Swine Medicine – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Bioexclusion
answer
Protocols in place to help prevent new diseases from being introduced onto farm.
question
Biomanagement
answer
Help stop spread of diseases already on farm.
question
Biocontainment
answer
Procedures to help stop spread of disease from my farm to another's farm.
question
Most common causes of Pre-Weaning Mortaility in pigs
answer
Crushing/trauma, starvation, chilling/hypothermia, disease (diarrhea diseases usually)
question
Neonatal piglet diarrhea - age of onset < 12 hours
answer
E. coli (colibacillosis)
question
Neonatal piglet diarrhea - age of onset 2 days
answer
Transmissible Gastroenteritis
question
Neonatal piglet diarrhea - age of onset 5 days
answer
Isospora suis (coccidiosis), Rotavirus
question
E. coli (Colibacillosis)
answer
Pili allow bateria to attach to intestinal walls. Enterotoxin produce clinical signs - excessive secretion of fluid by crypt cells. Young piglets with watery diarrhea, dehydration and may see high mortality. Older piglets with creamy diarrhea. Usually no villous atrophy on histology. Control: vaccinate prior to each farrowing. Tx: antibiotics.
question
Transmissible Gastroenteritis (Coronavirus)
answer
Stable when frozen - seasonal dz. Destroys small intestinal epithelial cells (villous atrophy). Acute - pigs of all ages, vomiting and diarrhea. High mortailty in pigs < 4 weeks. Endemic - mild diarrhea is older nursing or weaned pigs. Gas and yellow fluid in SI. Vaccination not used in acute outbreak. Close herd and depopulate in summer.
question
Coccidiosis (Isospora or Eimeria spp)
answer
Mild, creamy diarrhea 1-3 weeks of age. High morbidity, low mortality. Low weaning weights, long haired pigs. Most litters for all ages of sows affected. No response to antibiotics or vaccines. PM: fibrino-necrotic membrane in jejunum/ileum.
question
Rotavirus
answer
Mild to moderate villous atrophy. Mild watery diarrhea, low mortality. 1-6 week old pigs. Sow vaccine availabe but not widely used. Supportive care for affected pigs.
question
Clostridial Enteritis
answer
Bacteria attach to microvilli and produce necrotizing toxin => causes necrosis and epithelial desquamation. Piglets < 1 week old. Bloody diarrhea. High morbidity, high mortality. Short, fatal course (die in 4-8 hours). Sow vaccination prior to farrowing. In-feed antibiotcs before farrowing, injectible antibiotics to piglets before clinical signs, immune antiserum to piglets within 2 hours of birth.
question
Exudative Epidermitis (Staphylococcus hyicus)
answer
Normal inhabitant of the skin - requires wound to cause disease. Lesions appear first on face. Dark, creasy, greasy lesions. Skin is red and fissured under crust. May be localized or generalized. If systemic - depression, off-feed, death. Tx: IM antibiotics, topical treatments, euthanize severely systemically ill pigs.
question
Streptococcal Menegitis
answer
Potentially zoonotic. Neurological signs - ataxia, head tilt, circling, recumbency, paddling. Sporadic outbreaks. Also associated with pneumonia, polyserositis, septicemia. PM: suppurative meningitis. Tx: IM antibiotics. Control: prophylatic antibiotics, vaccinate
question
Glasser's Disease (Haemophilus parasuis)
answer
Localizes in serous-lined cavities and meniges. Causes vascualr damage. Acute onset lamness. CNS signs - ataxia, tremors, recumbency. High fever, depression. Cyanosis and edema. PM: polyserositis. Tx: IM antibiotics. Control: vaccine (appropriate serovars)
question
Mycoplasma hyorhinis
answer
Bacteria found in nose and upper respiratory tract of young pigs. Sudden onset fever, reluctance to move. Swollen joints. Tx: individual pig treatment, prophylactic in-feed medication if recurring problem.
question
Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease - PCVAD
answer
Prevelance of clinical dz much lower than infection prevelance. Associated with: Post weaning multi systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS); Porcine dermatosis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS); Reproductive failure, enteritis, Proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia (PNP), porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). No treatment. Vaccine highly efficacious.
question
PCVAD - PMWS
answer
Low morbidity rate. Affects pigs 6+ weeks of age. Pale, wasting pigs. Dyspnea, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes.
