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Adenocarcinoma

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Malignant tumor coming from the glands underlying the oral mucosa

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Carcinoma

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Malignant neoplasm of epithelium (tissue in mouth) that can invade surrounding bone/tissues. Occur on lips, cheeks, and floor of mouth

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Erythroplakia

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Any red patch in oral cavity that is not associated with inflammation. Tends to be either malignant/premalignant and can be removed if caught early on

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Fibroma

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Benign tumor of connective tissue that is dome shaped, pink, smooth and less than 2cm in diameter. Caused by continued biting = irritation and continues growing as irritation continues

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Leukoplakia

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"White patch" that occurs anywhere in the mouth, varies in appearance, texture, size. It is firmly attached to underlying tissues (instruments should not remove it)

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Lichen planus

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Benign chronic disease affecting skin and oral mucosa, white lesions that exhibit a pattern of circles and interconnecting lines called Wickham's striae. Can cause erosive lesions, increases with stress. (outside skin appears violet/red, lesions/bruising)

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Oral cancer

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Must be caught early, otherwise is commonly fatal. Warning signs include - unhealing sores, lumps/swelling, rough leukoplakia, numbness, dryness, bleeding, burning, difficulty in chewing/speaking/swallowing

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Papilloma

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Benign lesion that looks like a califlower, occurs after a viral infection and is removed by surgery

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Radiation caries

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Caused by lack of saliva, caries appears in cervical areas of the teeth. Teeth also become very sensitive to hot and cold

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Smokeless tobacco

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Causes high rate of precancerous leukoplakia and oral cancer along with pharynx, larynx, esophagus cancers. Serious irritations, periodontal disease, tooth loss

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Squamous cell carcinoma

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Cancer of squamous epithelium, commonly found in alcoholics/drug users/too much sunlight exposure. Starts as white plaque, ulcerates, grows and encompasses other tissues, treatment depends on time it is caught

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Xerostomia

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Dry mouth, causes oral infections, delays healing, increases caries, difficult to wear dentures

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Gingivitis

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Inflammation of your gums caused by improper brushing or bad oral hygiene. First sign of periodontal disease but is still reversible

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Abrasion

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Wearing of tooth due to friction (improper brushing, hard bristles, ect)

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Actinomycosis

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Infection from bacteria, swelling, pus, granules will discharge from the area. From poor oral hygiene, bacteria have access to the bone through dental socket after tooth removal

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Amalgam tattoo

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Amalgam particles become trapped in the tissue and appears blue to gray. Flush with water to avoid, but is harmless if it occurs

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Ameloblastoma

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Tumor composed of remnants of dental lamina that failed to disintegrate after the tooth bud forms.

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Amelogenesis imperfecta

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Hereditary abnormality = defects in formation of enamel, discoloration, partially missing, thin. Restorations can be used to avoid caries

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Angular cheilitis

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Vitamin B deficiency causes sores to develop in corners of mouth and sometimes entire surface of the lips. Opportunistic fungal infections see this as a good spot for growth

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Ankyloglossia

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"Tongue-tied" short lingual frenum extends to the tip of the tongue, simple surgery can correct the problem

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Ankylosis

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Deciduous teeth that have the cementum and dentin fused to the jaw bone = no eruption (most common in wisdom teeth)

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Anodontia

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Congenital absence of teeth (born without tooth buds necessary to form teeth)

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ANUG

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Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis - tissues that bleed, infect easily, painful and foul odor. Commonly found in young adults and adolescents (created by poor hygiene, lack of sleep, poor nutrition, stress, cured with good POH and antibiotics)

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Aphthous ulcers

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"Cancer sores" recurrent outbreaks of blister-like sores inside of the mouth and lips. Bacteria invade the openings to make them worse.

