question

Pervasive Development Disorder (PDD)

answer

1. Autistic Disorder 2. Asperger's Syndrome 3. Rett's disorder 4. Childhood disintegrative disorder 5. Pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified (PDD_NOS)

question

In order for a child to be diagnosed with autism, he or she must meet a total of 6 criteria from 3 different domains.

answer

1. Social Interaction 2. Communication 3. Restrictive, repetitive & stereotypic behavior patterns

question

Additional facts about Autism:

answer

-Autistic disorders affects approximately 1 in 166 children -Rates of autism are 4 to 5 times higher in males than females -by definition, the onset of symptoms must occur prior to age of 3

question

Behavior Deficits

answer

-language -play -social skills -perspective taking -executive functioning -motor skills -adaptive skills -school skills

question

Behavior Excesses

answer

-stereotypy -non-compliance -tantrums -aggression -self-injury

question

What is ABA?

answer

Application of the PRINCIPLE OF BEHAVIOR to issues that are socially important in an effort to produce practical change

question

Core Principle of ABA

answer

The consequences that follow a behavior control whether that behavior will increase or decrease

question

The ABC's

answer

THE 3-TERM CONTINGENCY A: Antecedent B: Behavior C: Consequence

question

Skill Repertoire Building

answer

We change antecedents and consequences to increase APPROPRIATE BEHAVIORS

question

Behavior Management

answer

We change antecedents and consequences to decrease INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIORS

question

The Discrete Trial

answer

1. An instructional technique used in ABA that has a clear beginning and ending (hence, the term discrete) 2. It is made up of the 3-term contingency: the antecedent (SD and/or EO), a single response, & a consequence

question

Example of ANTECEDENT

answer

Teacher says "touch car"

question

Example of RESPONSE

answer

Jacob touches car

question

Example of CONSEQUENCE

answer

Give Jacob candy

question

Stimulus/stimuli

answer

Anything that one sees, hears, smells, tastes or feels

question

The S^D (definition)

answer

the stimulus is called a discriminative stimulus (SD) because it signals that a correct response to the stimulus will result in reinforcement

question

Example of VIsual stimulus

answer

"What does a cow say?" or "tell me something that's red?"

question

Example of Verbal stimulus

answer

A toy cow, picture of a cow, real cow, etc.

question

Example of Visual and Verbal Combined stimulus

answer

-Holding up a cow (visual) & asking "What is it?" -Pointing to a picture of a boy sleeping (visual) & asking "what is he doing?" (verbal)

question

Discrete Trials Guidelines

answer

1. Have the childs attention before you present the SD 2. Avoid presenting childs name with SD 3. Avoid repeating SDs without giving consequences 4. Change target SD only when supervisor instructs you to do so 5. Initially, SDs should be clear and concise 6. The child should respond only after the entire SD is presented

question

The Establishing Operation (EO)

answer

A condition or physical state that alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer, making the reinforcer either more or less reinforcing

question

Examples of EO

answer

-Deprivation: Food (hungry state), Drink (thirsty state), and Rest (state of fatigue) -Satiation: Feeling full, recent access to a reinforcer

question

3 Categories of Response

answer

1. Correct (C) 2. Incorrect (I) 3. No Response (NR)

question

Guidelines to Responses

answer

1. Therapists must be consistent about what is considered a correct response 2. Be sure extraneous behavior is absent 3. Limit the time between SD and R to 3 seconds 4. When the child doesnt respond, consider the NR to be Incorrect

question

The Consequence

answer

An even that immediately follows the childs response

question

Two possible consequence that follows a response:

answer

1. Reinforcement 2. Error Correction Procedure

question

The Reinforcer (Sr)

answer

Immediate presentation of a desired stimulus or removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the future frequency of a response

question

Categories of Reinforcers

answer

1. Primary/ Unlearned- (unconditioned reinforcers) 2. Secondary/ Learned- (conditioned reinforcers)

question

Unconditioned Reinforcers

answer

-Food -Drinks

question

Conditioned Reinforcers

answer

-Praise -Rough-housing -Toys -Tokens -A break

question

Effectiveness of Reinforcers

answer

EOs affect the effectiveness of reinforcers -Deprivation of a reinforcer INCREASES its effectiveness -Satiation of a reinforcer DECREASES its effectiveness

question

Guidelines for Delivering Reinforcers

answer

1. Limit free access to reinforcers, and instead deliver reinforcers contingent on a target response 2. Conduct PREFERENCE ASSESSMENT frequently! 3. Deliver Sr within 1/2 second of R 4. Sr should be easy to give and remove 5. Establish conditioned (learned) reinforcers 6. Provide frequent reinforcement throughout the session for appropriate behavior

