question

The extracellular fluid compartment includes what fluids? Check all that apply. A)Interstitial fluid B)Blood plasma C)Cerebral spinal fluid D)Pleural and pericardial fluid E)Cytoplasm

answer

A)Interstitial fluid B)Blood plasma C)Cerebral spinal fluid D)Pleural and pericardial fluid The major fluid compartments are: 65% intracellular fluid (ICF) and 35% extracellular fluid (ECF), subdivided into; 25% tissue (interstitial) fluid, 8% blood plasma and lymph, and 2% transcellular fluid, a catch-all category for cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids; vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye; bile; and fluid in the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts.

question

The renal tubules secrete H+ into the tubular fluid, where most of it binds to bicarbonate, ammonia, and phosphate buffers. True False

answer

True The renal tubules secrete H+ into the tubular fluid, where most of it binds to bicarbonate, ammonia, and phosphate buffers. Bound and free H+ are then excreted in the urine. Thus the kidneys, in contrast to the lungs, actually expel H+ from the body. The other buffer systems only reduce its concentration by binding it to another chemical.

question

A physiological buffer is a system, namely the digestive system, that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2. True False

answer

False A physiological buffer is a system—namely, the respiratory or urinary system—that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2.

question

Select the ways in which the kidneys buffer hydrogen ions before they are eliminated via the urine. Check all that apply. A)Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the tubular fluid neutralize H+. B)Na2PO4 (dibasic sodium phosphate) reacts with some of the H+, replacing one of the sodium ions in the buffering process. C)Tubule cells catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia (NH3) where it acts as a base to neutralize acid. D)There is a great deal of chloride in the tubular fluid, so H+ is excreted as hydrochloric acid (HCl).

answer

A)Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the tubular fluid neutralize H+. B)Na2PO4 (dibasic sodium phosphate) reacts with some of the H+, replacing one of the sodium ions in the buffering process. C)Tubule cells catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia (NH3) where it acts as a base to neutralize acid. The kidneys can neutralize more acid or base than either the respiratory system or the chemical buffers. The essence of this mechanism is that the renal tubules secrete H+ into the tubular fluid, where most of it binds to bicarbonate, ammonia, and phosphate buffers. Bound and free H+ are then excreted in the urine. Thus the kidneys, in contrast to the lungs, actually expel H+ from the body. The other buffer systems only reduce its concentration by binding it to another chemical.

question

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors. True False

answer

True

question

Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion. True False

answer

True

question

Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body? A)It participates in muscle contraction. B)It is a significant component of nucleic acids. C)They serve as second messengers. D)It activates exocytosis. E)It is important in blood clotting.

answer

B)It is a significant component of nucleic acids.

question

The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration. True False

answer

False

question

Water output is largely controlled by varying ___________. A)metabolic water production B)sweating C)cutaneous transpiration D)drinking E)urine volume

answer

E)urine volume

question

Most body water intake is from __________, whereas most body water lost is via __________. A)metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration B)metabolic water; sweat C)drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air D)drinking; urine E)drinking; radiation

answer

D)drinking; urine

question

Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? A)ADH release is inhibited. B)ADH release is stimulated. C)The renal tubules reabsorb more water. D)The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium. E)The kidneys produce less urine.

answer

A)ADH release is inhibited.

question

A hemorrhage results in which of the following? A)A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity B)A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity C)A decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity D)An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume E)A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volume

answer

A)A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity

question

Proteins can buffer a drop in pH with their ___________ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH with their __________ side groups. A)-NH2; -PO4 B)-PO4; -COOH C)-NH2; -COOH D)-COOH; -NH2 E)-PO4; -NH2

answer

C)-NH2; -COOH

question

Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone secretion? A)Hypotension B)Hyponatremia C)Hyperkalemia D)High blood sodium concentration E)High blood potassium concentration

answer

D)High blood sodium concentration

question

What is the total body water (TBW) content of a 70 kg young male? A)10 L B)20 L C)40 L D)60 L E)70 L

answer

C)40 L

question

In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema? A)Intracellular fluid B)Transcellular fluid C)Tissue (interstitial) fluid D)Blood plasma E)Lymph

answer

C)Tissue (interstitial) fluid

question

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? A)It stimulates angiotensin II secretion. B)It promotes water conservation. C)It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. D)It inhibits salivation and thirst. E)It targets the cerebral cortex.

answer

B)It promotes water conservation.

