PY100 #4(final) – Flashcards
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The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others leads to the fundamental attribution error.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Central route persuasion occurs mostly when people are naturally analytical or involved with the issue.
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Central route
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When issue don't engage in systematic thinking, persuasion may occur through a faster peripheral route.
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Peripheral route
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The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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Zimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed role- appropriate attitudes
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Role Playing Affects Attitudes (Zimbardo's prison study)
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When our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension *To relieve ourselves of this tension we bring our attitudes closer to our actions (Festinger, 1957).
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Cognitive dissonance
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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard (Chartrand ; Bargh, 1999).
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Conformity
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Scientist pressures them on and it works
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Milgram's obedience study
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*One is made to feel incompetent or insecure. *The group has at least three people. *The group is unanimous. *One admires the group's status and attractiveness. *One has no prior commitment to a response. *The group observes one's behavior. *One's culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard.
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Conditions that strengthen conformity
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1. Normative Social Influence: Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection 2.Informational Social Influence: We accept other's opinions about reality because the group may provide valuable information
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Reasons for Conforming
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Refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others.
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Social Facilitation
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The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually (Latané, 1981).
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Social Loafing
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The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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Deindividuation
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enhances a group's prevailing attitudes through a discussion
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Group Polarization
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Social psychology teaches us how we relate to one another through prejudice, aggression, and conflict to attraction, and altruism and peacemaking.
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Social Relations
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A prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members 1.Beliefs (stereotypes) 2.Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) 3. Predisposition to act (to discriminate)
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Prejudice
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Prejudice develops when people have money, power, and prestige, and others do not. Social inequality increases prejudice.
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Social Inequality
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Prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing someone to blame
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scapegoat theory
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The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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just-world phenomenon Hindsight Bias
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can be any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
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aggression
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Animals have been bred for aggressiveness for sport and at times for research.
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Genetic Influences
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Some centers in the brain, especially the limbic system (amygdala) and the frontal lobe, are intimately involved with aggression.
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Neural Influences
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Geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
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Proximity
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Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
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mere exposure effect
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Once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance
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Physical Attractiveness
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Similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen
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Similarity
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1. Passionate Love 2. Companionate Love
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Romantic Love
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A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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Companionate Love:
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An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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Passionate Love
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Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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Bystander Effect
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People in conflict form diabolical images of one another
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Enemy Perceptions
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are shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
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Superordinate Goals
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behavior (going naked) in one culture may be considered normal, while in others it may lead to arrest.(Abnormal)
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Deviant
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Deviant behavior must accompany (something that ditresses those around them or to the individual ex. anixiety, depression ...)
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distress
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If a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorder(interferes with a persons daily life)
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dysfunctional
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Symptoms 1.Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension 2.Autonomic arousal. 3.Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Symptoms 1Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations.
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Panic Disorder
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Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.
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Phobias
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Agoraphobia
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Acrophobia
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claustrophobia
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Hemophobia
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Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): 1.Haunting memories 2.Nightmares 3. Social withdrawal 4. Jumpy anxiety 5. Sleep problems
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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Signs include: 1.Lethargy and fatigue 2. Feelings of worthlessness 3. Loss of interest in family & friends 4. Loss of interest in activities 5. Appetite or weight changes 6. Sleep changes
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Bipolar Disorder symptoms
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Positive symptoms: the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking) Negative symptoms: the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
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Schizophrenia
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Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine receptors in the brain. Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic patients.
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Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities
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Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.
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Schizophrenia Viral Infection
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A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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The aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness.
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Psychoanalysis: Aims
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The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind.
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Psychoanalysis: Methods
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becomes important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety
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Resistance
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Developing positive or negative feelings towards the therapist
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transference
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The therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non-judgmental way.
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Client-Centered Therapy(humanistic Therapy)
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The therapist engages in ____________________ and echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient's thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings.
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active listening(Humanistic therapy)
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aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance
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Humanistic therapists
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Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
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Behavior Therapy
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a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.
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Counterconditioning
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Expose patients to things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared.
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Exposure Therapy
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A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
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Aversive Conditioning
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aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy).
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
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Beck believes that cognitions such as "I can never be happy" need to change in order for depressed patients to recover. This change is brought about by gently questioning patients.
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Beck's Therapy for Depression
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normally consists of 6-9 people attending a 90-minute session that can help more people and costs less
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Group & Family Therapies
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The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies
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uses drugs or other procedures that act on the patient's nervous system, treating his or her psychological disorders.
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Biomedical therapy
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chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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Clozapine (Clozaril)
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Atypical Antipsychotic
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(Xanax and Ativan)
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Antianxiety Drugs
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Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil
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Antidepressant Drugs
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Lithium Carbonate, a common salt
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Mood-Stabilizing Medications
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ECT is used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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psychological
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If a person exhibits persistently maladaptive thoughts, feelings, or actions, the person may have a(n) _____ disorder
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Bipolar
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The symptoms of _____ disorder begin to appear at a median age near 20.
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DSM-5
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A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is found in the _____.
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cognition
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A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's _____, emotion regulation, or behavior
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biology
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Many contemporary psychologists have turned to the following perspectives on anxiety: conditioning, cognition, and _____.
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generalization
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Stimulus _____ may occur when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs.
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Catatonia
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_____ is characterized by periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement.
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psychotic
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Schizophrenia is the chief example of a_____ disorder.
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delusions.
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Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is suffering from:
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Behavioral conditioning therapies
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_____ have been shown to be effective in treating sexual dysfunctions.
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people unconsciously avoid issues that are painful.
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Psychodynamic therapy is based on the premise that:
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genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
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Carl Rogers encouraged therapists to exhibit:
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Prozac
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Which of the following is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)? 1. Xanax 2.Zyprexa 3.Prozac 4.Thorazine
