43 psych exam – Flashcards

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another? a.developmental psychology b.social psychology c.personality psychology d.clinical psychology

Attribution theory was designed to account for? a.the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. b. the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior. c. the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations. d.how people explain others' behavior.

Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their? a.heredity or their environment. b.biological motives or their psychological motives. c.thoughts or their emotions. d.dispositions or their situations.

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.? a.normative influences; informational influences b.informational influences; normative influences c.personal dispositions; situational influences d.situational influences; personal dispositions

Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because? a.he is unmotivated to do well in school. b.the test covered material that had not been adequately covered in class. c.his parents had an argument the evening before the test. d.he was not given enough time to complete the test.

Compared with people from East Asian cultures, those from individualistic Western countries are more likely to demonstrate? a.conformity. b.ingroup bias. c.ethnic stereotyping. d.the fundamental attribution error.

The fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by? a.genetics. b.assigned roles. c.their level of motivation. d.personality traits.

We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of? a.informational influence; normative influence b.situational constraints; personality traits c.normative influence; informational influence d.personality traits; situational constraints

In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate the? a.bystander effect. b.mere exposure effect. c.fundamental attribution error. d. foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

We are NOT likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we observe someone? a.in a variety of situations. b.who is unemployed. c.who is wealthy. d.we dislike.

Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ________ likely to involve situational attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions. Our explanations of our own actions performed long ago are ________ likely to involve dispositional attributions than our explanations of our own very recent actions. a.less; less b.more; more c.less; more d.more; less

Observing yourself on a video replay is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior to? a.social norms. b.role playing. c.personality traits. d.the mere exposure effect.

Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of? a.group polarization. b.the mere exposure effect. c.deindividuation. d.the fundamental attribution error.

The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to attribute a stranger's? a.lack of employment to a weak economy. b.act of kindness to a compassionate personality. c.criminal behavior to a poor education. d.friendliness to social role requirements.

Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________.? a.the poor; the rich b.women; men c.social psychologists; evolutionary psychologists d. political conservatives; political liberals

Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates? a.the social-responsibility norm. b. deindividuation. c. peripheral route persuasion. d. informational social influence.

Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. Vanna is LEAST likely to steal the merchandise if? a.her negative feelings about shoplifting result from normative social influence. b.she is suffering the effects of deindividuation. c.she easily recalls her negative feelings about shoplifting. d.she has recently shoplifted jewelry from several different stores.

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the? a.fundamental attribution error. b.foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c.mere exposure effect. d.frustration-aggression principle.

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to? a.neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group. b.perform simple tasks more effectively in the presence of others. c.comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. d.experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar.

When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of? a.the fundamental attribution error. b. the social-responsibility norm. c.the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d.deindividuation.

After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates? a.the chameleon effect. b.the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c.the fundamental attribution error. d.social facilitation.

Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will? a.experience a substantial loss of self-esteem. b.develop an increasing dislike for his brother. c.experience a sense of deindividuation. d.develop a great sense of admiration and respect for his brother.

After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.? a. deindividuation b.social facilitation c.role playing d.mirror-image perceptions

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of? a.team membership on social loafing. b. self-disclosure on conciliation. c. frustration on aggression. d.role playing on attitudes.

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called? a.cognitive dissonance. b.implicit prejudice. c.deindividuation. d.social loafing.

Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory. a.cognitive dissonance b.social exchange c.scapegoat d.the two-factor

Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude? a."Patricia's brakes must have failed." b."Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble." c."Patricia's children probably distracted her." d."The road must have been wet and slippery."

People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that ? a.individualism. b. sexual stereotyping. c.the reciprocity norm. d.superordinate goals.

Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates? a.the reciprocity norm. b.central route persuasion. c.normative social influence. d.deindividuation.

To "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean war, Chinese communists made effective use of the a.just-world phenomenon. b.bystander effect. c.frustration-aggression principle. d.foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she couldn't resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience best illustrates? a.ingroup bias. b.the mere exposure effect. c.the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d.the bystander effect.

A life insurance salesperson who takes advantage of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon would be most likely to? a.emphasize that his company is one of the largest in the insurance industry. b. promise a free gift to those who agree to purchase an insurance policy. c.ask customers to respond to a brief survey of their attitudes regarding life insurance. d.address customers by their first names.

In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed diminishing racial prejudice. According to the text author, this best illustrated the impact of? a.groupthink on deindividuation. b.actions on attitudes. c.bystanders on altruism. d.group polarization on stereotypes.

In atrocious situations such as Zimbardo's simulated prison, some people succumb to the situation and others do not. This best illustrates the? a.just-world phenomenon. b.reciprocity norm. c.mere exposure effect. d.interactive influence of persons and situations.

Cognitive dissonance theory emphasizes that we seek to reduce the discomfort we feel when we become aware that? a.our attitudes and actions clash. b.our efforts to achieve a goal have been blocked. c.we have overestimated the impact of personal dispositions on behavior. d.other's pursuit of their self-interest can harm our well-being.

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude? a.frustration-aggression b.theory attribution theory c.social exchange theory d.cognitive dissonance theory

When no weapons of mass destruction were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some Americans revised their memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that we can best explain why people changed their memories in terms of? a.social exchange theory. b.equity theory. c.the two-factor theory. d.cognitive dissonance theory.