CHMY 161 Chapeter 4 – Flashcards
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What is the nuclear symbol for a radioactive isotope of copper with a mass number of 60?
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60/29 Cu
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The nuclear symbol of helium, 4/2 He, is also the symbol for designating a(n)
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alpha particle
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The symbol 0/-1 e is a symbol used for a(n)
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beta particle
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The symbol 0/+1 e is a symbol used for a(n)
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positron
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A positron is a particle emitted from the nucleus that has the same mass as a(n)
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electron but has a positive charge
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Which of the following types of radiation has the highest energy?
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γ-rays
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The damaging effects of radiation on the body are a result of
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the formation of unstable ions or radicals
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Which of the following is suitable as a minimum shielding for beta particles?
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gloves
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For 85/38 Sr, there are
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38 protons and 47 neutrons
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Which is NOT a way to minimize your exposure to radiation?
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staying a longer time
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The process in which a nucleus spontaneously breaks down by emitting radiation is known as
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radioactive decay
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The nuclear reaction shown below is an example of what type of process? 224/90 Th → 220/88 Rn + 4/2 He
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alpha emission
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Gamma rays require the heaviest shielding of all the common types of nuclear radiation because gamma rays have the
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highest energy
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If absorbed internally, alpha particle emitters are the most damaging because alpha particles
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have the greatest mass
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A nuclear equation is balanced when
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the sum of the mass numbers and the sum of the atomic numbers of the particles and atoms are the same on both sides of the equation
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When a positron is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the nuclear mass
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remains the same
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When an alpha particle is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the nuclear mass
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decreases by four units
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When a gamma ray is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the nuclear mass
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remains the same
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In the nuclear equation of a beta emitter,
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the new nucleus contains 1 more proton
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The product from the alpha decay of 235/92 U is
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231/90 Th
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Nitrogen-17 is a beta emitter. What is the isotope produced in the radioactive decay?
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17/8 O
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The nuclear reaction 126/50 Sn → 126/51 Sb + ? is an example of
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beta emission
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What is the radioactive particle released in the following nuclear equation? 90/38 Sr → 90/39 Y + ?
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beta particle
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What is the radioactive particle released in the following nuclear equation? 159/74 W → 155/72 Hf + ?
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alpha particle
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What is missing in the nuclear reaction shown below? 10/5 B + 4/2 He → 13/7 N + _____
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a neutron
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What is missing in the nuclear reaction shown below? 10/5 B + 4/2 He → _____ + 1/0 n
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13/7 N
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What is missing in the nuclear reaction shown below? 66/30 Zn + 1/1 p → _____
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67/31 Ga
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What is the radiation particle used in the bombardment of nitrogen-14? 14/7 N + ? → 14/6 C + 1/1 H
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neutron
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When aluminum-27 is bombarded with a neutron, a gamma ray is emitted. What radioactive isotope is produced?
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aluminum-28
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Radium-226 decays by alpha emission to
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radon-222
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Iodine-131 decays by beta emission to
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xenon-131
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A sample of cerium-141 for a diagnostic test was dissolved in saline solution to an activity of 4.5 millicuries/mL. If the patient undergoing the test needs a dose of 10. millicuries, how much of the solution should be injected into the patient?
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2.2 mL
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The unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by a gram of material is called then
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rad
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A patient receives 4.2 × 103 mrads of iodine-131, which emits β-particles. If the factor that adjusts for biological damage is 1 for β-particles, how many rems did the patient receive?
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4
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A patient receives 10 mrads of gamma radiation. If the factor that adjusts for biological damage for for gamma radiation is 1, how many mrems did the patient receive?
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10 mrem
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Gamma rays may be detected using
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all of the above devices: Geiger counter, film badge, X-ray film
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A sample of technetium-99m has an activity of 1.5 Ci. How many disintegrations occur in the technetium-99m sample in 5.0 sec?
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2.8 × 10 to the 11th
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Why is it important that radioisotopes used in diagnostic tests have short half-lives?
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This minimizes the harmful side effects of the radiation
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A person begins to suffer radiation sickness at an exposure level of
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100 rem
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The recommended dosage of I-131 for a test is 4.2 microcuries per kg of body weight. How many millicuries should be given to a 55 kg patient? (1 mCi = 1000 μCi)
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0.23 millicuries
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One symptom of mild radiation sickness is
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a lowered white cell count
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Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours. How many hours is three half-lives?
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45 hours
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The half-life of a radioisotope is
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the time it takes for one-half of the sample to decay
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Iodine-123, which is used for diagnostic imaging in the thyroid, has a half-life of 13 hours. If 50.0 mg of I-123 were prepared at 8:00 A.M. on Monday, how many mg remain at 10:00 A.M. on the following day?
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12.5 mg
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A wooden object from a prehistoric site has a carbon-14 activity of 10 counts per minute (cpm) compared to 40 cpm for new wood. If carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years, what is the age of the wood?
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11,500 yr
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Krypton-79 has a half-life of 35 hours. How many half-lives have passed after 105 hours?
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3 half-lives
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The half-life of bromine-74 is 25 min. How much of a 4.0 mg sample is still active after 75 min?
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0.50 mg
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An imaging technique in which a computer monitors the degree of absorption of X-ray beams is known as
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computerized tomography (CT)
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An imaging technique that detects the energy emitted by hydrogen atoms in a magnetic field is known as
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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The most widely used medical isotope in nuclear medicine is
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Tc-99m
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The dosage of technetium-99m for myocardial imaging is 280 μCi/kg of body weight. How many mCi should be given to a patient weighing 65 kg? (1 mCi = 1000 μCi)
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18 mCi
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A patient receives 3.0 mL of a solution containing technetium-99m for a breast image. If the activity of the technetium-99m is 9.5 mCi/mL, what is the dose received by the patient?
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29 mCi
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When an atom of uranium-235 is bombarded with neutrons, it splits into smaller nuclei and produces a great amount of energy. This nuclear process is called
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fission
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In the Sun, nuclei of hydrogen combine to form a larger nucleus and release a great amount of energy. The process is known as
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fusion
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The production of nitrogen-13 and a neutron from boron-10 by bombardment with a helium-4 nucleus is an example of radioactive decay.
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FALSE
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The correct symbol for hydrogen-3 is He.
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FALSE
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An alpha particle is emitted when Am-241 decays to Np-237.
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TRUE
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A beta particle is emmited when Co-60 decays to Fe-60.
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FALSE
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Exposure to radiation is unavoidable because some radioactive elements occur naturally.
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TRUE
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One symptom of radiation sickness is an increased production of red blood cells.
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FALSE
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Irradiation of food for sterilization is usually carried out using gamma irradiation.
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TRUE
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Irradiated food contains small amounts of added radioactive isotopes.
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FALSE
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If the half-life of hydrogen-3 is 11.8 years, after two half-lives the radioactivity of a sample will be reduced to one-half of the original amount.
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FALSE
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One mCi of a radioactive substance emits more radiation than one μCi of the same substance.
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TRUE
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Medical radioisotopes used for diagnostic purposes typically have short half-lives.
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TRUE
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One type of radiation that is not usually used for medical procedures is the cosmic ray.
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TRUE
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Nuclear fission as used in nuclear power plants produces radioactive waste with long half-lives.
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TRUE
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Nuclear fusion does not occur naturally.
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FALSE
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A large nucleus is split into smaller nuclei.
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fission
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Very high temperatures must be achieved to initiate the reaction.
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fusion
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This nuclear process provides the energy of the Sun.
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fusion
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This process produces radioactive by-products.
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fission
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Large amounts of energy are released.
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both fission and fusion
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Two small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus.
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Fusion
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α
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alpha particle
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β
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beta particle
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γ
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gamma ray
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1/1 H
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proton
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1/0 n
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neutron
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0/+1 e
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positron
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0/-1 e
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beta particle
