question

p53 does what

answer

A tumor supressor gene that triggers apoptosis in the cell

question

Prophase(2 parts) words, only

answer

Nuclear membrane starts to break down. Chromosomes are visible-

question

4 stages mitosis

answer

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase & Telophase

question

Absence and /or mutations of tumor suppressor genes

answer

can cause cancer-there is no stop signal for cell division

question

Anaphase definition-

answer

Characterized by spindle pulling apart sister chromatid pairs.

question

Genes involved in DNA repair

answer

tumor suppressor genes

question

BRCA proteins are

answer

DNA repair enzymes

question

Cancer

answer

Disease caused by to much mitosis or not enough apoptosis

question

Cancer causing mutations can occur by

answer

Chemicals, Radiation, Infectious agents, Some are inherited, Spontaneous mutations Errors in DNA replication

question

protein counters of the cell cycle.

answer

CDK's

question

Cell cycle

answer

is sequence of stages through which a cell passes; G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase ; M phase

question

Cell Cycle (cyclin cdk complexes)

answer

are important regulators of cell cycle transitions. they are counted by the cell

question

Cell cycle inhibition or cell death?

answer

As p53 can induce inhibition of cell proliferation or apoptosis in a cell, the factors that determine biological outcome depends on the following

question

Cell Growth starts in ___ phase

answer

G1

question

Characterized by the 1st appearance of the chromosomes

answer

Prophase

question

Cyclin cdk complexes

answer

Regulates the cell cycle

question

Cyclins

answer

These proteins coordinates and regulate the passage of cell through different phases of cell cycle.

question

Disruption of checkpoint leads to

answer

mutations and cancer

question

DNA replication is halted if:

answer

Genome-DNA- is damaged

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Anaphase is blocked if:

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Chromosomes don't assemble properly on the mitotic spindle.

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M phase is blocked if:

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DNA replication isn't completed in S stage

question

What happens after G2 phase

answer

cells enters mitosis

question

Function of tumor suppressor genes`

answer

to inhibit cell growth and/or promote cell death

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G1 checkpoint

answer

stops of cell cycle in response to cell size problems.

question

What is the product of the cell cycle

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2 genetically identical body cells (somatic cell)

question

Mutated proto-oncogenes

answer

Oncogenes

question

M checkpoint

answer

arrest of chromosomal segregation -metaphase in response to misalignment on the mitotic spindle.

question

Replicated chromosomes align on a central plate.

answer

Metaphase

question

Mutations in BRCA1/BRCA2 is commonly seen

answer

in 5 10% of breast cancers

question

Mutations in cell cycle regulators

answer

can result in poor regulation of cell cycle, uncontrolled proliferation and cancer.

question

Passing on genetic material relies on what two processes:

answer

Correct replication of the DNA in S phase

question

Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes un-condense to chromatin

answer

in Telophase

question

The Cell Cycle and Cancer

answer

Genes encoding cell cycle regulators are frequently mutated in tumors.

question

The cell cycle implements the decisions it makes through ____ which are dependent on ____

answer

CDKs; cyclins

question

The G2 checkpoint

answer

The G2 checkpoint blocks entry into M phase in

question

The DNA is replicated in ___ phase

answer

S phase

question

Tumor suppressor gene

answer

Genes whose loss or inactivation can lead to cancer i.e. uncontrolled cell proliferation and decreased cell death

question

Prophase -picture and words

answer

DNA condenses (chromatin) into chromosome

question

Metaphase picture and words

answer

Replicated Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell between the poles (equatorial plate)

question

Replicated chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

answer

Metaphase

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Anaphase-picture and words

answer

The microtubules contract and separate the sister chromatids from each other, pulling them toward the two poles of the cell

question

Telophase- picture and words

answer

Nuclear envelope reforms, Chromosomes decondense Spindle fibers break down

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Plant Cell Only

answer

Cell plate forms during cytokinesis

question

interphase-picture and words

answer

DNA has already replicated but has not yet condensed into chromosomes takes up 90% of the cell cycle

question

G1 phase

answer

Part of Interphase: Cell Growth and some organelle replication

question

G2 phase

answer

Part of Interphase: Preparation for Mitosis, organelle replication and protein formation

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S phase

answer

Part of Interphase: DNA Replication

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Binary fission

answer

How bacteria reproduce.

question

Contact inhibition is bad

answer

Charcteristic of a Cancer Cells

question

stop dividing when they come in contact with other cells

answer

Normal Cells

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Cancer Cells

answer

continue to divide, piling up on top of each other

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Normal Cells

answer

always stay anchored to other cells (or to a surface)

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lose their anchorage dependence

answer

Characteristic of a cancer cell

question

Malignant tumor

answer

when tumor invades surrounding tissue (cancerous)

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Metastatic tumor

answer

when individual cells break away and start a new tumor (cancerous)

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Benign

answer

when tumor has no effect on surrounding tissue (non cancerous)

question

Normal cell division

answer

cell will stop dividing when it comes into contact with other cells.

question

Chromosome:

answer

condensed DNA. 23 pairs in humans

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If the diploid number is 46 at the start of the cell cycle

answer

There are46 chromosomes in EACH of the 2 new cells

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If the diploid number is eight

answer

Each new cell has 8 chromosomes

question

2n=8 diploid number

answer

n=4 . The haploid number

question

2n=46 diploid number

answer

n=23 . The haploid number of chromosomes

question

Sister chromatids

answer

One arm of a replicated chromosome

question

Centromere

answer

Holds sister chromatids together

question

Spindle fibers

answer

Connects to chromosomes and moves chromosomes around the cell

question

Pull apart, chromosomes at the centromere

answer

Spindle fibers contract

question

Interphase - the picture

answer

This picture is

question

P53

answer

Tumor Suppressor gene

question

Proto-oncogenes

answer

Normal genes that control cell cycle

question

Oncogenes

answer

A mutated proto-oncogene cause the cell cycle. The causes the cell cycle to move too fast

question

Tumor suppression genes - broken

answer

Do not stop the cell cycle

question

Tumor suppression genes- working

answer

Slow down the cell cycle

question

Apoptosis

answer

Cell death- cell destruction, a protective process that prevents cancer

question

Cells have two choices- at each check point

answer

Fix the problem, wait or or go to apoptosis

question

DIPLOID DEF

answer

2 sets OF CHROMOSOMES

question

CENTRIOLE

answer

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

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