History of Massage Therapy Review Questions – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is massage?
answer
The systematic manual or mechanical manipulations of the soft tissues of the body by such movements as rubbing, kneading, pressing,;rolling, slapping and tapping for therapeutic purposes
question
What are some of the benefits of of massage?
answer
1. Promotes circulation of the blood and lymph 2. Relaxation of muscles 3. Relief form pain 4. Restoration of metabolic balance
question
What title should be used by men and women trained in the art of massage?
answer
Massage technician or massotherapist
question
What does masso or massein mean and where did the term come from?
answer
Greek root word means to touch, handle, knead or squeeze
question
What does massa mean and where did the term come from?
answer
Latin root word means to touch, handle, knead or squeeze.
question
What does mass'h or mass mean and where did the term come from?
answer
Arabic root word means to press softly
question
What does makeh mean and where did the term come from?
answer
Sanskrit word means to press softly
question
Why is massage considered on of the earliest remedial practices of humankind?
answer
It is said to be the most natural and instinctive means of relieving pain and discomfort.
question
WhAt are the natural tendencies towards treatment of injuries and discomfort?
answer
To touch, press, and rub that part of the body to obtain relief.
question
What are some of the healing practices of prehistoric peoples?
answer
They massaged their muscles and rubbed herbs, oils and various substances on their bodies as healing and protective agents.
question
How many ancient cultures practiced massage?
answer
Nearly all of them
question
Who usually administered the healing practices in ancient times?
answer
Healer, spiritual leader or doctor
question
How long has massage been a major part of medicine?
answer
At least five thousand years
question
How long has massage been important in Western medical traditions?
answer
At least five thousand years
question
When were the first writings on massage done?
answer
500 B.C.
question
How long have the Chinese practice massage?
answer
Since 3000 B.C.
question
What is amma?
answer
Special procedure used by the Chinese to improve their massage techniques.
question
What is tui-na?
answer
Modern term for Chinese massage which means push-pull.
question
When did the practice of amma method of massage enter Japan?
answer
Around the sixth century A.D.
question
What are the tsubo points?
answer
Points pressed to effect the circulation of fluids and Chi, and stimulate nerves.
question
What is Chi?
answer
Life force energy.
question
What is shiatsu?
answer
Japanese finger pressure technique
question
How long has massage been practiced on the Indian subcontinent?
answer
Over three thousand years
question
Who introduced massage to India?
answer
The Chinese
question
What is tshanpau?
answer
Massage at the bath. Included kneading the extremities, tapotement, frictioning, anointing with perfumes, and adjusting the joints of the fingers, toes and neck.
question
When did massage spread to Europe?
answer
Well before 300 B.C.
question
What type of emphasis did the Greeks place upon health and exercise?
answer
They made gymnastics and the regular use of massage part of their physical fitness rituals.
question
Who was Aesculapius and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
Greek priest-physician who was worshipped as the god of medicine.
question
What does ascesis mean?
answer
Exercise
question
What is ascete?
answer
A person who exercised his or her body and mind.
question
Who was Herodicus and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
Greek physician of the fifth century B.C. He prolonged the lives of many of his patients with diet, exercise and massage using beneficial herbs and oils
question
Who was Hippocrates and what was his contribution to medicine?
answer
He was a pupil of Herodicus and a descendant in the lineage of Aesculapius. He became known as the father of medicine. His code of ethics for physicians became known as the Hippocratic Oath of today.
question
What is anatripsis?
answer
Word used by Hippocrates meaning the art of rubbing a part upward, not downward.
question
Who taught the Romans about massage?
answer
The Greeks
question
Who was Celsus and what was his contribution to medicine?
answer
Considered to be one of the most eminent of Roman physicians. He wrote De Medicina which deals extensively with prevention and therapeutics using massage, exercise and bathing.
question
Who was Galen and what was his contribution to medicine?
answer
Greek physician to the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, is said to have discovered that arteries and veins contain blood. His medical texts were the principal ones in use for more than a thousand years.
question
Who was William Harvey and what was his contribution to medicine?
answer
English physician credited with discovering the circulation of blood in 1628
question
Why did massage decline in 180 A.D.?
answer
When Constantine converted to Christianity, he abolished and destroyed the baths and gymnasiums because of widespread abuses of a sexual nature.
question
How did the Middle ages influence massage?
answer
The use of massage declined in part to wars and to religious superstitions that caused people to fear placing too much importance on the physical self. It Europe it was abandoned in favor of other remedies.
question
Who primarily practiced massage in the Middle Ages?
answer
Laypeople, fold healers and midwives
question
Who was Rhazes or Rhazi and how did he influence massage?
answer
Islamic Persian philosopher/physician. He was a follower of Hippocrates and Galen.. His most important book was and encyclopedia of Arabic, Roman and Greek medical practices that esteemed the use of exercise, diet and massage in the treatment of disease and the preservation of health.
question
Who was Avicenna and how did he influence massage?
answer
Persian philosopher/physician who authored the "Canon of Medicine" that is considered the most important single book in medical history.
question
What occurred during the Renaissance?
answer
Interest was revived in the arts and sciences. Classical writings of the ancient Greek, Roman and Persian masters were revived and studied as a basis from which to develop new ideas.
question
How did the printing press influence health practices?
answer
It led to the publication of many scholarly writings in the arts and sciences. The advancement in the distribution of printed materials also helped stimulate interest in better health practices.
question
Who was Amborse Pare and what was his contribution to medicine?
answer
French barber-surgeon, one of the founders of modern surgery and inventor of the ligation of arteries, described in one of his publications the positive effects of massage in the healing process. He classified massage movements as gentle, medium and vigorous frictions and employed flexion, extension and circumduction of joints.