question
PCVAD - PDNS
answer
Anorexia and depression. Reluctant to move, stiff. Reddish-purple skin leasions. Morbidity low, mortality high.
question
Post-weaning E. coli
answer
Sudden death - distended, discolored abdomen, sunken eyes. Pasty to watery diarrhea. Scalded perineum. PM: fluid filled intestine, dehydration. Control: acidify GI contents, add fiber to diet, add zinc to growth, poorly digested CHO and proteins, add acidifers to water. Vaccination does not work very well. Mass medicate via feed or water.
question
Edema Disease (Vertotoxin E. coli)
answer
E.coli colonize upper SI, produce toxin which enters blood and causes damge to arterial walls leading to wide spread edema. Big, fast growing pigs, 1-3 weeks post weaning. Morbidity low, case mortality high. Strange sounding squeal. Neurological signs and recumbancy. Death occurs quickly. Swolled eyelids. Vaccination effective.
question
Salt Poisoning
answer
Water deprivation or excessive salt intake. Rehydration results in osmotic swelling of the brain. Thirst, Pruritus, Neurological signs - circling, head pressing, seizures. Tx: slowly reintroduce water.
question
Enzootic Pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae)
answer
Causes damage to the mucociliary apparatus (excess mucous secretion and loss of cilia). Hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue around airways. Bronchitis and bronchiolitis. Chronic, persistant, non-producive cough. Non-febrile, no depression, appetite minimally affected. Decreased feed efficiency. High morbidity, low mortality. Anteroventral lung consolidation. Peribronchiolar lymphoid cuffing. Tx: depopulate/repopulate, in-feed or water medication, vaccination.
question
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
answer
Subclinical carrier often responsible for transmission. Produce a hemolysin and a toxin that damage endothelial cells and alveolar macrophages => resulrs in vasculitis, thrombosis, and eventual infarction in the lungs. Sudden death with no clinical signs. Fever, anorexia, depression. Marked dyspnea - sternal recumbancy, mouth breathing, cyanosis of extremities. Can have chronic form, part of PRDC. Bloody froth from nose. Tx: injectable antibiotics, in-feed/in-water medication. Vaccination (serotype specific).
question
Swine Influenza Virus
answer
Potential Zoonotic. Produces inflammation of respiratory epithelium, exudate blocks airways, bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Dramatic, rapid spread of illness. Coughing. Fever, depression. Reluctance to move. High morbidity, low mortality with full recovery. Impacts growth and feed efficiency. Can cause reproductive failure in sows. If endemic: milder dz, part of PRDC. No treatment. Vaccines - no cross protection.
question
Atrophic Rhinitis (Bordetella bronchispetica)
answer
Infection does not always result in clinical dz. Damage to nasal mucosa allowing colonization by P multicida - produces dermonecrotizing toxins that cause progressive turbinate bone loss. Sneezing, conjunctivitis, progressive distortion of snout, decreased growth performance. Tx: parentera; antibiotics to suckling pigs, in-feed antibiotics to nursery pigs. Vaccination (Bordetella/Pasturella combo).
question
Timing: Estrus Detection, Pregnancy Diagnosis, Gestation length
answer
Estrus Detection: 18-24 days post-breeding; Pregnancy Diagnosis: 4-6 weeks post-breeding; Gestation length 114 days
question
Nursery Pig Requirements
answer
Warm temperature (85 F), 1 waterer/10 pigs, 1 space/4 pigs, highly digestible feed - milk based.
question
Grower/Finisher feed management
answer
Feeder space - 1/5 pigs; 1 waterer/10 pigs. Feed processing to maximize efficiency - grinding, pelleting.
question
Porcine Proliferative Enteropathies (Lawsonia intracellularis)
answer
Thickening of mucous membranes in SI and LI. Bacteria invade crypt cells in SI, cells undergo hyperplasia leading to elongation of the crypts, leads to degeneration and necrosis. Chronic form: Anorexia, slow/uneven growth, sporadic diarrhea, low mortality. Acute form: older pigs, sudden onset, bloody diarrhea, high mortality. PM: 'cerebriform'pattern visible through serosa, frank blood in intestine. Tx: in feed antibiotics. Vaccination - good efficacy.
