ush ch 6 – Flashcards

The growth of the steel industry influenced the development of other industries by making strong and versatile steel cheaper and more widely available, leading to the rise in industries such as railroads, construction, and machine building.

The growth of the steel industry influenced the development of other industries by making strong and versatile steel cheaper and more widely available, leading to the rise in industries such as railroads, construction, and machine building.

People, especially farmers, demanded regulation of the railroads because they were constantly being overcharged and manipulated by the railroad companies, who would raise prices and abuse their powers if they knew that the people had no choice but to use their services.

Attempts to regulate the railroads were often ineffective due to long legal struggles caused by heavy railroad resistance and many judicial setbacks that weakened regulatory bodies such as the ICC.

Business leaders like Rockefeller were called "robber barons" because they were infamous for paying their workers extremely poor wages while making extremely large amounts of money through unfair business practices such as dumping and trust-making.

The South industrialized slower than the North because not only was it still recovering from the Civil War, but it also lacked in capital, suffered from high transportation and resource costs, and lacked a skilled worker base.

Workers began to form unions in order to more efficiently and effectively work towards improving their working conditions and dealing with the many problems that they faced as a whole.

Workers began to form unions in order to more efficiently and effectively work towards improving their working conditions and dealing with the many problems that they faced as a whole.

one of the first industrial moguls to make his own for- tune. His rise from rags to riches, along with his passion for supporting charities, made him a model of the American success story.manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain

a process in which Carnegie bought out his suppliers— coal fields and iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines—in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems

In this process, companies producing similar products merge. Having gained control over his suppliers and having limited his competition, Carnegie controlled almost the entire steel industry. By the time he sold his business in 1901, Carnegie's companies produced by far the largest portion of the nation's steel

the theory that success and failure in business were governed by natural law and that no one had the right to intervene. This theory justified the French Doctrine of Laiissez Faire

-established the Standard Oil Company -they joined with competing companies in trust agreements (illegal). -reaped huge profits by paying his employees extremely low wages and driving his competitors out of business by selling his oil at a lower price than it cost to produce it. Then, when he controlled the market, he hiked prices far above original levels. ^created the term "ROBBER BARONS"

made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.

led the Cigar Makers' International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886.

with Gompers as its president, focused on collective bargaining, or negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions. Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL used strikes as a major tactic. Successful strikes helped the AFL win higher wages and shorter workweeks.

(1905) organized by a group of radical union- ists and socialists in Chicago or the Wobblies. Headed by William "Big Bill" Haywood, the Wobblies included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers. Unlike the ARU, the IWW welcomed African Americans, but membership never topped 100,000. Its only major strike victory occurred in 1912. Yet the Wobblies, like other industrial unions, gave dignity and a sense of solidarity to unskilled workers.

workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) struck to protest their second wage cut in two months.

-The steelworkers finally called a strike on June 29, 1892, after the company president, Henry Clay Frick, announced his plan to cut wages -in a pitched battle that left at least three detectives and nine workers dead, the steelworkers forced out the Pinkertons and kept the plant closed until the Pennsylvania National Guard arrived on July 12. The strike continued until November

the company laid off more than 3,000 of its 5,800 employees and cut the wages of the rest by 25 to 50 percent, without cutting the cost of its employee housing. After paying their rent, many workers took home less than $6 a week. A strike was called in the spring of 1894, when the company failed to restore wages or decrease rents.

supported the Great Strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America (UMW). In 1903, to expose the cruelties of child labor, she led 80 mill children— many with hideous injuries—on a march to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt. Their crusade influenced the passage of child labor laws.

In 1909 at just 16 years old, became the first female organizer of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU).

built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie. He made a nearby town for his workers. His refusal to lower rents after cutting his employees' pay led to a violent strike in 1894

the Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of seven to two. The states thus won the right to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers. The Grangers also helped establish an important principle—the federal government's right to regulate private industry to serve the public interest

in 1887, this act established the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for that purpose.

successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania, that removing oil from beneath the earth's surface became practical. This breakthrough started an oil boom that spread to Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and, later, Texas

This technique involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.

invented the typewriter in 1867