question

ALARA

answer

Acronym for as low as reasonably achievable

question

Distance

answer

One of the three basic principles of radiation protection

question

Risk

answer

In the medical industry with reference to the radiation sciences, the possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation

question

Millisivert (mSv)

answer

A subunit of the sievert equal to 1/1000 of sievert

question

BERT

answer

Method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a specified period of time such as days, weeks, months, or years

question

Radiation Protection

answer

effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

question

Standardized dose reporting

answer

The benefit to the referring physician in having direct access to a patient's radiation dose history being the option of knowing whether or not the ordering of an additional radiologic procedure is advisable

question

Optimization for radiation protection

answer

Term that is synonymous with the acronym ALARA

question

Radiation induced cancer

answer

A diseases process that does not have a fixed threshold

question

Diagnostic efficacy

answer

The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient

question

Radiation Safety officer (RSO)

answer

Individual in a hospital setting expressly charged by the administration to be directly responsible for the execution, enforcement and maintenance of the ALARA program

question

Appropriate and effective communication

answer

Makes patients feel that they are active participants in their own health care

question

Radiation phobia

answer

Fear of being exposed to radiation

question

Biologic effects

answer

Damage to living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation

question

TRACE program

answer

consists of two phases: 1. formulating new policies and procedures to promote radiation safety and the implemeation of patient and community education 2. Technologic enhancements

question

Sv

answer

SI unit of measure for the radiation quantity, equivalent dose.

question

ESE

answer

Entrance skin exposure: surface of the skin where x radiation enters the patient's body, resulting in an area of maximum exposure

question

Production of free radicals

answer

A consequence of ionization in human cells

question

1895

answer

Year in which x ray was discovered

question

Radiologic technologists

answer

Have the responsibility to select technical exposure factors that significantly reduce radiation exposure to patients and themselves

question

Ionizing radiation

answer

Produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter

question

Need to safeguard against significant and continuing radiation exposure

answer

Based on evidence of harmful biologic effects

question

Maximum allowable levels of radiation exposure

answer

The upper boundary doses of ionizing radiation for which there is negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic defect

question

Ensuring the highest quality of service

answer

Responsibility of facilities that provide imaging services

question

Nonoccupational dose

answer

Radiation exposure received by persons not employed in the medical imaging profession (patients, the general public)

question

What factor increases radiation exposure for both the patient and the radiographer ?

answer

Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness

question

To implement an effective radiation safety program in a facility that provides imaging services, the employer must

answer

1. An appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program and the necessary resources to support the program 2. A written policy that describes the ALARA program and identifies management's commitment to keeping all radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable 3. Periodic exposure audits to determine ways to lower radiation exposure in the workplace

question

x ray equipment that can produce only very low kilovoltage and very high miliamperage would cause

answer

tube failure, is not considered a mean of radiation safety

question

Radiation has been present on earth since

answer

its beginning

question

occupational and non occupational doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when

answer

radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable

question

How can humans safely control the use of radiant energy

answer

1. by using knowledge of radiation induced hazards that have been gained over many years 2. by employing effective methods to limit or eliminate radiation induced hazards

question

In medicine, when radiation safety principles are correctly applied during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited. This results in

answer

reducing the potential for adverse effects

question

To reduce radiation exposure to the patient

answer

1. reduce the amount of the x ray "beam on" time 2. utilize as much distance as warranted between the x ray tube and the patient for the examination 3. shield the patient when appropriate gonadal and/or specific area shielding devices

question

During a routine radiologic examination, when radiographers use their intelligence and knowledge to answer patient questions about the risk of radiation exposure honestly, they can do much to alleviate any patient :

answer

1. apprehension 2. fears

question

During phase one of the TRACE program, after new and more definitive radiation safety policies and procedures have been written, some ways of providing patient and community education are through the use of

answer

1. informational posters placed strategically through out the health care facility 2. Brochures that describe imaging procedures in simple terms 3. Basic information on a specific website designed for patient education

question

Certain individual radiologic procedures need to have patient dose dictated into every radiologic report. These procedures include

answer

1. computed tomography (CT) 2. General fluoroscopy 3. Interventional procedures

question

Effective radiation protection measures take into consideration

answer

1. both human and environmental physical determinants 2. technical elements 3. procedural factors

question

when illness or injury occurs or when a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent , a patient may:

answer

elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information

question

Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical needs or that does not enhance the quality of a radiologic examination is called

answer

unnecessary radiation

question

The ALARA philosophy should

answer

1. be a main part of every health care facility's personnel radiation control program 2. be established and maintained because there are no established dose limits for the amount of radiation that patients may receive for individual imaging procedures 3. show that radiographers and radiologist in a facility have considered reasonable actions that will reduce patient and personnel dose below required limits

question

When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity , diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal quality images, revealing the presence or absence of diseases, are obtained with

answer

minimal radiation exposure

question

For the welfare of patients and the workers, facilities providing imaging services must have

answer

An effective radiation safety program

question

When radiation is safely and prudently using in the imaging of patients, the benefit of the exposure can be

answer

maximized while the potential risk of biologic damage is minimized

question

What basic principles of radiation protection can be applied to both the patient and the radiographer

answer

1. time 2. distance 3. shielding

question

What recommended the use of background equivalent radiation time for improving patient understanding and reducing fear and anxiety associated with having an x ray procedure?

answer

national council on radiation protection and measurements

question

BERT is a

answer

method of comparison

question

The end of result of the TRACE program is

answer

a reduction in patient dose

question

Typically, people are more likely to accept a risk if they perceive that

answer

The potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk involved

question

The most effective tool for diagnosing breast cancer continues to be

answer

mammography

question

The milisievert (mSv), a subunit of the sievert (Sv) is equal to

answer

1/1000 of an Sv

question

Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in

answer

An in crease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer

question

x rays are a form of

answer

ionizing radiation

question

The sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of

answer

EqD equivalent dose

question

The ability of x rays to cause injury in normal biologic tissue has been apparent since

answer

early 1900's

question

Does a threshold exists for radiation induced malignant disease ?

answer

No threshold exist for radiation induced malignant disease

question

BERT is based on an annual U.S population exposure of approximately

answer

3mSv per year

question

Diagnostic efficacy provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is

answer

justified

question

The basic principles of time , distance, and shielding can be applied for the safety of

answer

both the patient and the radiographer

question

Is human made radiation more dangerous than an equal amount of natural radiation ?

answer

No, the danger is the same

question

How often are humans exposed to sources of ionizing radiation?

answer

Humans are constantly exposed

question

BERT is a method of

answer

explaining radiation to the public

question

Radiologic technologists and radiologists are educated in the safe operation of

answer

radiation producing imaging equipment

question

After ordering an x ray examination or procedure, the referring physician must accept basic responsibility for

answer

protecting the patient from non useful radiation exposure

question

Who's responsible in providing the necessary resources and appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program in a health care facility

answer

It is the employers responsibility

question

A health care facility must have a written policy statement describing the

answer

radiation safety program. The statement must also identify the commitment of management to keep all radiation exposure ALARA and must be available to all employees in the workplace

question

In general terms, risk can be defined as the

answer

probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity

question

BERT implies

answer

means of comparison

question

There is a need for each radiation producing modality to

answer

record patient radiation dose

question

TRACE stands for

answer

tools for radiation awareness and community education

question

Production of low energy x ray photons is a consequence of

answer

ionization of human cells

question

Radiation produced from an x ray tube is an example of

answer

controllable radiant energy

question

Various methods of radiation protection may be applied to ensure safety for persons employed in radiation industries, including

answer

medicine and for the population at large

question

If a radiographer makes an error in selecting technical radiographic exposures factors for a specific projection of an anatomic body part, the projection will be required to

answer

be repeated which will resulting in an increase in radiation dose

question

Most patients are unaware that most of their background radiation comes from

answer

natural radiation in their own bodies

question

When radiographers use their intelligence and knowledge to answer a patient's questions about the risk of radiation exposure honestly, they can do much to alleviate the patient's

answer

apprehension and fears during a routine radiologic examination

question

BERT emphasizes that radiation is an

answer

innate part of our environment

question

Radiation exposure should always be kept at the

answer

lowest possible level for the general public

question

Effective radiation protection consists of the tools and techniques primarily designed to

answer

minimize radiation exposure while producing optimal quality diagnostic images

question

When ionizing radiation is used to obtained a

answer

mammogram for the welfare of a patient, the directly realized benefits of the exposure to this gradient energy far outweighs any slight risk of inducing a radiogenic malignancy or any genetic defect

question

In medicine, when radiation safety principles are applied correctly during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissues by radiation can be

answer

limited, thereby reducing the potential for biologic effects

question

Diagnostic efficacy is maximized when

answer

essential images are produced under recommended radiation protection guidelines

question

the rationale for ALARA comes from

answer

evidence complied by scientists over the past century

question

Radiologic technologists and radiologists follow

answer

established procedures

question

To use time as a basic principle for radiation, a radiographer can

answer

reduce the amount of the amount of x ray "Beam On" time

question

patients not only should be made aware of what a specific procedure involves and what type of cooperation is required, but also must be informed of

