Psychology 100 Final- Therapy – Flashcards

Improves mental health

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth Biological treatment→ changing the way we think and behave can prompt physical changes in the brain treatment involving psychological techniques→ consists of interaction between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth Not only when something goes wrong→ can help improve your life

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences- and the therapists interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight Dreams and associations→ to see what happens Not one therapy works best usually a combination

Through therapy→ achieve healthier, less anxious living by releasing the energy that they had previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts Aimed to bring repressed or disowned feelings into conscious awareness → aimed to help them reduce growth-impeding inner conflicts To help people gain insight to the unconscious origins of their disorder→ work through associative feelings of their disorders and work through responsibility of own growth Focuses on childhood→ especially sexual trauma

Begin by relaxing→ with the psychoanalysis out of sight→ start saying whatever comes to mind One moment→ talking about childhood memory, next a dream or experience→ uncover life through train of thought Notice how you edit your thoughts as you speak Mental blocks indicate resistance

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material→ should explore Hint that anxiety lurks and you are defending against sensitive material

the analyst noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight→ dreams say something about you→ uncover conscious

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relations (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight Understand current symptoms by exploring childhood but doesn't go as far back at psycho-analysis Once a week for four weeks→ see a psycho analyst for many years Do this because of time→ insurance companies don't pay for psychoanalysis Try to help people understand their current symptoms Meet with therapist face to face→ once or twice a week for a only a few weeks or months Gain perspective by exploring defended-against thoughts and feelings Help reveal past relationship troubles as the origin of current difficulties

variation of psychodynamic therapy→ effectively treated depression Aims to help people gain insight into the roots of their difficulties → concentrates on current relationships and on helping people improve their relationship skills→ rather than focusing on the past

emphasizes people's inherent potential for self-fulfillment

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses Look at where you are now→ how you get to where you want to be

Aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance Promoting this growth, not curing illness, is a therapy focus The path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants Conscious thoughts are more important than unconscious The present and future are more important than the past

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth Expresses genuine, acceptance, and empathy→ through active listening→ listen to everything→ ask questions

the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude which Carl Roger believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance Accepting of all negative emotions and traits

Paraphrase Invite Clarification Reflect feelings

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning Bring phobia to person→ undoing fear Triggered by stimulus→ phobia Pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy that treats anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear or avoid Help you face fear→ thus overcome their fear of the fear response itself Exposes them to what they fear

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli→ commonly used to treat phobias Cannot be relaxed and anxious at the same time→ therefore every time you become provoked by anxiety→ become relax therefore the anxiety provoking thing with diminish

trained to relax one muscle group after another, until you achieve a blissful state of complete relaxation and comfort

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stimulations of their greatest fears such as airplane flying, spiders or public speaking

A type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) Condition someone to avoid the harmful stimulus The problem is that the therapy cognition influences conditioning→ people know outside of the therapist's office that they wont feel nausea when drinking alcohol

Operant Conditioning reinforce desired behaviors and they withhold reinforcement on undesired behaviors

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting desired behavior and can later exchange their tokens for various privileges and treats Critics Don't believe these behaviors will become durable→ too dependent on rewards Ethical→ is it ethical to control another human's behavior

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Self blaming and overgeneralized explanations of an event→ integral part of the depression cycle

Believes that changing the way someone thinks can change their functioning Analyzing depressed peoples dreams→ reoccurring negative themes of loss, rejection etc. Recall negative events, failures, worst impulses Think in words→ changing what people say to themselves is an effective way to change thinking Donald Miechenbaum→ offered a stress inoculation training → to reduce negative self talk Teaching people to restructure their thinking into stressful situations Trained to dispute negative thoughts→ exhibit a reduced rate of future depression

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) Seeks to make people aware of their irrational negative thinking and to practice the more positive thinking approach in everyday settings Behavioral change is addressed first followed by cognitive change Anxiety, depression, bipolar→ common problem is emotion regulation Forces them to regulate and identify events that make them feel good or bad Works with OCD but rebelling obsessive thoughts→ this helped "unstick" the brain attention and engaging other brain areas

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Saves therapists time and clients money→ no less effective than self therapy Offers a social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills Enables people to see that others share their same problems Provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at, other family members Work with many family members to heal relationships and to mobilize family resources

89% of clients are well satisfied 9 in 10 feel very good Cant base effectiveness based on solely the clients People often enter therapy in crisis Crisis always passes→ but people attribute it to the therapy→ depressed people often get better no matter what they do Clients believe that treatment will be effective Placebo effect Clients want to believe that therapy was worth the effort Clients generally speak kindly of their therapists We are prone to selective and biased recall and to making judgments that confirm our beliefs

Problem→ clients justify coming to psychotherapy by emphasizing their unhappiness and justify leaving by emphasizing their well being Don't know if a person relapses→ still think that person is a success on file

There is no one type of therapy that will work best Clients seem equally satisfied→ whether treated by a psychiatrist, social worker, or psychologist People go to therapy for overlapping disorders→ comorbidity Behavior conditioning therapies→ have achieved favorable success with specific behavior problems Psychodynamic therapy→ helped treat depression and anxiety Therapy is more helpful when the problem is clear cut With less focused problems→ depression and anxiety→ helped for a short amount of time and then relapse Some psychological treatments can be unhelpful and harmful Evidence-based practice→ clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

overlapping disorders (2 or more)

Developed by Francine Shapiro Eye movements serve to relax or distract patients→ thus allowing the memory associated emotions to extinguish People imagine traumatic scenes and tapped a finger or just stared straight ahead while the therapist finger wagged have produced therapeutic results Critics think it's a placebo effect

Wintertime especially for women cause a seasonal pattern for major depressive disorder To stop this→ give people a timed daily dose of intense light→ made people feel better Morning bright light does indeed dim depression symptoms It does so as effectively as taking anti-depressant drugs or undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy

-Hope for demoralized people Improves morale and creates feelings of self-efficacy and diminishing symptoms -A new perspective leading to new behaviors Therapy offers people a plausible explanation of their symptoms and an alternate way of looking at them -An empathic, trusting and caring relationship Therapists are empathetic who seek to understand another's experience

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problems

The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior

to test the effectiveness of drugs→ neither the therapist or patient knows if they are receiving the drug

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder Dampened responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli Limits paranoia, hallucinations The molecules in the drug are similar to dopamine to occupy the receptor sites and block its activity Powerful side effects→ sluggish, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson's diseases Long term use can produce tardive dyskinesia→ involuntary movements of facial muscles (grimacing), tongue, and limbs

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation Work quickly Xanax and Ativan→ depress nervous system activity Successful in combination with therapy Antibiotic→ D-cycloserine Facilitates the extinction of learned feats in combination with behavioral treatments Behavior therapies→ reduce symptoms without resolving underlying problems Can be used an ongoing treatment

traumatic stress disorder (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors- SSRIs) Lift people up from depression Increasing the availability of neurotransmitters→ norepinephrine or serotonin→ elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce when a person experiences feelings of depression and anxiety SSRI→ selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Inhibits reuptake of serotonin Depressed people→ serotonin drops Keeps more serotonin in synaptic cleft Takes a while to work 2-3 weeks Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil→ work by blocking use the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses Full psychological effect takes weeks to notice The delay is due to the increased serotonin promotes new synapses plus neurogenesis- the birth of new brain cells- perhaps reversing stress-induced loss of neurons Aerobic exercise can also calm people down→ make depressed people feel better Cognitive therapy→ helping people reverse their habitual negative thinking style and can boost the drug aided relief from depression and help aid post treatment risk of relapse Generally improve after a month with the drug The placebo is less effective for severe depression

For people suffering from emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder Simple salt lithium→ can be a mood stabilizer John Cade discovered this Reduces bipolar patients risk of suicide

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent though the brain of anesthetized patient In 1938→ the wide awake patient was strapped to a table and jolted with roughly 100 jolts of electricity to the brain→ producing brief unconsciousness Today→ the person goes under general anesthesia and muscle relaxant before a psychiatrist delivers 30 to 60 seconds of electrical current→ patient doesn't remember the treatment Treatment was received for 3 sessions for two or four weeks→ remarkable improvement Doesn't know how it alleviates depression Now only administered with briefer pulses→ sometimes only to the brains right side and with less memory disruption Critics find the idea barbaric→shocking people

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)→ the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity Helps cure depression Results compared to antidepressants Repeated stimulation may cause nerve cells to form new functioning circuits through the process of long-term potentian

Neural hub that bridges thinking frontal lobes to the limbic system→ overactive in depressed people Deep brain stimulation to the neural "sadness" center

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional and violent patients→ the procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain Neurosurgeon would shock the patient into a coma, hammer an icepick like instrument through each eye socket into the brain→ wiggle to sever connections running up to the frontal lobes Intention was disconnect emotion from thought

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Everything psychological is also biological Every thought and feeling depends on the functioning brain Human being is an integrated Biopyschosocial system→ stress affects body chemistry and health Thus our lifestyle affects our mental health

Poverty, meaningless work, constant criticism, unemployment, racism and sexism Stresses increase risk of depression, alcohol use disorder and suicide Need to empower people who have learned an attitude of helplessness ad changing environments breeding loneliness

mindful of how people interact with their environment and focus on creating environments that support psychological health

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises