3.1-3.2 – Flashcard

Random (no family background) Runs in families Occur at any age/severity Risk Factors: smoking, drinking Demographics: race, gender, age Easily spreads throughout body Treated with radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical removal

- X-Ray particles, photons, pass through the body resulting in a 2D image. - The structures appear white because they are dense (bone) and block most of the particles. - Quick, painless, and non invasive - Small amounts of radiation

- Noninvasive - Accurate test - Small levels of radiation - Views Bone, soft tissue, and blood vessels AT ONCE.

- Noninvasive - Soft Tissue - NO RADIATION - Less likely to cause allergic reactions

- Noninvasive - Does not determine cause - small radiation exposure

These genes should be further looked at in the study of smoking and lung cancer... Gene 1: 8 Gene 5: 2 (Gene 6): 0.5 Because they are farther than 1 or 0

Gene 2: is mixed because both cells expressed the gene Gene 4: is clear because neither of the cells expressed the gene

Each dot on a microarray resembles one gene (there may be multiple copies) If a dot shows up green it means that the healthy cell is expressed, but if it is a cancerous cell it means that it is not expressed.

Healthy cells are round and similar Cancer cells are rigid

Metastasis: When tumor cells break off and find their way into the bloodstream, where they may or may not die. If they survive they find a suitable environment and begin division again. This is what allows a cancer to spread to a second point.

Proto-oncogenes signal for regular cell division (mitosis) Tumor suppressor genes signal for the stop of cellular division once the cells fill the gap. When these 2 genes are mutated they are unable to stop the division so a mass of cells grow.

Mutations occur on the chromosomes that are in the nucleus.

Cancer varies by case and may be located in various tissues; bone, connective, or organ. Because it stems from so many places, one needs different machines to identify where the tumors are. Also the size of the tumor will affect how much radiology the patient receives.

So one can be aware of any familial, symptoms, concerns, or risks that may contribute to a higher likelihood of developing cancer.

Normal cells grow and divide in an organized manner through the cell cycle: DNA synthesis, preparation for Mitosis, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. This cycle is regulated by several proteins in order to ensure that cells only divide when they are signaled to do so. Mutations in proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes allow for a cancerous cell to go through cellular division without any restrictions. These cells may grow and divide without the control of the cell cycle because the genes are either "turned on" (oncogenes) or "turned off" (tumor suppressor). When cells have a mutation in the proto-oncogenes, those genes become oncogenes, genes that produce a different protein and interferes with normal cell division. These cells no longer regulate cell growth which causes them to grow uncontrollably and possibly form tumors. When tumor suppressor genes are turned off, they are unable to signal a cell to stop mitosis, as well as for the cell to complete apoptosis: a controlled part of a cell's development in which it dies, "cell suicide." Since these cells no longer follow instruction, they are able to do and go wherever they choose. These cancerous (uncontrollably dividing) cells may start a tumor in one area of the body, but if some of the cells break off and enter blood vessels, they are able to spread throughout the body. Although the cells can die in the circulatory system due to white blood cells, bumping into walls, or death from inability to survive in blood stream, some survive and once they find a suitable environment, will divide again. Resulting in metastasis, or the development of a tumor at a separate site away from the primary tumor.

see if cancer was caused by mutations in tumor suppressor genes or proto-oncogenes

Cancer is irregularly shaped, large nucleus, small cytoplasm, variation in cell size, loss of special features, disorganized, and have poorly defined boundaries.

The DNA is altered and the cancer cell is defective so it will not divide only when it gets a signal from the nucleus; they divide regardless, without the signal to start and stop (regular cells need the signal to start/stop).

genes that normally help cells grow

They become oncognes, cells that are always "turned on" and never stop the process of cellular division (cancerous).

genes that slow down cellular division, repair, DNA mistakes, and tells a cell to die (apoptosis).

the gene does not work properly and is "turned off" leading to cells growing out of control (cancerous).

a process in which cancer cells break off the original tumor and travel throughout the body and create tumors elsewhere.

The cancer cells force their way into blood vessesl and travel the bloodstream until a suitable environment comes (many die in blood from leukocytes or from bouncing into walls).

change in a single nucleotide (deletion or change in one chromosome)

when a gene is repeated more than once, so the job is carried out from multiple chromosomes.

proto-oncogenes are rearranged; one chromosome is stuck to another with a promoter region from another chromosome---resulting combination may cause a constant stream of growth signals.

The protein binds to DNA and activates the transcription of protein p21 (blocks activity of cyclin-dependent kinase). This blockage allows time for the cell to repair DNA before it is replicated. If the damage is too great, the p53 signals apoptosis.

2; whether one be damaged from birth or not.

1 mutation from either parent cell

If everything was as constant as possible, they would know that their findings are accurate. The cells will have the exact same genetic blueprint.

on the poly-a-tail of RNA; it is the only one people focus on because it reflects a gene's expression (turned on or off)

The fluorescent label incorporated into cDNA enables one to visualize the cDNA later on. DNA is also more stable than RNA.

DNA strands, even if not originally paired togheter, will find a base pair and reform a double-stranded DNA molecule.

The DNA form piles of single stranded DNA molecules. Each spot on the micorarray represents a different gene.

Cancer cell RNA; in the microarray it means that more mRNA from cancer cells were "turned on" than the healthy cells.

Healthy cell RNA; the microarray means that the cancer cells were more "turned off."

Both cells express a gene (the gene is unaffected once mutated).

It can be used to identify which genes are expressed differently between two cells (usually cancerous and non-cancerous)

It cannot tell which genes "went bad," cannot cure a disease, and cannot identify every gene that misbehaved.

Pap test allows cells from the uterus to be placed under a microscope to help early diagnosis of cervical cancer.

tissue growth based on an excessive rate of cellular division, leading to a larger amount of cells. (callus)

2nd (heart disease is the 1st)

cor-relational and not causal Age, Alcohol, Cancer-Causing Substances, Chronic Inflammation, Diet, Hormones, Immunosuppression, Infectious Agents, Obesity, Radiation, Sunlight, Tobacco

a diagnostic imaging technique involving the formation of a 2D image.

The branch of medicine that is involved with diagnostic imaging.

When a cell makes a copy of its DNA before cellular division; forming 2 daughter cells.

cell death due to an irreparable damage to a cell's DNA.

oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

An alteration in one or more of the oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.

A procedure performed to remove tissue or cells from the body for examination under a microscope.

Indicates the growing of cells outside the body.

outside the body

When cells stop replicating once they have close proximity with other cells.

Normal cells have a limited number of cell divisions before it dies.

The first human cell line successfully growth in a laboratory (derived from cancer cells).

20,000 to 25,000

look at thousands of genes at once.

mRNA for every gene present in a cell sample so that scientists can determine what is turned off and on.

1. Scientists design primer pairs so the PCR makes copies of every gene. 2. Separate the double-stranded DNA from each gene copy and place microscopic droplets of each single-stranded DNA in row on a plastic slide. 3. The results are looked at.

the gene is not expressed in either cell.

gene is not affected by the tumor; gene transcription is the same in normal and cancer cells.

the gene is suppressed by tumor formation; less active in cancer cells than regular.

the gene is induced by tumor formation; more active in cancer cell than regular.

A method to calculate the similarities between individual genes by measuring how the gene expressions levels of two genes go up and down together.

Skin cancer (1,000,000 a year)

UV rays cause mutation in the DNA of the skin and can cause a cell to become cancerous or die. The body then has repair enzymes to fix the damage, however the more someone is exposed to UV, the greater the chance a mutation will occur.

Sunscreen filters/blocks dangerous UV rays from the sun which prevents the UV rays from damaging the DNA.

Small, scaly patches of precancerous skin cells on the epidermis. When left untreated, AK may turn into a squamous cell carcinoma.

1954, some Russian guys did research on liver cells and found that cancer liver cells absorbed the radiation more readily.

......... Affected both males and females and has a family history.

a technique where the gene mutation is analyzed using a genetic marker instead of analyzing the gene itself.

a short sequence of DNA associated with a particular gene or trait with a known location on a chromosome.

Short Tandem Repeats, or STRs are regions of DNA composed of a short sequence of nucleotides repeated many times.

Different alleles.

Chromosome 13,

Based on the number of repeats present.

A procedure that uses the extreme cold produced by liquid nitrogen or argon gas to destroy the abnormal tissue.

Non-living particles which contain DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein capsid; they attach themselves to a host cell and insert their genetic material into the cell, causing a mutation to form.

The virus inserts its DNA or RNA into the host cell causing a mutation to form, which if to a proto-oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, could cause cancer.

A scientist who studies viruses and look up new drugs to cure these infections and to prevent them from developing.

The cancer medication is an pyrimidine analog that is a chemotherapy drug that stops cancer cells from working properly by enabling them to repair their DNA (cancer cells need DNA to grow and multiply). 5-fluorouracil targets thymine, one of the DNA bases in order to stop the process of DNA or RNA replication; causing the cell to die.

These genes are tumor suppressors.

No, it just increases their risk to 85%.

Marker analysis is a technique that allows for a gene mutation to be analyzed by using a genetic marker instead of analyzing the gene itself. A genetic marker is a short sequence of DNA associated with a particular gene with a known location on the chromosome.

A DNA micro-array measures the mRNA and the color red means more expressed by cancer, green is less expressed by cancer, yellow is equally expressed by both cancer and healthy cells, and clear is expressed by neither.

Biological risk factors are the phsyical traits; race/age/gender. Genetic risk factors are passed down in families through genes; the BRCA2 gene is a risk factor for breast cancer.

A: Asymmetrical Shape (not symmetrical) B: Border (irregular) C: Color (abnormal) D: Diameter (too big) E: Evolving