidly to the problem's solution.

According to the text, the most frequently used problem-solving heuristic is:

Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb only because he experimented with thousands of different kinds of materials for a filament before he found one that worked (carbon). This shows that at the most basic level, we can solve problems through _____.

The theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning is known as the _____ approach.

Connie is telling her mother a story about a scary dog she encountered in a neighbor's yard. "Then I runned away," Connie concludes. Which language acquisition phenomenon is Connie demonstrating? About how old is Connie?

Linguists have identified more than _____ different phonemes among all the world's languages.

Approximately how many phonemes are found in English?

Dorian is 2 years old; Constance is 2.5. Dorian's vocabulary probably contains around _____ words; Constance's, _____ words.

In written language, letters most closely represent _____, whereas sentences may be said to reflect _____.

What is meant by the notion of a critical period for language acquisition?

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the components of language, from the smallest or most specific to the broadest?

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for how parents should talk to their babies?

Critics of the work of Benjamin Whorf maintain that

You tell your roommate, "I misplaced my wallet." Your roommate exclaims, "Oh my goodness, you lost your wallet?" You respond, "No, I didn't lose my wallet, I misplaced it." This exchange best demonstrates the ________ aspect of language.

Which of the following impediments to effective problem solving is INCORRECTLY matched with an illustrative problem?

_____ refers to the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist.

Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports; he appears to ignore editorials critical of the candidate. Nigel appears prone to:

As compared to less creative individuals, creative persons:

_____ is the tendency to seek out and weight more heavily information that supports one's initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions.

In _____, students are educated in their native language and in English simultaneously; in _____, they are educated only in English.

The _____ hypothesis suggests language leads to thought.

Which figure best approximates the number of Americans for whom English is a second language?

The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language is known as the _____ approach.

The text reports the case of a girl named Genie, who was exposed to virtually no language from the age of 20 months until the age of 13. In what way does Genie's case offer support for the notion of a critical period in language acquisition?

The term universal linguist refers to the idea that

The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar. This sentence is

A jeweler is unable to fix a particular mounting in a ring because she can imagine only the conventional uses for her tools. This best demonstrates which of the following?

The text's discussion of insight suggests that its key characteristic is its:

Infinite generativity refers to the ability to

You are creating a language development timeline for a class presentation. Along the top of a display board, you write the following ages in sequence: 6 months → 1 year → 2 years →3 years How should you label these ages, from youngest to oldest?

Which of the following is MOST likely the prototype of the concept "fruit"?

________ thinking is best when a problem has only one right answer.

After the outcome of an election is announced, you state that you knew all along what the outcome would be. This is a form of

You have to study four chapters of information for your next test. If you decide to use the problem-solving strategy of using subgoals, you must

Evidence of the role of language in cognitive activities includes the fact that