923 cancer prevention – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
evidence that _____ and ____ influence cancer
answer
lifestyle and environment (smoking and nutrition)
question
_____ Americans estimated to be diagnosed with cancer in 2015
answer
1.7 million
question
_____ cancer deaths estimated in 2015
answer
>590,000 1,600 deaths per day
question
top three most prevalent cancers causing death in US
answer
lung/bronchus prostate or breast colon/rectum
question
1/3 of cancer deaths attributed to _____
answer
tobacco use/exposure
question
most common cancers in KY
answer
lung breast colon and rectal prostate
question
estimated new cases of cancer in KY in 2015
answer
26,000
question
approximately ____ deaths in KY in 2015
answer
10,200
question
for non-smokers, _____ and _____ are the most important modifiable determinants of cancer risk
answer
diet and physical activity
question
nutritional factors linked to 1/3 of cancer deaths:
answer
poor diet physical inactivity overweight/obese
question
potential diet-related cancers
answer
colorectal breast mouth/esophagus laryngeal stomach lung prostate kidney endometrial cervical pancreatic
question
diet and cancer connection: where do we get the data?
answer
epidemiological studies randomized controlled trials
question
epidemiological studies
answer
observational (compare diets and cancer rates of different cultures; migration patterns and cancer incidence) faults: reduces cancer cause to a single food entity
question
randomized controlled trials
answer
confirm epidemiological studies faults: right dose? right length? right food?
question
China-Cornell-Oxford Project
answer
1980s observational study 20 years to complete 6500 people in 65 rural Chinese counties diet, disease, and lifestyle advocates plant-based diet for disease prevention
question
American Cancer Society dietary recommendations
answer
eat a variety of healthy foods focus on plant sources five or more servings of vegetables/fruits whole grain foods limit red meat, high fat, and processed meats choose foods that help maintain healthy weight physically active lifestyle maintain healthy weight limit alcohol consumption
question
exercise may help maintain....
answer
help maintain healthy body weight
question
exercise may affect directly and indirectly....
answer
regulating sex hormones insulin prostaglandins various effects on the immune system
question
exercise reduces the risk of several cancers....
answer
breast colon prostate endometrial
question
exercise recommendation for adults
answer
>30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity 5 or more days of the week
question
exercise recommendation for children and adolescents
answer
>60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity 5 or more days of the week
question
benefit of exercise _____ over course of lifetime
answer
accumulates
question
exercise provides health benefit at what age?
answer
any age
question
BMI is the scientific measure of....
answer
height to weight ratio
question
healthy BMI
answer
18.5-24.9
question
overweight BMI
answer
25-29.9
question
obese BMI
answer
>30
question
to reduce risk of cancer, ACS recommends BMI of _____
answer
<25
question
prevalence of adult obesity in the US
answer
1/3 obese 70% overweight or obese
question
if overweight in adolescence...
answer
70% remain overweight as adults
question
KY ranks ____ for highest rate percentage of obese adults
answer
5th
question
KY ranks ____ for highest rate percentage of obese 10-17 yo but ranks ____ for high school age
answer
8th for 10-17 yo but first for high school age
question
ACS 2015 goals for your health
answer
50% reduction in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates 25% reduction in age-adjusted cancer incidence rates reduction in tobacco use 75% of population consuming 5 servings fruits/vegetables daily 70% of adults increase physical activity
question
public and private organizations should work to create environments that...
answer
support healthful nutrition and promote physical activity (nutritional information provided by restaurants, creation of parks, bike trails, sidewalks, etc.)
question
what is the third most common cancer?
answer
colon/rectal cancer
question
colon cancer is potentially a _____ cancer
answer
preventable
question
observational studies correlated _____ and risk of colon cancer
answer
diet
question
_____ migrants to US increase risk of cancer by two fold
answer
Chinese
question
factors that increase risk of colon cancer
answer
red meat processed meat alcoholic drinks higher BMI
question
factors that decrease risk of colon cancer
answer
physical activity garlic calcium
question
processed meats include...
answer
cold cuts bacon hotdogs
question
red meats include...
answer
beef pork lamb
question
current evidence shows that processed and red meats increase risk of...
answer
colorectal cancer and prostate cancer
question
why do processed and red meats increase risk?
answer
mutagens/carcinogens iron content nitrates/nitrites and salt
question
recommendation concerning processed and red meats
answer
limit consumption cook meat thoroughly avoid charring
question
dietary fiber
answer
mixture of complex carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion
question
foods that contain fiber
answer
whole grains vegetables fruits beans nuts seeds
question
types of fiber
answer
soluble insoluble
question
soluble fiber found in...
answer
fruits oats beans vegetables
question
insoluble fiber found in...
answer
whole grains cruciferous vegetables green beans raisins some fruits
question
fiber can help to prevent ____
answer
colon cancer
question
how does fiber prevent colon cancer?
answer
increased fecal bulk dilutes carcinogens direct binding of carcinogens stimulation of microbial growth, which may increase fecal bulk
question
Nurses Health Study, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, and a compilation of large cohort studies reveal that men and women with the highest fiber intake....
answer
did NOT have lower risks of colon cancer
question
calcium protects against the mutagenic effects of _____ and may promote _____
answer
protects against the mutagenic effects of bile acids and may promote normal crypt cell differentiation
question
calcium intake not to exceed ____ per day
answer
2.5 grams
question
ACS cancer prevention study found a modest reduction/strongest association with _____ calcium per day, but plateau at ______ per day
answer
500 mg or more; plateau at 1200 mg per day
question
calcium and colon cancer prevention: studies show that benefit is limited to ____ colon
answer
distal/lower colon
question
diet and colon cancer recommendations
answer
limit red meat and animal fat increase physical activity avoid obesity eat fruits/vegetables consume recommended daily allowance of calcium
question
_____ is the most common malignancy in women
answer
breast cancer
question
incidence _____ each year and mortality _____ each year
answer
incidence increased, mortality decreased
question
diet and breast cancer: fruit/vegetable
answer
diets high in fruits and vegetables have NOT shown benefit in decreasing risk of breast cancer
question
diet and breast cancer: alcohol
answer
higher risk when combined with low folate intake total alcohol intake is more of a factor than type of alcohol consumed recommendation is one drink per day
question
alcohol and breast cancer mechanism
answer
unknown
question
alcohol and breast cancer: low folate intake and drinkers
answer
60% increase of breast cancer
question
what constitutes one drink of alcohol?
answer
1.5 oz of 80 proof liquor 5 oz of wine 12 oz of beer
question
soy and breast cancer
answer
some studies have shown that soy may decrease risk of breast cancer
question
soy foods contain ____ which are chemically similar to _____
answer
isoflavones, chemically similar to estrogen
question
isoflavones can also act as ____
answer
anti-estrogens
question
taking soy supplements in the form of powders or pills...
answer
has NOT shown to prevent breast cancer
question
adding soy foods to the diet after being diagnosed with breast cancer....
answer
has NOT been shown to keep it from coming back
question
dietary fat and breast cancer
answer
weak correlation between fat consumption and breast cancer
question
diet and prostate cancer: lycopene MOA
answer
carotenoid works as an antioxidant to protect DNA from oxidative stress
question
tomato sauce intake associated with _____ in risk of prostate cancer
answer
35% reduction in risk
question
diet and prostate cancer: selenium and vitamin E
answer
prospective trial looking at combined and single agents for the prevention of prostate cancer based on previous reports of benefit in prostate cancer prevention study terminated early
question
diet and prostate cancer: milk and calcium
answer
increased intake of calcium has been associated with an increased risk for prostate cancer >2000 mg/day had 5x increased risk
question
recommended daily allowance of calcium
answer
1000-1500 mg
question
high intake of ______ increased risk of prostate cancer
answer
protein or calcium from dairy
question
diet and prostate cancer: fat
answer
saturated fat and red meat consumption may be associated with an increased risk for cancer
question
____ is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women
answer
lung cancer
question
lower risk of lung cancer in smokers and non-smokers that consume...
answer
recommended servings of fruit/vegetables
question
multiple epidemiological studies inversely link _____ to lung cancer incidence
answer
micronutrients (i.e. beta carotene)
question
retinoids
answer
vitamin A derivatives required for normal cell maintenance antioxidant immuno-enhancement inhibition of mutagenesis
question
types of vitamin A
answer
preformed vitamin A provitamin A carotenoid
question
preformed vitamin A
answer
retinyl ester retinol animal origin
question
provitamin A carotenoid
answer
beta-carotene fruit/vegetable origin
question
epidemiological studies associated the use of ______, but not _____ with lower risk of cancer
answer
beta-carotene, but not retinol
question
two randomized trial reported _____ risk of lung cancer in smokers who took supplemental beta-carotene
answer
increased risk
question
diet and lung cancer: CARET trial
answer
supplemented 30 mg beta-carotene in patients with high risk for lung cancer 28% more lung cancers and 17% more deaths in supplemented group
question
diet and lung cancer: ATBC trial
answer
similar to CARET adverse effect strongest in heavy smokers
question
diet and nutrients in the news
answer
artificial sweeteners food additives vegetables fiber tea coffee selenium vitamin E cooking methods nitrates vitamins and supplements antioxidants pesticides and herbicides
question
_____ is an established cause of mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver cancers
answer
alcohol
question
alcohol combined with tobacco...
answer
increases risk of mouth, larynx, esophagus, and liver than does one or the other alone
question
intake of >2 drinks per day...
answer
increase risk of colorectal cancer compared to non-drinkers
question
increased consumption of vegetables and fruits...
answer
beneficial vitamins, minerals, fiber, carotenoids, sterols, flavonoids, indoles, and phenols prevent cancer (lung, esophageal, stomach, colorectal)
question
EPIC trial
answer
increased fruit and vegetable intake decreases hazard ratio of all cancers
question
can nutritional supplements lower cancer risk?
answer
fruits and vegetables high in vitamins can reduce cancer risk, however vitamin and mineral supplements DO NOT confer the same level of protection
question
food additives and cancer
answer
food additive used as preservatives, to enhance color, or texture are only present in small amounts small amounts do NOT cause cancer in people
question
artificial sweeteners and cancer
answer
lab experiments show that saccharin and aspartame can be carcinogenic studies in primates and humans show no increased risk of cancer with either saccharin or aspartame
question
does drinking coffee increase risk of cancer?
answer
NO
question
caffeine and breast cancer
answer
caffeine may heighten symptoms of fibrocystic breast lumps in some women none associated with risk of breast cancer
question
patients may not report using _____ at clinic visits
answer
OTC medications
