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psychotherapy

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the treatment of psychological disorders through psychological methods, such as talking about problems and exploring new ways of thinking and acting

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psychiatrists

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medical doctors who have completed specialty training in the treatment of psychological disorders, authorized to prescribe drugs.

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psychologists

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among therapists, these are these who have completed a master's or doctoral degree in clinical or counseling psychology, often followed by additional specialty training. Not usually authorized to prescribe medication

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psychoanalysis

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a method of psychotherapy that seeks to help clients gain insight by recognizing and understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions

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manifest content

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obvious content of dreams

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latent content

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content of dreams that reflects the wishes, impulses, and fantasies that the dreamer's defense mechanisms keep out of consciousness during waking hours

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ego analysis

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contemporary use of psychoanalysis, focuses on the role of social relationships in a client's life and how the power of the ego can be harnessed to solve these problems

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short-term psychodynamic therapy

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a method of modifying the psychodynamic approach in order to make it more cost effective and less time consuming

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object relations theory

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a psychodynamic theory that considers that our ability to form lasting attachments is based on early experiences of separation from and connection with our primary caregivers

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interpersonal therapy

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rooted in neo-Freudian theory, focuses on helping clients explore and overcome the problematic effects of interpersonal events that occur after early childhood

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client-centered therapy

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aka person-centered therapy, a therapy that allows the client to decide what to talk about, without direction, judgement, or interpretation from the therapist. Reflects three intertwined attitudes of the therapist: unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence

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unconditional positive regard

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aka acceptance, attitude of humanistic therapists and is expressed by treating the client as a valued person, no matter what

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empathy

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an emotional understanding of what the client might be thinking or feeling, a humanistic therapist's efforts to see the world in the client's point of view

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reflection

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a paraphrased summary of the client's words that emphasize the feelings and meanings that appear to accompany them

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congruence

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sometimes called geuineness, a consistency between the way therapists feel and the way they act toward clients

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Gestalt psychology

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a theory created by Frederick S. Perls that states that people create their own versions of reality and people's natural psychological growth continues only as long as they perceive, remain aware of, and act on their true feelings

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Gestalt therapy

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an active treatment desiged to help clients get in touch with genuine feelings and disown foreign ones

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behavior therapy

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treatments that use classical conditioning principles to change behavior

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behavior modification

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treatments that use operant conditioning methods to change behavior

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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learning based treatment methods that help clients change the way they think, as well as the way they behave

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systematic desensitization

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a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which clients visualize a graduated series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed

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desensitization hierarchy

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part of systematic desensitization, a sequence of increasingly fear-provoking situations

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flooding

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an anxiety-reduction treatment that keeps people in a feared but harmless situation and prevents them from engaging in their normally rewarding pattern of escape

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exposure techniques

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behavior therapy methods in which clients remain in the presence of strong anxiety-provoking stimuli until the intensity of their emotional reactions decrease

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modeling

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demonstrating desirable behaviors as a way of teaching them to clients

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participant modeling

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modeling with gradual practice

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social skills/assertiveness training

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methods for teaching clients how to interact with others more comfortably and effectively

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positive reinforcement

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a therapy method that uses rewards to strengthen behavior

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extinction

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the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response or operant behavior through nonreinforcement

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aversion therapy

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methods for reducing the appeal of certain stimuli

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aversion conditioning

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a method that uses classical conditioning to create a negative response to a particular stimulus

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rational-emotive behavior therapy

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REBT, developed by Albert Ellis, a treatment designed to identify and change self-defeating thoughts that lead to anxiety and other symptoms of disorder

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cognitive restructuring

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behavioral techniques aimed at replacing upsettting thoughts with alternative thinking patterns

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stress inoculation training

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a method in which clients imagine being in a stressful situation, then practice newly learned cognitive skills to remain calm

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cognitive therapy

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Aaron Beck, a treatment in which the therapist helps clients to notice and change negative thoughts associated with anxiety and depression

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cognitive distortions

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errors in logic, can be traced to certain psychological disorders

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group therapy

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the treatment of several unrelated clients under the guidance of a therapist who encourages helpful interactions among group members

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family therapy

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treatment of two or more individuals from the same family

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couples therapy

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a form of therapy focusing on improving communication between partners

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clinically significant

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therapeutic changes in a client are measurable and are substantial enough to make treated clients' feelings and actions similar to those of people who have not experienced these clients' disorders

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empirically supported therapies

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aka ESTs, treatments whose effects have been validated by controlled experimental research

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psychosurgery

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surgical procedures that destroy tissue in small regions of the brain for the purpose of treating mental disorder

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pre-frontal lobotomy

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a surgery in which small holes are drilled in the forward portion of the skull and a sharp instrument is inserted and moved from side to side to cut connections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain. Developed in the 1930s to stop emotional reactions and treat schizophrenia, depression, OCD and more, now is only used in extreme cases

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electroconvulsive therapy

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aka ECT, brief electrical shock administered to the brain, usually to reduce depression that does not respond to drug treatments

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magnetic seizure therapy

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aka MST, induces seizures with the timed pulses of magnetic energy

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deep brain stimulation

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aka DBS, the placement of electrodes in the brain to provide continuous pulses of electricity to a particular target area. Does not cause seizures, may be used in cases of severe depression/ OCD

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psychoactive drugs

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drugs used to treat psychological disorders

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neuroleptics

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aka antipsychotics, drugs that dramatically reduce the intensity of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoid suspiciousness, disordered thinking, and confused speech as seen in those with schizophrenia

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list of popular neurorleptics

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phenothiazines (ex. chlorpromazine), haloperidol (as effective as phenothiazines, but with less sedation),

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side effects of neuroleptics

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dry mouth, dizziness, and symptoms similar to Parkinson's such as slow movement, muscular rigidity, restlessness, and tremors.

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tardive dyskenesia

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a irreversible movement disorder developed by 25% of patients who take haloperidol or chlorpromazine for many years, leads to uncontrollable, repetitive actions like twitches, thrusting of the tongue, and flailing limbs

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atypical neuroleptics

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new generation of neuroleptics, such as clozapine (Clorazil), that are less likely to cause movement disorders

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agranulocytosis

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a fatal blood disease that can be developed when taking clozapine

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atypical neuroleptics that don't cause agranulocytosis

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risperidone (Risperidal), olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), ziprasidone (Geodon), aripiprazol (Abilify). Expensive, but have fewer side effects than clozapine. Like clozapine, reduce the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as lack of emotion, social withdrawal, and reduced speech

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antidepressants

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drugs that relieve depression

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monamine oxidase inhibitors

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MAOI's, class of antidepressant drugs used to treat depression that is often combined with panic or anxiety

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tricyclic antidepressants

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TCA's, class of antidepressants, prescribed more frequently than MAOI's because they seem to work somewhat better and have fewer side effects. However, overdoses or TCA's with alcohol can be fatal

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fluoxetine

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Prozac, most widely used antidepressant, fewer side effect, such as weight gain, sexual dysfunction, and GI problems

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lithium

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a mineral salt that acts as a mood stabilizer, preventing manic episodes seen in bipolar patients. Without lithium, a bipolar patient typically has a manic episode every 14 months, but with lithium, that number is 1 every 9 years. Dosage has to be carefully measure, or else can cause vomiting, slurred speech, and tremors, and an extreme overdose can cause a coma or death

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anticonvulsant drugs

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drugs used in alternative to lithium to treat mania, include divalproex and lamotrigine. However, their long-term benefits have not been fully established, so lithium is used more.

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anxiolytics

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drugs that reduce the feelings of anxiety, most widely-prescribed of all legal drugs, ex. chlordiazepoxide (Librium), alprazolam (Xanax), and diazepam (Valium). Both are benzodiazepines

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community psychology

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a movement to minimize or prevent psychological disorders through changes in social systems and through community mental health programs

AP Psych Chapter 16- Treatment of Psychological Disorders – Flashcards

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