question
Swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodysenteria)
answer
Spread by asymptomatic carrier pigs. Colonizes and proliferates in LI, penetrates mucous layer and associated with epithelium. Muco-hemorrhage diarrhea, straining and switching tail while defecating, dehydration, morbitidy high, mortality high. Recovered pigs can be chronic poor doers. Edema in mesentery and serosa, Fibronecrotic debris. Tx: antibiotics via water of injection. Control by eradication during summer.
question
Brachyspira pilosicoli
answer
Non-specific colitis. Usually milder than swine dysentery. Loose feces. Tends to be self-limiting but can treat with in-feed antibiotics.
question
Salmonella cholerasuis
answer
Host adapted. Causes septicemic salmonellosis. Ingested or inhaled. Invades mucosa and spreads via lymphatic spreads. Can survive in macrophages. Produces endotoxin that causes vasculitis and septicemia. Often subclinical - fever, off-feed, depression, low morbidity, high mortality, discolored abdomen and extremities. Lesions: enlarged spleen, petechial hemorrhages, septicemic lung. Tx: antibiotics. Vaccine ok.
question
Salmonella typhimurium
answer
Non-host adapted, causes enteric salmonellosis. Ingested. Causes thrombosis that results in mucosal necrosis. Fluid loss and fluid malabsorption results in diarrhea. Anorexia, fever, intermittent watery diarrhea, morbidity high, mortality moderate. Lesions: Edmatous intestines with enlaged LN, necrotic areas in cecum, colon and rectum. Tx: antibiotics. Vaccine ok.
question
Erysipelas (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathaiae)
answer
Vasculitis and thrombosis, primarily affects skin and joints. Acute: high fever, off feed, reluctant to move, raised, red/purple diamond shaped lesions, pregnant sows may abort. Chronic: arthritis, occasional sudden death from emboli. PM lesions: lesions of septicemia, chronic arthritis. Tx: IM penicillin. Vaccination.
question
Gastric Ulcers
answer
Occur in pars esophagea region. Keratinization, erosion, complete ulceration, pale carcass, blood-filled intestine, coffee-ground blood in stomach. Contributing factors: feed (small particle size, pelleted feed).
question
Reasonable target for farrowing rate
answer
85+%
question
Reasonable target for regular returns to estrus
answer
< 8%
question
Reasonable target for irregular returns to estrus
answer
< 5%
question
Reasonable target for Abortion
answer
1%
question
Reasonable target for Total pigs born/litter
answer
11.5%
question
Reasonable target for total pigs born alive/litter
answer
10.5%
question
Reasonable target for Stillbirths
answer
5%
question
Reasonable target for Mummified pigs
answer
0.5%
question
Reasonable target for Litters/sow/year
answer
2.2+
question
Reasonable target for pre-weaning mortality
answer
10% or less
question
Signs of estrus in sows
answer
Restlessness, vocalization, off-feed, swollen vulva, increased vaginal mucous, interested in boar, mounts other sows/mounted by other sows, pricked ears and tail.
question
Management or Disease
answer
Management: losses are chronic, only one parameter affected, losses get worse over time. Disease: rapid drop, reductions in multiple areas, may improve over time due to immunity.
question
Porcine Parvovirus
answer
Increase in number of post-breeding returns to estrus, increase in number of mummified piglets, decreased littler size. Prolonged gestation length - stillbirth. Abortion rare. Infected sows/gilts do not appear sick. Vaccination.
question
Porcine Parvovirus - timing of fetal exposure and outcome: < 14 days gestation
answer
Regular retuen to estrus
question
Porcine Parvovirus - timing of fetal exposure and outcome: 15-40 days gestation
answer
Irregular return to estrus
question
Porcine Parvovirus - timing of fetal exposure and outcome: 41-70 days gestation
answer
Mummified piglets
question
Porcine Parvovirus - timing of fetal exposure and outcome: >70 days gestation
answer
Healthy piglets
question
Leptospirosis
answer
Zoonotic. Transmission: ingestion, percutaneous, venereal, transplacental, shed in urine, wildlife. White spots of kidney. Anorexia, fever, jaundice. Late stage abortion. Increased stillbirths and mummies. Weak-born piglets with high mortality. L. bratislava - increased return to estrus, bacterial localize in oviducts. Tx: in-feed tetracycline, IM streptocmycin. Vaccination (doesn't prevent renal shedding).
question
Urogenital Tract Infection
answer
Pyelonephritis/cystitis common causes of sow mortality. Actinobaculum suis. Blood and.or pus in urine, PU/PD, weight loss, fever, anorexia, sudden death. Tx: penicillin.
question
Vaginal Dishcarge Syndrome
answer
Post-breeding creamy discharge - may be from urinary tract or genital tract. Tx often unrewarding - cull affected pigs.
question
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease - Herpesvirus)
answer
Eradicated from US. Younger pig = more severe disease. Nursing/weaned pigs: fever, depression, neurologic signs, high mortality. Finishers and sows/boars: respiratory signs, lower mortality. Reproductive effects: returns to estrus, abortion, stillborn and weakborn pigs. Control: herd depopulation, vaccination (use restricted)
question
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
answer
Most important dz affecting US swine industry. Arterivirus. Signs in sows: Fever, anorexia, abortion, weak-born piglets, stillborn pigs, mummified pigs, reduced fertility, mortality. Signs in piglets: weak, fail to nurse, dysnpea, high pre-weaning mortality. Signs in growers: respiratory signs, secondary infectinos, poor growth, mortality. Vaccination.
question
Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei vs suis)
answer
All life stages develop in epidermis. Mites burrow in skin => cause hypersensitivity rxn => chronic mange leads to hyperkeratosis and proliferation of CT in dermis. Pruritis, erythematous macules and papules, thickened, wrinkly skin. Tx: avermectins.
question
Lice (Hematopinus suis)
answer
Itching and hair loss, anemia if severe infestation. Tx: avermectin, many topical treatments (kill adults only)
question
Roundworm (Ascaris suus)
answer
Once infected, a barn will remain infected. Often no clinical signs, reduced rate of gain and feed efficiecny, large number of migrating larva can cause veminous pneumonia. Lesions: adult worms in intestine, hemorrhagic areas in lungs, 'milk spots' on liver. Control: anthelminics.
question
Whipworms (Trichuris suis)
answer
Usually subclinical. Diarrhea in growing pigs (dehydration and death). Worms penetrate deep into cecal and colonic mucosa (causes mucofibrinous to mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis). Control: levamisole, dichlovos, fenbendazole.
question
Mycotoxins
answer
Produced by mold in grain. Risk increases with wet weather, high temperature, insect damage to crops.
question
Vomitoxin
answer
Vomiting, excess salivation. Corn and wheat. OK for chickens.
question
Aflatoxin
answer
Clinical signs vary with dose: 200-400 = reduced growth, mild immunosuppression; 400-800 = mild liver damage; 800-1200 = icterus, hypoproteinemia; 1200-2000 = depression, diarrhea, ascites, death. Younger animals more susceptible than adults. OK for cattle if <400 ppb.
question
Zearalenone
answer
Most common mycotoxin. Sows: anestrus, decreased litter size. Gilts: swollen red vulva, mammary development, rectal/vaginal prolapse. OK for heifters/bulls if <50 ppm.
question
Ochratoxin
answer
Low doses cause PU/PD and reduces growth and feed efficiency. Renal lesions at 200 ppb. Recovery slow. OK for cattle.
question
Fumonisin
answer
Causes acute pulmonary edema. May cause liver damage. High mortality rate of 50-90%.
question
Ergot
answer
Reduced growth rate in feeder pigs. Agalactia in farrowing sows. Gangrene due to vasoconstriction and vascular damage (sloughing of ears, tails, hooves).
question
Vit E/Se Deficiency
answer
Mulberry heart disease. Sudden death in fast growing pigs. Sero-hemorrhagic pericarditis, petechiation of heart muscle with fluid filled pericardium. Can also see: Hepatosis Dietetica (sudden death, foci of hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage), White Muscle Disease (pale streaks).
question
Zoonotic diseases for people working with pigs
answer
Swine Influenza, Leptospirosis, Streptococcus suis (people working with raw pork), Salmonellosis, E. coli
question
Zoonotic diseases for people consuming pork products
answer
Salmonellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Trichinellosis, Tersiniosis, Listeriosis.
question
Carbon Monoxide
answer
Sows unaffected. Stillbirths and neonatal mortality - bright pink/red color due to carboxyhemoglobin in blood.
question
Blood Collection Sites in Swine
answer
Anterior vena cava or jugular (right side to avoid thoracic duct and left vagus n). Suborbital sinus (needle inserted at the jxn of the conjunctiva and sclera in the medial canthus of eye). Ear vein, Cephalic, Saphenous.