question

Continuous Reinforcement

answer

-Used for teaching new behaviors "on acquisitions" -Reinforcement occurs following every correct response

question

Intermittent Reinforcement

answer

-Used to maintain behaviors previously learned or "mastered" (AKA "on maintenance) -Reinforcement occurs after every 2,3,4,5, etc. correct responses or after an average number of responses

question

Early vs. Later Stages of CARD Program

answer

-Move from primary to secondary reinforcers -Move from contrived (e.g. food or toy) to more natural reinforcers (e.g. hearing "hi" upon saying "hi") -Move from continuous to intermittent reinforcement, for example: *Reinforce every trial *Reinforce approximately every 3 trials *Reinforce approximately every 5 trials *Reinforce approximately every 10 trials

question

Prompt

answer

A stimulus presented in addition to the SD that facilitates a correct response (a hint)

question

Fading

answer

The systematic removal of a prompt across successive trials in an effort to transfer stimulus control from the prompt to the SD

question

Types of Prompts

answer

-Physical -Model -Gestural -Proximity -Receptive -Textual -Vocal Echoic -Vocal Directive -Voice Inflection

question

Physical Prompt Example

answer

SD="Arms up" Therapist helps child raise arms over head and after each trial starts fading the full physical prompt into a partial physical prompt

question

Model Prompt Example

answer

SD="Touch your back" Therapist models the response by touching her back and after each trial starts fading the model so child can respond correctly on his own

question

Gestural Prompt Example

answer

SD="put behind" The therapist points behind the chair then the child responds correctly

question

Proximity Prompt Example

answer

SD="Give me the one you measure things with" The therapist pushes the tape measure toward the child

question

Receptive Prompt Example

answer

SD="Show item and ask "What is it?" The therapist presents receptive trial ("give me the spatula") immediately followed by an expressive ("what is it?")

question

Textural Prompt Example

answer

SD= Therapist holds up an unknown item The therapist shows child a card with the response "what is it?" written on it, she then shows the child a card with the response, "what is __?" written on it.. starts fading prompt through every trial

question

Vocal Prompt (Echoic) Example

answer

SD= presents preferred item or items T1-Therapist says "i want blue" -full echoic prompt T2&3-Therapist says "i...: partial echoic prompt Trial 4- Jimmy responds independently

question

Vocal Prompt (Directive) Example

answer

SD= a ball is rolled to the child T1- the therapist says "push"- full directive prompt T2- the therapist says "P.."- partial directive prompt T3- the child responds independently

question

Voice Inflection (within stimulus)

answer

SD= present object & ask "what color is it?" T1- the therapist says "what COLOR is it?" T2- the therapist says "what CoLoR is it?" T3- the therapist says "what color is it?" T4- the child responds correctly without a voice inflection prompt

question

Most-to-Least (MTL)

answer

When target is 0-79% correct =Prevent errors by using "errorless learning" -when teaching a new skill and acquisition item is 0-79% correct, a most-to-least prompting hierarchy should be implemented such that prompts occur with the presentation of every SD until the prompts are faded -Involves fading from one type of prompt to another by going from the most assistive to the least assistive across trials

question

No-no-prompt-repeat

answer

When target reaches 80% correct -upon error, give informational "no" -Repeat SD.. if error occurs again, give informational "no" -Repeat SD, and provide least effective prompt to ensure a correct R -Repeat SD without a prompt

question

Least to effective prompts

answer

-upon error, give informational "no" -request SD and provide least intrusive prompt.. if error occurs again, provide informational "no" -repeat SD and provide last effective prompt to ensure a correct R -repeat SD without a prompt

question

The Inter-Trial Interval

answer

The time between the end of one trial and the start of the next

question

Inter-Trial Interval Guidelines

answer

1. Should be long enough to keep each trial distinct but not so long that the child loses attention 2. Less than 2 seconds

question

Discrimination Training

answer

the procedure for teaching the child to distinguish between 2 or more SD's

question

Simultaneous Discrimination Training- Field

answer

when the child must respond to a field of stimuli by pointing to, touching, or picking up an item in the field

question

Successive Discrimination Training - No Field

answer

when child is not required to point to, touch, or pick up something from a field of stimuli

question

Acquisition Item/Target

answer

term used to describe the item(s) that you are currently teaching

question

Distracter item

answer

additional items, that are not targets, used to teach simultaneous discriminations

