Learning, Thinking and Social Psychology – Flashcards

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n) a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned response. d. neutral stimulus. e. unconditioned response.

A sea slug learns to withdraw its gill after repeatedly being squirted by water. After repeated squirting, the withdrawal response lessens. Which term would learning theorists use to describe this reaction? a. negative reinforcement b. operant conditioning c. law of effect d. habituation e. conditioned stimulus

Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks a. experienced extinction. b. developed a conditioned reinforcer. c. developed learned helplessness. d. experienced a discriminative stimulus. e. underwent spontaneous recovery.

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is a. Edward Thorndike. b. Albert Bandura. c. Edward Deci. d. B. F. Skinner. e. Ivan Pavlov.

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n) a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response. e. neutral stimulus.

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called a. spontaneous recovery. b. acquisition. c. shaping. d. latent learning. e. generalization.

Every morning you turn the ignition key to start your car. Following the turning of the key, the car starts. a. positive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. negative punishment

Following the first day of the school year, you have a headache- a BIG headache, and you take an aspirin. Thirty minutes later, your headache is relieved, like the other days that you have taken an aspirin when having a headache. a. negative reinforcement b. positive punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative punishment

When Pete pets the cat's tail, the cat bites him. He no longer pets the cat's tail. a. negative punishment b. positive reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative reinforcement

When Angela misses Rugby practice, her coach does not allow her to play in the game. Angela stops missing practice. a. positive punishment b. negative punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

After Jake is suspended for cutting school, he begins to cut school more often. a. negative punishment b. positive reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative reinforcement

Your pet bird is squawking up a storm. To get some peace and quiet while you make a phone call, you place a blanket over its cage. The bird stops chirping and so you cover its cage the next time you get a phone call. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

When David starts the car, an annoying beeping noise begins. The only way David can stop it is by fastening his seat belt. a. negative punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. positive reinforcement

When Justin gets upset at his sister for playing with his toys, he gives her the "silent treatment." She then stops playing with his toys. a. positive punishment b. positive reinforcement c. negative punishment d. negative reinforcement

After Anton talks back to his mother, he gets a spanking. Anton doesn't talk back for a while. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

When Johnny wants a turn on the X-box he hits his brother who is playing. Every time he hits, his brother stops playing and Johnny gets to have the X-box to himself. a. negative reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative punishment d. positive reinforcement

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was a. John Garcia. b. John B. Watson. c. Albert Bandura. d. Ivan Pavlov. e. B. F. Skinner.

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a a. punishment. b. conditioned stimulus. c. secondary reinforcer. d. negative reinforcer. e. delayed reinforcer.

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) a. unpredictable time period has elapsed. b. specified number of responses has been made. c. unpredictable number of responses has been made. d. the desired behavior is performed a set number of times. e. specified time period has elapsed.

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________. a. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation b. operant conditioning; classical conditioning c. spontaneous recovery; acquisition d. insight learning; latent learning e. a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule

Humans, unlike many other animals, can be conditioned with reinforcers not delivered until a long time after the desired behavior. What are these reinforcers called? a. secondary b. interval c. delayed d. partial e. continuous

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences? a. operant conditioning b. insight c. latent learning d. classical conditioning e. observational learning

A yogurt shop offers a free frozen yogurt after filling out a ten-yogurt punch card. a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. variable ratio

A child screams for a candy bar every time she is at the grocery store, but her father gives in only occasionally. a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

A teacher gives a student a gold star for each assignment he completes. a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. variable ratio

A teacher gives a student a "good behavior" sticker for every hour that the student stays on task. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval

An amateur astronomer watches the night sky, hoping to see a shooting star. a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

A teenager checks his cell phone repeatedly during class to see whether he has received any text messages. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval

A gambler in Vegas puts quarters in the slot machine, hoping for a jackpot. a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

An employee is paid the same amount every two weeks. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of a. spontaneous recovery. b. shaping. c. immediate reinforcement. d. respondent behavior. e. modeling.

The reduced imitative yawning displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of a. positive reinforcement. b. respondent behavior. c. mirror neuron activity d. associative learning. e. spontaneous recovery.

Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon? a. extrinsic motives b. mirror neurons c. delayed reinforcers d. cognitive maps e. intrinsic motives

Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that a. there is no correlation between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively. b. viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively. c. viewing violence takes people's minds off their own problems and thus reduces their aggressive urges. d. viewing violence is cathartic and lessens aggressive impulses. e. although viewing violence is correlated with increased aggression, there is no evidence that viewing violence actually leads to aggression.

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of a. extrinsic motives. b. intrinsic motives. c. mirror neurons d. unconditioned stimuli. e. cognitive maps.

Employees who receive a windfall bonus are later happier if they have done something for other people with it. This suggests that altruism is a. a superordinate goal. b. a social-responsibility norm. c. a just-world phenomenon. d. intrinsically rewarding. e. a bystander effect.

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as a. deindividuated. b. superordinate. c. implicit. d. companionate. e. altruistic.

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the a. in-group bias. b. social-responsibility norm. c. bystander effect. d. superordinate goal. e. just-world phenomenon.

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as a. the bystander effect b. social loafing. c. social facilitation. d. the mere exposure effect. e. group polarization.

Alex thinks drinking sugar-laden sodas is bad for you but other players on his hockey team insist that it is not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if a. the other players consider him to be one of the leaders of the team. b. he has publicly voiced his opinion on this issue. c. there are very few team members whom he currently wants to befriend. d. he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team. e. there is obvious disagreement among team players regarding the issue.

Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to a. informational social influence. b. normative social influence. c. social facilitation. d. the reciprocity norm. e. deindividuation.

In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to a. situational attributions b. deindividuation. c. social facilitation. d. social loafing. e. self-disclosure theory.

Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that a. group discussion enhances a group's prevailing attitudes. b. the presence of others interferes with individual performance on difficult tasks. c. actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes. d. a pooling of efforts toward a common goal contributes to social loafing. e. people often fail to notice the influence they exert over others.

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called a. implicit prejudice. b. social loafing. c. deindividuation. d. the fundamental attribution error. e. cognitive dissonance.

The dependent variable of the Asch experiment was a. conformity b. social influence c. authority d. foot-in-the door

The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain a. the bystander effect. b. the just-world phenomenon. c. the mere exposure effect. d. social facilitation. e. passionate love.

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as a. social exchange. b. companionate love. c. the mere exposure effect. d. self-disclosure. e. altruism.

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of a. deindividuation. b. companionate love. c. groupthink. d. social facilitation. e. in-group bias.

An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as a. companionate love. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. mirror-image perceptions. e. social facilitation.

The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking. a. physical attractiveness b. similarity c. self-disclosure d. proximity e. physical arousal

Behavioral

Cognitive

Social- Cultural

Humanistic

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Implicit Memory

Explicit Memory

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Latent learning

Learned helplessness

Observational learning

Central Route persuasion

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Fundamental Attribution Error

Just World Phenomenom

Blame the Victim

Mirro Image Perception

Social Trap

Cultural Norms

Social Norm

In-group Bias

Out-group Bias

Other race effect

Deindividuation

Social Roots of bias

Foot in the door