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Aspirin burn

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Placement of aspirin on gums cause lesions that are white, rough, and tends to be sore

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Astrophic candidiasis

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Smooth, red patches that appear on dorsal areas of tongue and palate, mouth feels scaled/burned and is cured with antifungal therapy

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Attrition

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Gradual wearing of tooth due to mastication

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Bald glossitis

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Common from lack of vitamin B, inflammation causes tongue to loose pappillae = appearance of smooth, bald tongue. Balancing diet corrects problem

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Bifid tongue

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When the two lateral halves of the tongue fail to fuse = extra tag of muscle occurs on the end of the tongue, can be removed surgically if annoying

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Black hairy tongue

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Oral flora imbalance after use of antibiotics, filiform papillae become elongated = resembling hairs. Associated with chemo/drugs, hydrogen peroxide mouth wash, antibiotics (food and drugs can stain the tongue)

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Blisters/vesicles

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Pocket of watery fluid, rare in the oral cavity as they tend to rupture, leaving ulcers

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Bruxism

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Wearing to teeth due to clenching/grinding

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Bulla

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A large (over 1/2" diameter) fluid-filled blister

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Calculus

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Calcium and phosphate salts in saliva that become mineralized and adhere to tooth surfaces "little rocks". Supramarginal - on clinical crown, Submarginal - beneath line of gingiva

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Candida albicans

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Fungal infection with white, thick plaque in linear patterns on top of inflamed surfaces, common to feel burning and fixed with anti-fungal meds.

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Candidiasis

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Infection caused by yeast, the most common of the oral fungal infections, but most often found in immune compromised people. Symptoms include discomfort, pain, halitosis, and dysgeusia (distorted sense of taste)

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Cellulitis

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Condition of inflammation that's uncontrolled, spreading through soft tissues/organs. (oral infections)

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Cervical lymphadenopathy

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Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes is a systemic problem

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Cleft lip

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When maxillary and medial nasal processes fail to fuse

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Cleft palate

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Palate shelves fail to fuse, repaired with surgery

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Gingival ulcers from cotton rolls

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Gingiva adheres to cotton rolls and if cotton is pulled off dry, it takes the top layer of gingiva with it. Wet cotton rolls prior to removal!

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Dens in dente

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A tooth growth within a tooth

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Dental caries

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Cariogenic plaque (decay-producing) causes decalcification of tooth minerals = disease.

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Dental plaque

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Soft colonies of bacteria that adhere to surface of tooth, not removed in 24 hours = tooth decay

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Dentinogenesis imperfecta

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Hereditary condition affecting formation of dentin, the pulps are missing and enamel chips easily away from dentin

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Edentulous

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Without teeth or tooth, any area in mouth that is absent of teeth

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Erosion (teeth)

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Loss of dental tissue due to chemical process (vomit, pop, candy, ect)

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Erosion (gums)

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Mechanical trauma that causes shallow injury in the mucosa

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Exostosis

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A benign bony growth on the bone that appears on the facial surfaces of both mandibular and maxillary palates

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Fissured tongue

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Variation of normal, deep fissures/grooves in tongue surface. Only irritation is when food collects in grooves but can be easily brushed out

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Fordyce's spots

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80% of population have yellow spots in oral cavity, most often on buccal mucosa. They are sebaceous oil glands near surface of the epithelium

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Fusion

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Joining together of dentin/enamel of 2 teeth

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Gemination

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Incisal notches noted when division of a tooth bud is not successful

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Geographic tongue

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Surface of tongue loses areas of filiform papillae in irregular patterns, causes no problems and not curable

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Gingival hyperplasia

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Connective tissue grows over teeth and can inhibit eating, change ones appearance. Commonly reduced if irritant is removed or is surgically removed

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Glossitis

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Inflammation/changes to the tongue

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Granuloma

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Type of nodule containing granulation tissue

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Hairy leukoplakia

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White plaque on one or both sides of lateral tongue, may spread to full surface

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HIV gingivitis

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Bright red line along the boarder of free gingival margin, atypical gingivitis. Sometimes accompanied with pinpoint bruises on gingiva

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HIV periodontitis

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Rapidly progressive periodontitis, interproximal necrosis and cratering, swelling, intense pain/erythema/bleeding/bad breath

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Human papillomavirus

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Warts that appear spiky, some have cauliflower appearance and occasionally have flat surface, they disappear when skin is pulled tight. Can be surgically removed, but commonly reappear