question

Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found? A)Adrenal cortex B)Adrenal medulla C)Posterior pituitary D)Proximal convoluted tubule E)Distal convoluted tubule

answer

E)Distal convoluted tubule

question

What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another? A)The temperature difference between compartments B)The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment C)The relative volume in each compartment D)The relative size of each compartment E)The blood pressure

answer

B)The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment

question

Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia? A)Cells are more excitable. B)The resting membrane potential is more negative. C)The cells are partially depolarized. D)The cells are more sensitive to stimulation. E)There is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells.

answer

B)The resting membrane potential is more negative.

question

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which ___________. A)supplies the buffer system with CO2 B)supplies the buffer system with O2 C)expels HCO3- produced by the buffer system D)expels H+ produced by the buffer system E)expels CO2 produced by the buffer system

answer

E)expels CO2 produced by the buffer system

question

The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system. True False

answer

True

question

What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? A)Ca2+ B)Na+ C)K+ D)Cl- E)Pi

answer

C)K+

question

Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration. True False

answer

True

question

What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body? A)The urinary and respiratory B)The urinary and digestive C)The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein D)The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein E)The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate

answer

C)The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

question

Which of the following describes an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells? A)It transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells. B)It transports H+ in both directions across the epithelium. C)It transports CO2 from the blood into the tubule cells. D)It exchanges K+ for Na+. E)It exchanges H+ for Na+.

answer

D)It exchanges K+ for Na+.

question

Which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system? A)CO2 + H2O PictureH2CO3 PictureHCO3- + H+ B)CO2 + H2O PictureHCO3- + H+ PictureH2CO3 C)H2CO3 PictureCO2 + H2O PictureHCO3- + H+ D)H2CO3 PictureHCO3- + H+ E)CO2 + H2O PictureHCO3- + H+

answer

A)CO2 + H2O PictureH2CO3 PictureHCO3- + H+

question

In a state of water balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal. True False

answer

True

question

What protein is the most important buffer in erythrocytes? A)Albumin B)Fibrinogen C)Gamma globulin D)Hemoglobin E)Myoglobin

answer

D)Hemoglobin

question

What is the greatest determinant of the intracellular water volume? A)K+ B)Na+ C)Ca2+ D)Cl- E)PO43-

answer

A)K+

question

Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? A)Metabolic acidosis B)Metabolic alkalosis C)Respiratory alkalosis D)Respiratory acidosis E)Lymphatic alkalosis

answer

B)Metabolic alkalosis

question

Emphysema can lead to which of the following? A)Metabolic acidosis B)Metabolic alkalosis C)Respiratory alkalosis D)Respiratory acidosis E)Digestive alkalosis

answer

D)Respiratory acidosis

question

Which of the following characterizes a weak base? A)It binds a little OH- and has a weak effect on pH. B)It binds a lot of OH- and has a strong effect on pH. C)It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH. D)It resists changes in OH-. E)It lowers the pH.

answer

C)It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.

question

Hypovolemia refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity. True False

answer

True

question

What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma? A)Fibrinogen B)Albumin C)Alpha globulin D)Gamma globulin E)Transferrin

answer

B)Albumin

question

Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what? A)ADH B)Aldosterone C)Atrial natriuretic hormone D)Oxytocin E)Prolactin

answer

B)Aldosterone

question

Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids? A)The protein buffer system B)The bicarbonate system C)The phosphate system D)The carbonic acid system E)The ammonium buffer system

answer

A)The protein buffer system

question

What is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments? A)Na+ B)Cl- C)Ca2+ D)K+ E)Pi

answer

A)Na+

question

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? A)6.95-7.05 B)7.05-7.15 C)7.15-7.25 D)7.25-7.35 E)7.35-7.45

answer

E)7.35-7.45

question

luid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called __________. A)baroreceptors B)proprioceptors C)nociceptors D)osmoreceptors E)mechanoreceptors

answer

D)osmoreceptors

question

Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis. True False

answer

True

question

Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found? A)Intracellular fluid (ICF) B)Extracellular fluid (ECF) C)Tissue (interstitial) fluid D)Blood plasma and lymph E)Transcellular fluid

answer

A)Intracellular fluid (ICF)

question

Which of the following can prolonged exposure to cold weather lead to? A)Fluid sequestration in the upper limbs B)Hypotonic hydration C)Hypervolemia D)Increased sensible water loss E)Increased respiratory water loss

answer

E)Increased respiratory water loss

question

What is the most abundant anion in the ECF? A)HCO3- B)PO43- C)HPO42- D)H2PO4- E)Cl-

answer

E)Cl-

question

What is the principal cation of the ECF? A)Ca2+ B)Cl- C)K+ D)Na+ E)Pi

answer

D)Na+

question

Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ____________ homeostasis. A)H2PO4- B)PO43- C)HCO3- D)Na+ E)K+

answer

D)Na+

question

When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they __________ at the same time. A)secrete potassium B)secrete sodium C)reabsorb potassium D)secrete chloride E)reabsorb sodium

answer

E)reabsorb sodium

question

How is calcium concentration in the body regulated? A)By hormones B)By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma C)By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma D)By the parasympathetic nervous system E)By the sympathetic nervous system

answer

A)By hormones

question

An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? A)Metabolic alkalosis B)Metabolic acidosis C)Respiratory alkalosis D)Respiratory acidosis E)Digestive alkalosis

answer

A)Metabolic alkalosis

question

Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except __________. A)chronic vomiting B)diarrhea C)heavy sweating D)aldosterone hyposecretion E)excessive use of laxatives

answer

D)aldosterone hyposecretion

question

In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of __________. A)ADH B)calcitonin C)ANP D)sodium ions E)bicarbonate ions

answer

B)calcitonin

question

Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body? A)An increase in free potassium ions in the ECF B)An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF C)An increase in free chloride ions in the ICF D)A decrease in free potassium ions in the ECF E)A decrease in free calcium ions in the ECF

answer

B)An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF

question

Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia? A)Cells are partially depolarized. B)There is more diffusion of potassium into the cells. C)Cells are more excitable. D)The resting membrane potential is more positive. E)Cells are hyperpolarized.

answer

E)Cells are hyperpolarized.

question

Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion. True False

answer

False

question

Hypernatremia is a plasma __________ concentration above normal. A)Ca2+ B)Na+ C)K+ D)Cl- E)Pi

answer

B)Na+

question

Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7. True False

answer

False

question

Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus. True False

answer

false

question

How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? A)By secreting more bicarbonate ions B)By secreting more hydrogen ions C)By secreting more sodium ions D)By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions E)By reabsorbing more ammonia

answer

B)By secreting more hydrogen ions

question

Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia? A)Water retention B)Edema C)Hypertension D)Interstitial fluid accumulation E)A reduction in plasma volume

answer

E)A reduction in plasma volume

question

Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention. True False

answer

True

question

Which of the following accurately describes the inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids? A)They are not a significant component of nucleic acids. B)They are not important for cell membrane structure. C)They are not necessary in the linking of endergonic with exergonic reactions. D)They form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin. E)They participate in the activation of some enzymes.

answer

D)They form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin.

question

Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to __________. A)metabolic alkalosis B)metabolic acidosis C)urinary alkalosis D)urinary acidosis E)respiratory acidosis

answer

E)respiratory acidosis

question

Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following? A)Cooling of the mouth B)Distention of the stomach by ingested water C)A drop in blood osmolarity D)Moistening of the mouth E)Increased salivation

answer

C)A drop in blood osmolarity

question

Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells? A)It causes repolarization. B)It causes depolarization below threshold. C)It causes hyperpolarization. D)It causes depolarization above threshold.

answer

C)It causes hyperpolarization.

question

The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive, and respiratory. True False

answer

false

question

A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one. True False

answer

False

question

A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms? A)Hyperventilation B)Hypoventilation C)Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys D)Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneys

answer

A)Hyperventilation

question

Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity. True False

answer

False

question

What is the function of aldosterone? A)It increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption. B)It increases both Na+ and K+ secretion. C)It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. D)It reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. E)It causes the urine to be more diluted.

answer

C)It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.

question

Select the ways in which the kidneys buffer hydrogen ions before they are eliminated via the urine. Check all that apply. A)Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the tubular fluid neutralize H+. B)Na2PO4 (dibasic sodium phosphate) reacts with some of the H+, replacing one of the sodium ions in the buffering process. C)Tubule cells catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia (NH3) where it acts as a base to neutralize acid. D)There is a great deal of chloride in the tubular fluid, so H+ is excreted as hydrochloric acid (HCl).

answer

A)Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the tubular fluid neutralize H+. B)Na2PO4 (dibasic sodium phosphate) reacts with some of the H+, replacing one of the sodium ions in the buffering process. C)Tubule cells catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia (NH3) where it acts as a base to neutralize acid. The kidneys can neutralize more acid or base than either the respiratory system or the chemical buffers. The essence of this mechanism is that the renal tubules secrete H+ into the tubular fluid, where most of it binds to bicarbonate, ammonia, and phosphate buffers. Bound and free H+ are then excreted in the urine. Thus the kidneys, in contrast to the lungs, actually expel H+ from the body. The other buffer systems only reduce its concentration by binding it to another chemical.

J Sarge Dodhy Anatomy pt 2 Ch. 24 Test Review – Flashcards

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