question
What role did laypeople and commoners play in the conservation of massage?
answer
They have practiced it throughout history and was passed on as an art and a gift.
question
Who was John Grosvenor and what was his contribution to the healing arts?
answer
English surgeon and a practitioner of chirurgy (healing with the hands), stressed the value of friction in the relief of stiff joints, gout and rheumatism. His efforts helped further the belief in massage as an aid to healing.
question
Who was Per Henrik LIng and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
Known as the father of physical therapy. He systemeized and developed movements he found to be beneficial in improving his own physical condition. He called the system of movements Medial Gymnastics.
question
What are active movements?
answer
Performed by the patient and could be referred to as exercise
question
Waht are active assisted movements?
answer
Performed by the patient in cooperation with the therapist. Correspond to modern-day resistive and or assistive exercises
question
What are passive movements?
answer
Performed by the therapist to the patient and would be considered range of motion and massage
question
Who was Mathias Roth and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
English physician that studied under Ling. Published the first book in English in the Swedish Movements. Established the first institute in England to teach Swedish Movement Gymnastics.
question
Who was Charles Fayette Taylor and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
New York physician who in 1858 introduced the Swedish Movement Gymnastics to the United States. The technique became known as the Swedish Movement Cure.
question
Who was George Henry Taylor and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
Brother of Charles Fayett Taylor. They started an orthopedic practice in NY. Introduced the Swedish movement Cure to the United States and brought massage into public and medical acceptance.
question
What was Swedish Movement Cure?
answer
Swedish Movement Gymnastics.
question
Who was Dr. Johann Mezger and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
Established the practice and art of massage as a scientific subject for physicians in the remedial treatment of disease. Acknowledged by many of the authors of his day as the founder of scientific massage. Thru his efforts massage became recognized as fundamental to rehabilitation in physical therapy. Responsible for terminology effleurage, petrissage, tapotement and even massage
question
Who was Dr. Douglas Graham and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
Considered to be the father of Swedish massage in the United States. Practitioner and historian of massage who wrote extensively about the subject for fifty years.
question
What are some of the reasons for the decline of massage in the twentieth century?
answer
The increase in lay practitioners and unscrupulous schools and practitioners
question
Who was Dr. Emil Vodder and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
Developed manual lymphatic drainage
question
What is Manual Lymphatic Drainage?
answer
A method of gentle rhythmical massage along the surface lymphatics that accelerates the functioning of the lymphatic system and effectively treats chronic lymphedema adn other diseases of of venous or lymph circulation
question
Who was Elizabeth Dicke and what was her contribution to massage?
answer
German. Developed Connective Tissue Massage
question
What is Connective Tissue Massage?
answer
Directed toward the subcutaneous connective tissue and is believed to affect vascular and cisceral reflexes related to a variety of pathologies and disabilities.
question
Who was Dr James H. Cyriax and what was his contribution to massage?
answer
English orthopedic physician. Credited with popularizing Deep Transverse Friction Massage.
question
What is Deep Transverse Friction Massage?
answer
Broadens the fibrous tissues of the muscles, tendons or ligaments, breaking down unwanted fibrous adhesions and thereby restoring mobility to muscles in a way that cannot be achieved by passive stretching or active exercise. Effective treatment in restoration and rehabilitation of muscle injuries.
question
How did massage improve its image following World War I and II?
answer
It was directed more toward relaxation and athletics and less toward rehabilitation.
question
What are some of the factors that contributed to a favorable image of massage in the 1960's?
answer
Increased awareness of physical and mental fitness as well as the increasing cost of traditional medicine
question
What is Chiropractic and who developed it?
answer
Dr. Daniel David Palmer began teaching techniques of directed manual pressure against the bony processes to manipulate the vertebrae of the spine and other articulations of the body.
question
What is Swedish system of massage?
answer
Based on the western concepts of anatomy and physiology and employs the traditional manipulative techniques of effleurage, petrissage, friction, vibration and tapotement. Employs movements that can be slow and gentle, vigorous or bracing, according to the results the practitioner wishes to achieve.
question
What is the German method of massage?
answer
Combines many of the Swedish movements and emphasizes the use of various kinds of therapeutic baths
question
What is the French and English system of massage?
answer
Also employ many of the Swedish massage movements of body massage. May excellent facial massage and beauty therapy treatments originated in France and England
question
What is acupressure and who developed it?
answer
Stems form the Chinese medical practice of acupuncture. Based on the principles for assessing and treating the physical and energetic body and employs various methods of stimulating acupuncture points in order to regulate Chi (the force of life)
question
What is shiatsu?
answer
Japanese system. A finger pressure method based on the Oriental concept that the body has a series of energy (tsubo) points.When pressure is properly applied to these points, circulation is improved and nerves are stimulated.
question
What is sports massage?
answer
A method of massage especially designed to prepare an athlete for an upcoming event and to aid in the body's regenerative and restorative capabilities following a rigorous workout or competition. Achieved thru specialized manipulations that stimulate circulation of the blood and lymph.
question
What is polarity therapy?
answer
Method developed by Randolph Stone using massage manipulations derived from both Eastern and Western practices. Exercises and thinking practices are included to balance the body both physically and energetically
question
Waha is the Trager method?
answer
Uses movement exercises called mentastics along with massage-like, gentle shaking of different parts of the body to eliminate and prevent pent-up tensions
question
What is Rolfing and who developed the technique?
answer
Systematic program developed out of the technique of structural integration by Dr. Ida Rolf. Aligns major body segments through manipulation of the fascia or the connective tissue
question
What is reflexology and where did it originate from?
answer
Originated with the Chinese and is based on the idea that stimulation of particular points on the surface of the body has an effect on other areas of organs of the body