answer

what needs to be done, if anything as a follow up to their examination

question

Radiologic technologists and radiologists are educated in the

answer

safe operation of radiation producing imaging equipment

question

A radiographer should always shield the patient when

answer

appropriate gonadal and or specific area shielding

question

The ALARA concept should serve as a guide for the

answer

selection of technical exposure factors

question

BERT does not imply radiation risk, it is simply a means for

answer

comparison

question

optimal radiographic images should be obtained with

answer

the first exposure

question

Radiologic technologist and radiologist use

answer

protective devices whenever possible

question

Management in a health care facility should perform a periodic exposure

answer

audit to determine how radiation exposure in the workplace may be lowered

question

Greater understanding of biologic effects associated with diagnostic radiology was gained throughout the

answer

twentieth century

question

The millisievert (mSv) is a subunit of the

answer

sievert (Sv)

question

X rays are a form of ionizing radiation, therefore , their use in medicine for the detection of disease and injury requires

answer

protective measures

question

imaging facilities must have an effective radiation safety program that provides patient protection and

answer

patient education

question

ionizing radiation such as x rays have both a

answer

beneficial and a destructive potential

question

radiographers should select the smallest radiation exposure that

answer

produces useful radiographic images

question

creation of unstable atoms is a consequence of

answer

ionization in healthy tissue

question

Radiation workers are required to perform their occupational practices in a manner consistent with

answer

the ALARA principle

question

EFD stands for

answer

effective dose

question

Dental, intraoral (mSv) .06 (radiographic procedure)

answer

1 week BERT (amount of time to receive the same effective dose from nature)

question

chest radiograph (mSv) .08

answer

10 days BERT (amount of time to receive the same effective dose from nature)

question

lumbar spine (mSv) 3.0

answer

1 year BERT (amount of time to receive the same effective dose from nature)

question

Abdomen (mSv) .7

answer

4 months BERT (amount of time to receive the same effective dose from nature)

question

CT chest (mSv) 8.0

answer

3.6 year BERT (amount of time to receive the same effective dose from nature)

question

CT abdomen / pelvis (mSv) 10.0

answer

4.5 year BERT (amount of time to receive the same effective dose from nature)

question

How can humans safely control the use of radiant energy?

answer

Humans can safely control the use of radiant energy by using the knowledge of radiation hazards that has been gained over many years and by employing effective methods to limit or eliminate those hazards

question

How can radiologic technologists reduce radiation exposure to patients and to themselves

answer

Radiologic technologists and radiologists can reduce radiation exposure to patients and to themselves by using protective devices whenever possible, by following established procedures, and by selecting technical exposure factors that significantly reduce radiation exposure

question

As ionizing radiation passes through matter, what is the event that may cause injury in normal biologic tissue

answer

When passing through matter, ionizing radiation produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions). the production of these ions is the event that may cause injury in normal biologic tissue

question

What are the three basic principles of radiation protection

answer

The three basic principles of radiation protection are time, distance and shielding

question

How can imaging personnel apply the three cardinal principles of radiation protection to minimize occupational exposure

answer

occupational radiation of imaging personnel can be minimized by the use of these cardinal principles 1. shortening the length of time spent in a room where x radiation is being produced 2. standing at the greatest distance possible from an energized x ray beam 3. interposing a radiation absorbent shielding material between the radiographer and the source of radiation

question

What principle can be used to compare the amount of radiation that various health care facilities in a particular area use for specific imaging procedures

answer

The ALARA principle provides a method that can be used to compare the amount of radiation that various health care facilities in a particular area use for specific imaging procedures

question

List three ways of providing education for imaging department staff when using the TRACE program

answer

1. providing in service education on various radiation safety topics to accommodate individual needs of the staff 2. handling out of fact to remember sheet at the end of an in service program 3. e mails highlighting of the most important topics covered in a staff in service program to imaging staff members to help reinforce and retain vital information

question

Regarding the ALARA program in a hospital setting, what are three responsibilities for the program that are entrusted to the radiation safety officer by the administration

answer

In a hospital setting, the Radiation safety officer (RSO) is expressly charged by the administration to be directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program

question

How is risk weighed against benefit in medical radiography

answer

When ionizing radiation is used for the welfare of the patient, the directly realized benefits of the exposure to this radiant energy must far outweigh any slight risk of inducing a radiogenic malignancy or any genetic defects

question

If patients in a particular location receive on average approximately the same ESE for a specific imaging procedure but one health care facility in that same area began giving its patients higher radiation ESEs and subsequent doses what would be the status of that facility, and what would be the expectation for it?

answer

The institution giving the higher radiation ESEs and subsequent dose would no longer be in compliance with ALARA standards. This noncompliant facility would have to take the necessary action to bring the ESE values and subsequent doses back to a level that would comply with regulatory standards.

question

List consequences of ionization in human cells

answer

1. creation of unstable atoms 2. production of free electrons 3. production of low energy x ray photons 4. creation of reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell 5. creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell 6. injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function

question

If a patient is having a chest x ray and the patient asks the radiographer "how much radiation will i receive from this x ray" how should the radiographer respond to the patient's question

answer

The radiographer can respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x ray to natural background radiation received, for example, over a certain number of days. Thus the radiographer can reply, "the radiation received from having a chest x ray is equivalent to what would be received spending approximately 10 days in your natural surroundings"

question

If a non radiologist physician is performing a fluoroscopic procedure and a specific dose has been reached , what should the radiographer assisting that physician do

answer

The radiographer assisting the physician performing the fluoroscopic procedure can let the physician know that a specific dose has been reached so that the physician operating the fluoroscope will have the opportunity to decide to continue or stop the procedure

question

what is the benefit of standardized dose reporting to the referring physician?

answer

the benefit to the referring physician in having direct access to a patient's radiation dose history is the option of knowing whether or not the ordering of an additional radiologic procedure is advisable

question

List three advantages of using the BERT method to compare the amount of radiation received with the natural background radiation received over a given period

answer

1. BERT does not imply radiation risk, but rather is simply a means of comparison 2. BERT emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment 3. An answer given in terms of BERT is easy for the patient to comprehend

question

what are the radiation workers responsibilities to maintain an effective radiation safety program

answer

1. be aware of rules governing the workplace 2. perform duties consistent with ALARA

question

How does the tools for radiation awareness and community program help patients and the community

answer

The TRACE program helps patients and the community to enhance understanding for using radiation safety and for enabling these people to more actively participate in their own medical decisions

question

What are biologic effects

answer

Biologic effects are damage to living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation

question

What is the intention behind the ALARA concept

answer

To keep radiation exposure and consequent dose to the lowest possible level

question

What is the end result of the TRACE program

answer

a reduction in patient dose

question

Define the term radiation protection

answer

effective measures used by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from uncessaryu exposure to ionizing radiation

question

What term (and acronym) is used to express the concept of keeping radiation exposure to a level that minimizes the potential for damage to human tissue?

answer

As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)

question

Who should justify the need for every radiation procedure and accept basic responsibility for protecting the patient from non useful radiation exposure

answer

The referring physician

question

The directly realized benefits of exposing patents to ionizing radiation should far outweigh any slight

answer

risk of inducing a radiogenic malignancy or genetic defects

question

What must imaging facilities have that provides for patient protection and patient education

answer

an effective radiation safety program

question

One milisievert (mSv) is equal to

answer

1/1000th of a Sv

question

What is the SI unit of measure for EqD

answer

The sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of measure for equivalent dose

question

The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient defines

answer

Diagnostic efficacy

question

Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical needs or that does not enhance the quality of a radiologic examination is called

answer

unnecessary radiation

question

What are the two phases of the Trace program

answer

1. formulating new policies and procedures to promote radiation safety & implementation of PT and community education 2. technologic enhancement

question

What is the most effective tool for diagnosing breast cancer early

answer

mammography

question

what is the benefit of standardized dose reporting to the referring physician

answer

The option of knowing whether or not the ordering of an additional radiologic procedure is advisable

question

What method can a radiographer use to compare the amount of radiation received during a routine radiographic procedure with natural background radiation received over a specific period of time

answer

background equivalent radiation time (BERT)

question

Optimization for radiation protection is synonymous with the term

answer

ALARA

question

basic principles of radiation protection are

answer

1. time 2. distance 3. shielding

question

In a hospital setting, who does the administration charge to be directly responsible for the execution , enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program

answer

the radiation safety officer

question

radiographers should select the

answer

smallest radiation exposure that will produce useful images and avoid errors that result in repeat radiographic exposures

question

BERT does not imply radiation risk,

answer

it is simply a mean for comparison

question

Human made radiation is the same level of danger as

answer

natural radiation

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