question

Distracter Trial

answer

additional trials, that do not target the acquisition item, used to teach successive discriminations

question

Mass Trial

answer

repeated presentation of one SD

question

Random Rotation

answer

presentation of 2 or more SD's in random order

question

Mastery

answer

when the target response 80-100% correct unprompted in random rotation, across at two or more consecutive therapy sessions, the target is said to be Mastered

question

Simultaneous Discrimination Training (7 steps)

answer

WHEN LEARNING TARGET 1 AND 2 Step 1: Mass Trial (MT) target 1 Step 2: Mass Trial (MT) target 1 with 1-2 unknown distracter items Step 3: Mass Trial (MT) target 2 alone Step 4: Mass Trial (MT) target 2 with 1-2 unknown distracter items Step 5: Mass Trial (MT) target 1 with target 2 as the distracter item Step 6: Mass Trial (MT) target 2 with target 1 as the distracter item Step 7: Randomly Rotate (RR) target 1 & target 2

question

Simultaneous Discrimination Training (4 steps)

answer

WHEN LEARNING THE 3, 4, 5, ETC. ITEM IN A PROGRAM Step 1: MT target "x" alone Step 2: MT target "x" with 1-2 unknown distracter items Step 3: MT targe "x" with 1 or more mastered distracter items Step 4: RR target "x" with 2 or more mastered items across 2 or more consecutive sessions with target at 80-100% correct unprompted

question

Successive Discrimination Training (3 steps)

answer

USE WHEN THERE IS NOT A FIELD OF ITEMS FOR THE CHILD TO RESPOND TO BY TOUCHING, POINTING TO, OR PICKING SOMETHING UP USE ONLY WHEN INTRODUCING FIRST 2 TARGETS Step 1: MT target 1 alone Step 2: MT target 2 alone Step 3: Randomly Rotate (RR) targets 1 and 2 until 80-100% correct unprompted across 2 or more consecutive sessions

question

Successive Discrimination Training (2 steps)

answer

USE WHEN INTRODUCING 3,4,5, ETC. ITEM IN A PROGRAM Step 1: MT target "x" alone Step 2: RR target "x" with 2 or more mastered items across 2 or more consecutive sessions with target at 80-100% correct unprompted

question

Expanded Trials Definition

answer

Systematically increasing the time between presentation of the target SD

question

Expanded Trials Example

answer

ET1: TX d TX d TX d TX d TX ET2: TX dd TX dd TX dd TX dd TX ET3: TX ddd TX ddd TX ddd TX ddd TX

question

Graduated Random Rotation Definition

answer

Systematically introducing mastered items (one at a time) into random rotation

question

Graduated Random Rotation Example

answer

RR1: RR TX with 1 previously mastered item RR2: RR TX with 2 previously mastered items RR3: RR TX with 3 previously mastered items

question

Between what two teaching phases are RR and ET inserted to?

answer

Simultaneous: 7 step- 5 and 6; 4 step- 3 and 4 Successive: 3 step- 2 and 3; 2 step- 1 and 2

question

Differences between expanded trials and graduated random rotation?

answer

EXPANDED TRIALS -order of SD's is not random, there is a pattern -can use any and many previously mastered items during distracter trials GRADUATED RR -order of SDs is random -can only introduce one additional previously mastered item in each phase of GRR

question

Use Most-To-Least prompting when..

answer

-if you've faded prompts out during MT, you need to reintroduce the last effective prompt when you get to RR - if the childs supervisor has indicted that either ET or GRR are to be used between MT and RR, you may need to reintroduce the last effective prompt when you begin these variations

question

Use an error correction procedure when..

answer

-error correction procedures should never be used until the acquisition item is 80% correct in RR -at this point, no longer use MTL prompting -instead, use the error correction procedure indicated by the childs supervisor

question

Shaping

answer

Reinforcing successive approximation of a target behavior while extinguishing previous approximations

question

When to use shaping..

answer

when the target behavior doesn't occur at all & there are no prompts we can use to get the behavior to occur

question

How to shape behaviors:

answer

1. Select the target behavior (e.g. "b") 2. Establish the initial behavior (e.g. "ah") 3. Reinforce initia behavior until it is under SD control (e.g. Jimmy says "ah" consistently every time the therapist presents the SD "say b") 4. When the child learns a better approximation (e.g. "p"), no longer reinforce the previous approximation 5. Continue until the child learns the target behavior

question

Chaining

answer

A sequence of SDs and Rs where each R in the sequence (except the last) produces the next SD and the last R is typically followed by a reinforcer

question

Task Analysis

answer

Break down a complex behavior into a sequence of components

question

Methods of establishing Chains

answer

1. Forward chaining 2. Backward chaining 3. Total task presentation

question

Forward Chaining

answer

-in a sequence of SDs and Rs, the first R is taught 1st -then the 2nd R is taught -then, the two are performed independently in order -then, the 3rd is taught & performed in sequence with the 1st & 2nd Rs -and so on until the behaviors in the chain are performed independently

question

Backward Chaining

answer

-in sequence of SDs and Rs the last R is taught 1st, then the 2nd to the last, then the two are performed independently in order -then the 3rd to the last R is taught & performed in sequence with the last two Rs -and so on until all the behaviors in the chain are performed independently

question

Total Task Presentation

answer

the simultaneous training of all links in a behavioral chain

question

Maintenance

answer

continued performance of a response after it was first learned

question

How often do I reinforce new skills:

answer

-continuous reinforcement: early on, reinforcement occurs after every attempted or correct trial -intermittent reinforcement: as children progress, we reinforce less frequently, after every 2,3,4,5, etc. trials

question

How often do I reinforce mastered skills:

answer

-to maintain a skill that is already mastered (and therefore easier for the child) we use an intermittent schedule of reinforcement

question

Generalization

answer

The occurrence of the relevant behavior under different, untrained conditions

question

Types of Generalization

answer

1. Across stimuli: Visual, Verbal 2. Across settings 3. Across people

question

Social Positive Reinforcement

answer

ATTENTION -Social positive reinforcement: child gets good stuff from someone -Someone giving attention for problem behavior -Vocal attention: reprimands, statements of concern, lecture or discussion -Facial expressions: eye contact, glaring, looks of concern or surprise -Touching: pats, rubs, spanks ACCESS -to tangible item/activity Social positive reinforcement: child gets good stuff from someone -Someone giving access to a tangible item/activity for problem behavior -toys -food -activities: getting to go outside, watch TV., spend the night at a friend's house

question

Social Negative Reinforcement

answer

-Escape social negative reinforcement: someone lets child escape bad stuff -Someone allowing escape form an aversive event or task contingent upon problem behavior -discontinuing a demand or task -leaving a setting: child doesn't want to be at school, so child tantrum, and teacher sends child home

question

Automatic Positive Reinforcement

answer

-behavior itself feels good and is reinforcing e.g. sensory input: child may engage in stereotypy to receive sensory input (e.g. hand flapping, delayed echolalia, twirling)

question

Automatic Negative Reinforcement

answer

-behavior itself let's child escape something that feels bad e.g. pain relief: child could engage in head banging to relieve (escape) a headache or biting to relieve (escape) a toothache

question

Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR)

answer

-NCR is an antecedent intervention that may be used to reduce problem behavior -Access to reinforcers are delivered on a time-based schedule, independent of the problem behavior -Basically, we are giving the child what they want for free -if we are providing the reinforcer for free, it should not be necessary for the child to engage in problem behavior to gain access to your attention or a toy that they want -if we are providing stimulating items to engage with for free, NCR may also make it less likely for some children to engage in behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement

question

Extinction

answer

-no longer give the reinforcer for a previously reinforced behavior -resulting in a decreased future frequency of behavior

question

Extinction burst

answer

initial increase in the frequency or intensity of the behavior

question

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

answer

presenting a reinforcer contingent on the absence of a problem behavior for a specified period of time

question

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

answer

a differential reinforcement procedure where a specific appropriate response is taught to replace an inappropriate response

question

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

answer

procedurally, this type of differential reinforcement is the sam as DRA -the difference is that it is impossible for the alternative behavior to occur in simultaneously with the problem behavior -thus, the alternative behavior is incompatible with the problem behavior

question

Nonexclusionary Time-Out

answer

immediate, response contingent removal of access to a reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response

question

Points to Remember:

answer

-a reinforcing activity must be in effect prior to time out, otherwise time out will be an opportunity for escape or avoidance -time-out should never involve closing a child into a room as this would be considered exclusionary and an aversive -time out should be immediate -no attention should be given during time out -duration of time out depends on the age of your child -when time is up, if your child is engaging in any inappropriate behavior, wait for him or her to behave appropriately for at least 15 s before removing form time out

question

Response Cost

answer

Immediate, response contingent removal of a portion of a tangible reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response

ABA TRAINING – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards