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Abnormal

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Consists of unusualness, social deviance, emotional distress, maladaptive behavior, dangerousness, faulty perceptions of reality.

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DSM

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders. Over 400 Disorders.

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Anxiety Disorders

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Feeling uneasy, worried, distressed. One of the most common disorders.

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Behavior Therapy

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Uses conditioning to replace maladaptive behaviors. Brief form of Therapy.

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Techniques of Behavior Therapy

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Systematic Desensitization, aversive conditioning, modeling.

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Aversive conditioning

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Pair something negative with something the client deems positive.

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Cognitive Therapy

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Aaron Beck. Cognitive distortions lead to psychological dysfunction. Change negative thoughts. Short-term therapy.

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Catastrophizing

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Predicting the worst scenario without considering more likely outcomes.

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OSD)

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Obsessions- persistent intrusive thoughts Compulsions- Repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety.

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Major Depression

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Overwhelming depressed mood or loss of interest.

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Symptoms of Depression

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Change in sleep. Loss of energy. Feelings of worthlessness. Suicidal Thoughts. 2 TIMES AS COMMON IN WOMEN. Women more likely to GET HELP.

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Personality Disorders

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Rigid personality traits that make it difficult to adapt. Onset in adolescence or early adulthood.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Extreme disregard for others Failure to conform to social norms. Deceitful and manipulative Indifferent to hurting others. More MEN.

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood. Very impulsive. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. Resistant to change.

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Mistaken Responsibility

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Believe others are behaving negatively because of you, w/o considering more likely causes. "She didn't smile at me. I must've offended her."

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All-or-nothing Thinking

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Viewing a situation only in 2 categories, rather than a continuum. "If you're not first, you're last."

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Biomedical Therapies

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Aim to reduce biological roots of psychopathology. Can only be performed by M.D.s

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Drug Therapy

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Psychotropic Drugs- Drugs that act on the brain to relieve mental disorders. Anxiety, antidepressants

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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Sending electrical current through brain to believe symptoms. For severe cases of depression, last resort, 70% of people improve. Drawback: memory loss.

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Social Phobia

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Formerly called Social Anxiety Disorder. Persistent fear of social situations.

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Specific Phobia

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Excessive fear of specific situations.

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Agoraphobia

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Excessive fear of being in open spaces (away from "safety net").

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Panic Disorder

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Experiences of repeated panic attacks. Sudden episodes of sheer terror. Can feel like a heart attack. Chest pain, heart races, dizziness. Fear they are dying.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Excessive anxiety and worrying all the time. Difficult to control the worry.

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Bipolar Disorders

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Distinct periods of mania (highs) and depression (low). Can include: Inflated sense of self-worth, excessive involvement in pleasurable activities, buying sprees/sexual exploits.

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Mania

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Euphoric state, frenzied energy.

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Psychotic Disorders

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"Break" with reality.

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Schizophrenia

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Severe disorder of disturbances in mood, thoughts, perceptions, and behavior. Hallucinations and Delusions.

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Hallucinations

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Seeing/hearing things that aren't there.

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Delusions

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Persistent, false beliefs.

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Types of Schizophrenia

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Paranoid Type- Most common. Delusions & auditory hallucinations. Catatonic Type- Bizarre postures half for long periods of time. Disorganized Type- Inappropriate emotions, incoherent speech, lack of hygiene.

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Methods of Therapy

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Individual, Group, Family, Couple

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Individual Therapy

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One on one with therapist and client

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Group Therapy

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Therapist meets with several clients with similar problems simultaneously.

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Family Therapy

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Whole family meets with their therapist. The family is the client.

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Couple Therapy

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A couple meets with their therapist to work on relationship skills.

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Psychodynamic Therapy

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Psychologist helps client work through unconscious motives. Lasts for years. Often portrayed in pop media.

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Free Association

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Therapist tells client to describe any and all thoughts that come to mind.

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Dream Analysis

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Asks client what they dreamt about previous night to analyze their unconscious.

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Social Psychology

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Study of how behavior is influenced by the presence of others.

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Conformity

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Tendency to yield to real or perceived social pressure.

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Asch's Study

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Test to choose the lines of equal length. Actors said wrong one, so subject did too. 75% conformed.

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Unity

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Even one other person who opposed conformity reduced likelihood of subject's conformity.

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Group size

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Group of less than 4 people did not have a strong conformity effect.

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Reasons we conform

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Assume that the group is correct. Want to be accepted. Easier.

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Who is more likely to conform?

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Women. Declines with age.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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When your behaviors don't match your belief, you feel emotional discomfort. The emotion is Cognitive Dissonance.

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Are humans more likely to change behaviors or beliefs first?

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Beliefs.

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Festinger & Carlsmith Research

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Did boring tasks. Told next group it was fun for $1 or for $20. $1 group came to believe it was actually fun, because they lied for a dollar and felt bad. Changed beliefs before behaviors.

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Attributions

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Assumptions about the causes of someone's behavior

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Dispositional

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Behavior caused by personal characteristics.

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Situational

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Behavior caused by situation or environment.

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Dispositional vs situational judgement

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Emphasize dispositional causes when others have negative behaviors, but situational causes when our behaviors are negative. "He failed because he is dumb" vs. "I failed because i couldn't focus with the cold air".

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Self-Serving Bias

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We tend to emphasize the types of causes that benefit our image during negative or positive behavior.

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Collectivism

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Group comes first. Countries like China.

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Individualism

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Individual comes first. Countries like U.S.

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Obedience

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Compliance with those in authority positions. Milgram's Study.

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Milgram's Study

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Shock the victim if he doesn't get the word right. Told to by authority figure = 65% were willing to shock to lethal levels.

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Factors that increase obedience

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Legitimacy & Physical closeness of authority figure. Further distance from victim increases obedience in Milgram's study. Lack of another person who is opposed to obedience.

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Kitty Genovese

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1964Woman who was violently stabbed, but nobody helped. Started research over "Helping Behavior".

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People may not help others bc:

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Scared to get hurt. Not sure. Assume someone else will. Mind our own business. Consequences.

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Bystander Effect

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The more people present, the less likely any one person will attempt to help. Main influence on helping.

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Less likely to help if:

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Short on time. Unknown location. Increased costs to self. Perceive that the person in need brought it on themselves.

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More likely to help if:

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They are similar to you. They have baby faced features. You are in a good mood.

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If you need help:

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Single someone out. Make it clear you need help.

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Learned Helplessness

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When people learn that they cannot control their environment, they fail to try even once they are able to.

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Social Roles

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Expectations based on social position. Stanford Prison Experiment & Abu Ghraib.

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Persuasion Techniques

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Foot-in-the-door method Door-in-the-face method

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Foot-In-The-Door Persuasion

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Get someone to agree with something small and then something larger later.

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Door-In-The-Face Persuasion

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Ask for something crazy big with the intentions to get something smaller that you actually wanted.

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Which method of persuasion is the most effective?

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Door in the face.

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Social Facilitation

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People perform faster on tasks when others are present. Both physical and mental tasks.

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Social Loafing

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Tendency to not contribute much effort towards a group task.

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Reduce Social Loafing by:

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Make sure each member wants to be in the group. Explicitly state each member's duties. Publicly recognize each person's contributions.

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