LA Ch 18 Micro Bio https://session.masteringmicrobiology.com – Flashcards
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Production of Monoclonal Antibodies: The Basics The production of monoclonal antibodies can be presented as a series of steps including: infection of mouse with a specific antigen, removal of mouse's spleen to obtain a suspension containing B cells, mixing of spleen cells and myeloma cells, fusion of antibody producing spleen cells and myeloma cells, culturing to allow only hybrid cells to grow, proliferation of hybrid cells into hybridomas, and culturing of hybridomas to produce monoclonal antibodies. For this activity, the description of each step must be matched with the appropriate location in the image depicting the production of monoclonal antibodies. Drag the description to the appropriate location on the image depicting the production of monoclonal antibodies.
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1) Mouse is injected with specific antigen to obtain antibodies 2)Mouse spleen is removed to obtain B cells that produce antibodies to antigen 3) Spleen cells are mixed to form hybrid cells 4) Mixture of cells is placed on selective medium that permits growth of hybrid cells 5) Formation of hybridomas and screening for desired antibodies 6) Hybridomas are cultured to produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies
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When cancerous B cells are fused with antibody producing normal B cells, a ___ is obtained.
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hybridoma
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Antibodies that are produced in vitro by a clone of B cells hybridized with cancer cells are ____.
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monoclonal antibodies.
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The body produces a specific ___ in response to a specific antigen.
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antibody
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B cells that become cancerous are called ___.
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myelomas.
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The Production of Monoclonal Antibodies What is the function of myeloma cells used in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
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They are immortal cells capable of continuous growth.
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The Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Which step in the production of monoclonal antibodies must necessarily precede all other steps in the process?
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A specific antigen is used to induce production of a specific antibody
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The Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies:
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can attach to a target cell while carrying a diagnostic marker or anticellular toxin
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The earliest vaccinations were against smallpox. Which of the following statements about the history of smallpox vaccinations is FALSE?
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Proteins from dairy cows were injected into people to protect them from smallpox. The earliest vaccinations involved inoculating individuals with material from smallpox pustules. This process, named variolation, became popular in eighteenth-century England and protected individuals from subsequent exposure to smallpox. The mortality rate associated with this procedure was about 1%, which was much lower than the 50% mortality rate associated with the actual disease. Years later, Edward Jenner modified the process by inoculating people with cowpox in order to protect them from smallpox. The term vaccination was coined to honor Jenner's accomplishments. Two centuries later, vaccinations have eliminated smallpox worldwide!
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The earliest vaccinations were against smallpox. Which of the following statements about the history of smallpox vaccinations is True?
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The earliest vaccinations were called variolations and protected people from smallpox by inoculating them with smallpox matter. Edward Jenner inoculated people with cowpox in an attempt to protect them from smallpox. Chinese physicians prevented smallpox disease by having children inhale dried smallpox scabs.
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Which of the following is a basic type of vaccine? Select all that apply.
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-nucleic acid vaccines -live, attenuated vaccine -subunit vaccine As technology increases our understanding of the immune response, more efficient vaccines are being developed. Live attenuated vaccines use weakened pathogens to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine more closely resembles a true infection. Inactivated killed vaccines use microbes that have been killed, thus making them considerably safer than live vaccines. Subunit vaccines use antigenic pieces from the microorganisms to stimulate an immune response. These vaccines are created using recombinant DNA technology. Conjugated vaccines use proteins combined to polysaccharide fragments of the pathogen to stimulate the immune response. The proteins are necessary for a response because without them, the polysaccharides (usually capsules) are not immunogenic and will not result in an immune response. DNA vaccines are still relatively new and are based on plasmids injected into the individual. The DNA is then transcribed and translated to produce antigenic proteins from the pathogen. This technique is effective because it stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity.
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Kelly learns that the diagnosis of HPV may rely on the presence of viral DNA. Other infectious agents can be diagnosed based on immunologic responses. Which of the following represents an immunologic-based diagnostic test? Select all that apply.
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-precipitation reactions -fluorescent-antibody techniques -agglutination reactions Immunology has given us many invaluable diagnostic tools, most of which are based on interactions of humoral antibodies with antigens. A known antibody can be used to identify an unknown pathogen by its reaction with it. Inversely, a known pathogen can be used to test whether or not an individual has immunity to the pathogen based on antibodies found in the patient's blood. Precipitation reactions, such as immunodiffusion or immunoelectrophoresis, occur when the ratio of antigen to antibody is optimal. The antibodies and antigen will complex to form lattice structures that are visible as a precipitate. Agglutination reactions are similar and involve particulate antigens. When antibodies react with antigens on neighboring cells, they agglutinate and form a visible reaction. Fluorescent-antibody techniques can be used to identify microorganisms in clinical specimens and can detect the presence of antibody in serum. These techniques combine fluorescent dyes with antibodies that make them fluoresce when exposed to UV light. Other immunologic-based tests include neutralization reactions, complement-fixation reactions, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting. These techniques are helpful when a rapid diagnosis is required.
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After completing her research, Kelly agrees to see the physician for the HPV vaccine. She finds out that the vaccine is a recombinant DNA vaccine given in three separate doses over a 6-month period. Kelly decides that vaccination would be much better than suffering from genital warts or cervical cancer. Why is it necessary to give the HPV vaccine in multiple doses?
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The HPV vaccine does not replicate in the host. The HPV vaccine is a subunit vaccine that lacks genetic material. It is composed of part of the protein coat of the virus that was produced in yeast. Without the genetic material, the vaccine cannot replicate in the host, and is therefore eliminated quickly from the host. To stimulate the immune system of the host, the vaccine material should be present for a reasonable amount of time, as if it is the actual virus replicating in the host. To achieve this, multiple doses are often given over time to provide an extended time period for the immune system to recognize the vaccine and mount a protective response against it.
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The development of vaccines is considered the single most important application of immunology. What are the benefits associated with vaccinations? Select all that apply.
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-control of viral disease -herd immunity -eradication of disease -protection during travels
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What does a vaccine contain?
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Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen
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When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?
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Memory cytotoxic T cells
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What is the primary benefit of vaccination?
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An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.
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Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?
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Attenuated live vaccine
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What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?
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These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.
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What is the function of boosters?
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Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.
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The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?
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Subunit vaccine
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Vaccines provide Active immunity
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Vaccines can be Attenuated whole agents Inactivated whole agents Subunits Toxoids
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Attenuated whole agents
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also known as Live Vaccines such as Varicella vaccine and Measles vaccine use Microorganisms with Reduced virulence
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Inactivated whole agents
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also known as killed vaccines such as Inactivated polio vaccine
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Subunits
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use Antigenic fragments such as Hepatitis B vaccine
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Toxoids
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are Modified toxins such as Tetanus toxoid
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BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guérin. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
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attenuated whole agent vaccine
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To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
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toxoid vaccine
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Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine.
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attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent
