Chapter 18 Blood Anatomy – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
erythrocytes
answer
red blood cells
question
leukocytes
answer
white blood cells
question
platelets
answer
help clot blood
question
plasma
answer
fluid portion
question
what does blood transport?
answer
oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products
question
what does blood regulate?
answer
body temperature, pH, fluid balance
question
about how much blood is in an adult?
answer
5 liters
question
why do veins appear blue?
answer
the way blue light is reflected back to the eye
question
how much more viscous is blood than water?
answer
4-5 times
question
what is the pH of blood?
answer
between 7.35-7.45
question
what is the temperature of blood?
answer
about one degree higher than body temperature
question
albumins
answer
smallest and most abundant plasma proteins, 58%
question
globulins
answer
37%, smaller alpha-globulins and larger beta-globulins
question
gamma globulins
answer
immunoglobulins or anitbodies
question
fibrinogen
answer
contribute to blood clot formation
question
serum
answer
plasma with clotting proteins removed
question
regulatory proteins
answer
enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions
question
hemopoiesis
answer
continual production of formed elements occurs in red bone marrow
question
colony-stimulating factors
answer
increase formation of specific formed elements
question
thrombopoietin
answer
stimulates production of platelets
question
erythropoietin (EPO)
answer
hormone produced by kidneys that increases rate of production of erythrocytes
question
hemocytoblasts
answer
hemopoietic stem cells that can differentiate into many types of cells
question
myeloid line
answer
forms erythrocytes and leukocytes
question
lymphoid line
answer
forms lymphocytes
question
erythropoiesis
answer
erythrocyte production
question
leukopoiesis
answer
leukocyte production
question
thrombopoiesis
answer
platelet production
question
megakaroblast
answer
produced by myeloid stem and forms megakarocyte
question
spectrin protein
answer
provides support and flexibility to erythrocyte
question
hemaglobin
answer
red pigmented protein
question
oxyhemoglobin
answer
bound to oxygen
question
deoxyhemoglobin
answer
not bound to oxygen
question
carbaminohemoglobin
answer
carbon dioxide bound to amino acid group
question
heme group
answer
contains porphyrin ring and an iron ion in center, which binds oxygen for transport
question
how many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin bind to?
answer
four
question
what stimulates EPO (erthropoietin)?
answer
decreased blood oxygen (altitude, exercise, blood loss)
question
hemolysis
answer
rupture of erthyrocyte
question
diapedesis
answer
leukocytes squeezing through endohelial cells of blood vessels
question
chemotaxis
answer
attraction of leukocytes to infection site
question
granulocytes
answer
visible granules seen with light microscope
question
agranulocytes
answer
smaller granules not seen with light microscope
question
neutrophils
answer
most numerous leukocyte
multilobed nucleus
phagocytize infectious pathogens
increase with bacterial infection
question
eosinophils
answer
bilobed nucleus
phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes or allergens
active in parasitic infection
question
basophils
answer
bilobed nucleus
histamine (vasodialation)
heparin inhibits blood clotting
question
lymphocytes
answer
T-lymphocytes manage immune response
B-lymphocytes become plasma cells and produce antibodies
NK cells attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
question
monocytes
answer
c shaped nucleus
transform into macrophages
question
leukopenia
answer
reduced number of leukocytes, increases risk of developing infection
question
leukocytosis
answer
slightly elevated leukocyte count, may be caused by infection or stress
question
neutrophilia
answer
increase in neutrophils
question
neutropenia
answer
decreased neutrophil count
question
lymphocytosis
answer
increase in lymphocytes
question
lymphocytopenia
answer
decreased lymphocyte count
question
platelets characteristics
answer
membrane enclosed cellular fragments without a nucleus, blood clotting
question
thrombocytopenia
answer
abnormally small number of platelets in blood
question
hemostasis
answer
process of blood clotting
question
what are the three phases of hemostasis (blood clotting?
answer
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation phase
question
vascular spasm
answer
sudden constriction of blood vessels that limits blood able to leak from vessel. increased by the release of serotonin and thromboxane A2
question
platelet plug
answer
formed from platelets arriving at injury site
question
prostacyclin
answer
local hormone that coats the endothelial wall that keeps it very smooth
question
von willebrand factor
answer
plasma protein that is released from platelets and endothelium cells
question
degranulation
answer
massive release if chemicals stored in granules
question
coagulation
answer
blood clotting
question
clot retraction
answer
occurs as clot is forming
question
actinomyosin
answer
contractile protein within platelets contracts and squeezes the serum out of a developing clot
question
fibrinolysis
answer
actual clot destruction
question
plasmin
answer
enzyme
question
if more than 10% of blood is lost, what is the sympathetic response?
answer
increased vasoconstriction
increased heart rate
increased force of heart contraction
question
plasma is composed of about ____% of water
answer
92
question
protein that maintains osmotic pressure
answer
albumin
question
transports lipids
answer
alpha and beta globulin
question
a type of antibody for defense
answer
gamma globulin
question
helps with blood clotting
answer
fibrinogen
question
used and produced in cellular respiration
answer
plasma gasses
question
vitamins, lipids, sugars, amino acids transported to cells for use in metabolic processes
answer
plasma nutrients
question
waste produced in metabolism and amino acids
answer
nonprotein nitrogenous substances
question
the most abundant formed elements of the blood is/are
answer
erythrocytes
question
choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets.
answer
they secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting
question
the cell fragments that are a component of blood are
answer
platelets
question
if an individual's erythrocytes exhibit surface antigen D, the person is said to be Rh negative.
answer
false
question
a simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules
answer
albumin
question
a simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system
answer
globulin
question
a protein that forms blood clots
answer
fibrin
question
plasma without the clotting factors
answer
serum
question
the liquid portion of blood connective tissue
answer
plasma
question
in a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n)
answer
bacterial infection
question
the red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called
answer
hemoglobin
question
leukocytes in the elderly are usually more efficient and higher in number compared to earlier in life.
answer
false
question
a deficiency in leukocyte number may lead to an increase in opportunistic infections.
answer
true
question
platelets are formed from
answer
pieces of the megakaryocyte breaking off