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Hyperplasia

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Ill fitting dentures cause small ulcers, that is continued may become folds of excess tissue. To avoid, get dentures fixed/remade

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Hyperplastic candidiasis

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White plaque that cannot be removed by scraping, corrected with anti-fungal therapy, common in those with compromised immune systems

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Hypocalcification

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Incomplete calcification/hardening of enamel

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Impaction

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Any tooth remaining unerupted in jaws beyond time it should normally erupt (all erupted by 21 years of age)

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Snuff lesion

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Causes wrinkled, white, thickened gum tissue between lip and anterior gums

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Supernumerary teeth

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Any excess teeth

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Thrush

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The fungal infection of candidiasis in children, wipes off easily and applied topical antifungal drugs

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Torus palatinus

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Bony growth at the midline of the hard palate

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Twinning

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Tooth bud division works from gemination, resulting in extra teeth

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Ulcer

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Break in the mucosa that looks like a punched out area, like a crater. Small as 2mm to several centimeters

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Incipient decay

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Tooth decay that is beginning to form/become apparent

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Lesion

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Broad term for abnormal tissues in oral cavity

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Lymphoma

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Malignant disorder of lymphoid tissue, occurs as a solidary lump, swelling or nonhealing ulcers anywhere in the mouth

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Macrodontia

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Abnormally large teeth

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Macrognathia

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Abnormally large jaws

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Microdontia

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Abnormally small teeth

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Micrognathia

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Abnormally small jaws

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Macule

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A spot of different color/texture on skin

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Mottled enamel

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Too much fluoride = white patches on teeth

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Mucocele

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Trauma affects minor salivary gland which causes duct to close off and tiny bubble appears on inside of lip. Gland fills with fluid, will open and fluid will expel from area

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Meth mouth

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Methamphetamines = rampant decay, often teeth will explode from lots of factors (high calorie/sugar snacks, no POH, xerostomia)

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Nicotine stomatitis

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Where tissue presents as white/hyperkeratinized, common in pipe smokers and disappears when they quit smoking

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Nodules

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May appear below the surface or slightly raised are small, round, solid lesions

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Oral pathology

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Study of diseases, their causes and effects on the body (in mouth)

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Oral tori

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Bony outgrowths of tissue that are benign in the oral cavity, careful not to damage them, but generally not removed.

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Torus palatinus

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Bony growth inside of maxillary palate

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Torus mandibularis

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Bony growth inside the mandible under the tongue

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Papule

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Small, solid, raised area of skin

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Periodontal disease

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Infection of the gums after gingivitis, calculus pushes gums from teeth and pockets become filled with bacteria. Destroys ligaments, gums, teeth and bones

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Pernicious anemia

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Condition where body does not absorb vitamin B (causes angular cheilitis, ulceration, bald tongue, burning/pain in tongue)

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Pregnancy gingivitis

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Occurs in 5% of pregnant woman, gingiva appear red/inflamed, clears after hormonal balance returns

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Pyogenic granuloma

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Overgrowth of granulation tissue as a result of local irritation, a red mass that grows suddenly by hormonal disturbance. Also called a pregnancy tumor

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Pseudomembranous candidiasis

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Also called thrush, creamy white patches form in the mouth = burning sensation, unpleasant taste, feeling of 'blisters' can be scraped off and common in immune compromised and children

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Puberty gingival enlargement

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Adolescents going through puberty can commonly have swollen, soft, bleeding gingival tissue, returns to normal when hormones are corrected. (more common in girls)

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Purpura

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Bleeding within underlying tissues, are purple/red/browns

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Pustule

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Similar to blister but contains pus

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Variation in form

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Extra, missing of fused cusps or abnormal roots

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Varix

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Dark purple blood vessels that become weak/extended, common under tongue and buccal surfaces. Similar to varicose veins and commonly found in the elderly

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Petechiae

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Small spots that are red/purple, caused by localized hemorrhage

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Hematoma

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Similar to a blister, but contains blood due to ruptured blood vessel. Applying pressure may disperse blood in tissue alleviating pressure

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