question

andr/o

answer

male

question

balan/o

answer

glans penis

question

crypt/o

answer

hidden

question

epididym/o

answer

epididymis tube that carries sperm to urethra

question

orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o

answer

testis, testicle

question

pen

answer

penis

question

semin/i

answer

semen, seed

question

terat/o

answer

monster

question

test/o

answer

testes, testicle

question

varic/o

answer

varicose vein

question

vas/o

answer

vessel, duct; vas deferens

question

androgen

answer

male hormone

question

balanitis

answer

inflammation of tip of penis

question

epididymitis

answer

inflammation of epididymis

question

teratoma

answer

large tumor typically in pubic area has bone, hair, cartilage, and skin cells

question

teratogenic

answer

medicines that can cause severe birth defects

question

-genesis

answer

formation

question

-one

answer

hormone

question

-pexy

answer

fixation, putting into place

question

-stomy

answer

new opening

question

testicular

answer

pertaining to the testes

question

spermatogenesis

answer

formation of sperm

question

orcheopexy

answer

putting the testes in place

question

bulbourethral glands (cowper glands)

answer

located near the male urethra, secrete fluid into the urethra (Acts as lubricant)

question

semen

answer

made of sperm and fluid

question

epididymis

answer

pair of long coiled tubes above each testes. Stores and carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to vas deferens

question

leydig cells (interstitial cells of testes)

answer

specialized cells in the testes that produce testosterone

question

prepuce

answer

foreskin

question

scrotum

answer

external sac that contains the testes

question

seminal vesicles

answer

exocrine glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens

question

testis

answer

one testicle

question

testes

answer

two testicles

question

vas deferens

answer

narrow tube that carries sperm from epididymis toward urethra

question

carcinoma of the testes

answer

Most common tumor in men ages 15-34 Most common type is* seminoma* (arises from embryonic cells in the testes) Less common in African American men compared to Caucasian men Occurs most commonly between the ages of 15 and 40 years It can occur in infancy and late adulthood *Individuals with an undescended testicle are at higher risk of developing testicular cancer* (even after you bring the testis into the scrotum) The best way to diagnose testicular cancer is through testicular self-examination Usually the initial finding is a painless lump in or on the testis, a harness, or enlargement of the testis -Less commonly there is associated pain and tenderness Tumors produce *hCG and alpha-fetoprotein (αFP)* and are used as tumor markers Treatment orchiectomy (remove testicle), chemo, radiation

question

cryptorchism, cryptorchidism

answer

"hidden flower" The failure of the testis to descend from its intra-abdominal location into the scrotum Physical exam reveals a nonpalpable testis in the scrotum Etiology unknown 1/3rd of patients will be bilateral (70% risk of infertility), majority unilateral (40% risk of infertility) Ultrasound in the most frequent imaging study used for evaluating the testis Orchiopexy is the treatment of choice and usually is performed in patients age 2-10 years Cryptorchid testis is *20-50* times more likely to become malignant Orchiopexy does not alter the risk of malignant transformation The incidence of cancer is also increased in the unaffected testis

question

hydrocele

answer

A collection of serous fluid that results from a defect or irritation in the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum (patient process vaginalis) Hydrocele also may arise in the spermatic cord In extremes of ages Most are congenital and are noted in children age 1-2 years of age Adult hydroceles are usually late-onset (secondary) May present acutely from local injury, infections, and radiation Usually in men older than 40 years Bilateral in 7-10% of cases, so mostly unilateral often idiopathic, can be differentiated from testicular masses by ultrasound imaging if does not resolve on its own, the sac fluid is aspirated using a needle and syringe, or hydocelectomy (sac is surgically removed through incision in scrotum)

question

transilumination

answer

how to identify hydrocele take a pen light and put it on the skin hydrocele will allow the light to pass through (if it was a solid structure you wouldn't see anything)

question

cry/o

answer

cold

question

hydr/o

answer

water, fluid

question

prostat/o

answer

prostate gland

question

sperm/o, spermat/o

answer

spermatozoa, semen

question

zo/o

answer

animal life

question

nonseminomatous tumors

answer

embryonal carcinoma teratoma choriocarcinoma yolk sac tumor

question

testicular torsion

answer

A urologic emergency, must be differentiated from other complaints of testicular pain, since a delay in diagnosis can lead to loss of the testicle Time is of the essence! The testicles twist on itself in the scrotum and causes blood flow to not be able to get down into the testicle Not visible from the outside Incidence of torsion in males younger than 25 years is approximately 1 in 4000 Torsion more often involves the * left testicle* -A salvage rate of 80-100% is found in patient who present within 6 hours of pain -After 6-8 hours, the salvage rate markedly decreases, and it is near 0% at 12 hours

question

testicular torsion pathophys

answer

The typical testicle is covered by the tunica vaginalis, which attaches to the posterolateral surface of the testicle and allows for little mobility In patients who have an inappropriately high attachment of the tunica vaginalis, the testicle can rotate freely on the spermatic cord within the tunica vaginalis This allows the testicle to twist spontaneously on the spermatic cord 1 or more time, causing testicular torsion This twisting leads to venous occlusion and engorgement, with subsequent arterial ischemia causing infarction of the testicle

question

testicular torsion causes and symptoms

answer

Torsion can occur with activity, be related to trauma, or develop during sleep Scrotal swelling Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Fever

question

testicular torsion trmt

answer

go in surgically and the surgion untwists it, so they attach the veins to the wall because very likely for them to twist again

question

varicocele

answer

varicose veins of the testicle Relatively common condition Affecting approximately 10% of men, tends to occur in young men, usually during the 2nd or 3rd decade of life -if in a younger man, can cause infertility (sperm like a cooler environment, and varicocele causes hotter environment) may be associated with aligospermia and azoospermia Normally, blood flows to the testicles through an artery, and flows out via a network of tiny veins that drain into a vein in the abdomen The direction of blood flow in this vein should always be toward the heart A series of one-way valves in the vein preserve the reverse flow of blood back to the testicles These one way valves sometimes fail The reverse flow of blood stretches and enlarges the tiny veins around the testicle to cause a varicocele, a tangled network of blood vessels, or varicose veins The scrotum appears lumpy often referred to as a "*bag of worms*" typically only treated in a younger man when we're worried about fertility Oligospermic men with varicocele and scrotal pain should have varicocelectomy (the internal spermatic vein is ligated)

question

varicocele symptoms

answer

Typical symptoms are mild and many do not require treatment One of the signs is an aching pain when the individual has been standing or sitting for prolonged periods of time There is an association between varicocele and infertility Atrophy of the testicles is another sign of varicocele The condition is often diagnosed in adolescent boys during a sports physical exam When the affected testicle is smaller that the other, repair of the varicocele is recommended doesn't really cause a tremendous amt of pain

question

Benign Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

answer

Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland It frequently occurs as part of the aging process often present the same way as cancer Symptoms of BPH can be very bothersome and, in addition to their negative impact on quality of life, can lead to urinary tract infections or bladder obstruction Testing: PSA is not very elevated (in cancer it is), DRE (digital rectal exam- whole prostate is enlarged, smooth, firm, in cancer there is a nodule) Treatment is by medication and/or surgery (TURP)

question

BPH symptoms

answer

Frequent urination (polyuria) Hesitancy or difficult start of urination Urgency or incomplete voiding Waking to urinate (nocturia) Poor or weak urinary stream Incomplete emptying of bladder Dribbling or leakage (Because the prostate is enlarged, it encroaches on urethra which causes all the urinating problems)

question

carcinoma of the prostate

answer

most common cancer in american men On average, an American man has about a 30% risk of having prostate cancer in his lifetime, but only a 3% risk of dying of the disease ("you die with prostate cancer, not of prostate cancer") By age 50, up to 1 in 4 men have some cancerous cells in the prostate gland By age 80, the ratio increases to 1 in 2 The average age of diagnosis is 72 Controversial: Screen with DRE and serum PSA starting at age 50 (but are you really gunna do anything about it if you do have cancer?) Diagnosis requires Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) to get a biopsy. Treatment: Surgery, radiation(radioactive seeds that develop radiation just to that site), hormonal chemotherapy (administer antiandrogens to diminish testosterone) Complications from prostate cancer are related to both the disease and its treatment Both prostate cancer and its treatment can cause urinary incontinence as well as erectile dysfunction (impotence)

question

prostate cancer symptoms

answer

The problem with detecting prostate cancer is that it often doesn't produce any symptoms in its early stages When symptoms do occurs, they may include the following: dull pain in pelvic area, urgency or urination, difficulty starting urination, pain with urination, weak urine flow and dribbling, intermittent urine flow, frequent urination at night, hematuria

question

prostate cancer risk factors

answer

Age: As patient gets older, the risk of prostate cancer increases Race: For reasons that are not understood, black men are more likely to have prostate cancer than are men of any other group in the United States Family history: 1st degree relative increases risk Diet: High fat diet may increase the risk of prostate cancer -Researches theorize that fat increases production of the hormone testosterone, which in turns speeds development of prostate cancer cells

question

hypospadias

answer

congenital deformity A birth defect in boys in which the urinary tract opening is not located properly at the tip of the penis, it's on the underside of the penis Occurs in 1 out of 300 males This birth defect should be treated -The ability to stand and urinate is important for boys -Additionally, as an adult male, a straight penis is necessary for satisfactory sexual function and reproduction Treated surgically (Best done between the ages of 8 months and 18 months)

question

phimosis

answer

Inability to retract the distal prepuce (foreskin) over the glans penis Can interfere with urination and cause secretions to accumulate under prepuce and lead to infection Occurs in the uncircumcised penis two types: congenital (physiologic in young children) or acquired (There is likely a history of poor hygiene, or forceful retraction of a congenital phimosis)

question

paraphimosis

answer

Entrapment of a retracted foreskin behind the *coronal sulcus* Pain and edema are characteristic Occurs in the uncircumcised penis Phimosis and paraphimosis can occur at any age; however, a higher incidence is seen in infancy and adolescence Adults, especially the elderly population, may have a history of frequent catheterizations or of poor hygiene leading to phimosis and eventual paraphimosis Vigorous sexual activity has been reported to predispose one to paraphimosis Pain with erection occurs Emergent reduction is necessary

question

Chlamydial infection

answer

*1 bacterial STI in United States* Particularly common among teens and young adults PID which can be caused by chlamydia, is a leading cause of infertility Chlamydia is known as the "silent epidemic" because ¾ of the women and 1/3 of the men with the disease have no symptoms Possible symptoms include discharge from the penis or vagina and a burning sensation when urinating Additional symptoms for women include lower abdominal pain or dyspareunia and bleeding between menstrual period (metrorrhagia) Men may experience burning and itching around the opening of the penis and/or pain and swelling in the testicles

question

Gonorrhea

answer

STI caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram neg diplococci) Can affect genital tract, the mouth, and the rectum In women, the cervix, is the first place of infection Can spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes = PID (*more likely to cause PID* than chlamydia) The early symptoms often are mild but can lead to *disseminated infection* (it spreads from genital tract throughout the rest of the body) Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 10 days after sexual contact with an infected partner Treat with antibiotics (cured!)

question

Gonorrhea symptoms

answer

Very similar to chlamydia, so can only truly know if you do a culture (often will have both) Women -Bleeding associated with vaginal intercourse -Painful or burning sensations when urinating -Vaginal discharge that is yellow or bloody -More advanced symptoms (development of PID) = cramps, bleeding between menstrual period, vomiting, or fever Men -Have symptoms more commonly then women -Pus from the penis and pain -Burning sensation during urination that may be severe Symptoms of rectal infection include discharge, anal itching, and occasional painful bowel movements with fresh blood on the feces

question

viral infections vs bacterial infections

answer

viral- infected for life, no cure bacterial- you can cure with antibiotics

question

Herpes genitalis (genital herpes)

answer

Infection caused by the herpes simplex virus or HSV Two types A person who has genital herpes can easily transmit the virus to an uninfected person during sex (Even if you don't have active lesions) Both HSV 1 and HSV2 can produce lesions in and around the vaginal area, on the penis, around the anal opening, and on the buttock or thighs Occasionally, sores also appear on other parts of the body where the virus has entered through broken skin prodrome (symptoms before the symptoms)- tingling sensation can be diagnosed with a culture or a blood test to check the antibodies for HSV1 and HSV2 (typically most common)

question

Herpes type 1

answer

most commonly infects the lips causing sores known as fever blisters or cold sores, but it can also infect the typically more oral, but can affect genitals

question

Herpes type 2

answer

the usual cause of genital herpes, but it can also affect the mouth during oral sex

question

genital herpes symptoms

answer

Itching or burning feeling in the genital or anal area Pain in the legs, buttocks, or genital area Discharge of fluid from the vagina Feeling of pressure in the abdomen Within a few days, sores appear near where the virus has entered the body Small read bumps appear fist, develop into fluid filled blisters, and then become painful open sores Over several days, the sores become crusty and then heal without leaving a scar Some other symptoms that may go with the first outbreak are fever, headache, muscle aches, painful or difficult urination, vaginal discharge, and swollen lymph nodes in the groin area doesn't cause a scar because superficial, but extremely painful (often the worst infection is the first one). can take medicine as needed to reduce the pain, but doesn't cure anything (can be on meds every day or as needed) not going to kill you, just an inconvenience

question

syphilis

answer

Sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum (spirochete) Often called the "great imitator" because so many of the signs and symptoms are indistinguishable from those of other disease Syphilis is passed from person to person through direct contact with a syphilis sore Sores occur mainly on the external genitals, vagina, anus, or in the rectum Treated with *penicillin*

question

syphilis primary stage

answer

Time between infection with syphilis and the start of the 1st symptoms can range from 10-90 days Usually marked by the appearance of a single sore (chancre) but there may be multiple It appears at the spot where syphilis entered the body Chancre lasts 3-6 weeks, and it will heal on its own (so people often miss it and aren't concerned) If adequate treatment is not administered, the infection progresses to the secondary stage

question

chancre

answer

single, painless lesion usually firm, round, small, and painless

question

syphilis- secondary stage

answer

More systemic (fever, large lymph nodes, muscle aches) Starts when one or more areas of the skin break into a rash that usually does not itch Rashes can appear as the chancre is fading or can be delayed for weeks The rash often appear rough, red or reddish brown spots both on the *palms* of the hands and the *bottom of the feet* (very rare) The rash may also appear on other parts of the body with different characteristics, some of which resemble other diseases Sometimes the rashes are so faint that they are not noticed Even without treatment, the rash will clear up on its own In addition to rashes, 2nd stage symptoms can include fever, lymphadenopathy, sore throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, and fatigue A person can easily pass the disease to sex partners when primary or secondary stage signs or symptoms are present

question

syphilis- tertiary stage

answer

Latent (hidden) stage of syphilis begin when the secondary symptoms disappear Without treatment, the infected person still has syphilis even though there are no signs or symptoms It remains in the body, and it may begin to damage the internal organs, including the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints The internal damage may show up many years later in the late or tertiary stage of syphilis Generate neurosyphilis! Late stage signs and symptoms include not being able to coordinated muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness and dementia This damage may be serious enough to cause death This is years of untreated syphilis

question

congenital syphilis

answer

Passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy Approximately 40 to 60 percent of symptomatic infants have at least one of the following: hepatomegaly, nasal discharge,rash, generalized lymphadenopathy, skeletal abnormalities, hutchinson's teeth (notched out teeth) Will have deformities for their entire life, but you will treat with penicillin so that the infection is treated

question

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

answer

Blood sample analyzed for a substance that's naturally produced by the prostate gland to help liquefy semen It's normal for a small amount of PSA to enter the blood stream However, if a higher than normal level is found, it may be an indication of prostate infection, inflammation, enlargement, or cancer

question

transurectal ultrasound

answer

Ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to evaluate the prostate A biopsy of the prostate can also be performed if necessary The biopsy is guided by images from the probe A fine, hollow needle is aimed at the center of the prostate A spring propels the needle into the prostate gland and retrieves a very thin section of tissue

question

semen analysis

answer

Cornerstone of testing for male infertility problems Provides important information about the quality and quantity of the sperm Analyzed for volume, viscosity (thickness), pH and color of the ejaculate, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and forward progression of the sperm The sample is also examined for the presence of WBC's and/ or RBC's 20 million/mL sperm in semen are usually sterile

question

semen collection for anaylsys

answer

Collection instructions Semen samples should be collected at the laboratory in a special sterile container after a 2-3 day period of abstinence from ejaculation Alternatively, the sample may be brought in from home within 1 hour of ejaculation The sample should be maintained at body temperature which can easily be done by placing the container in a shirt pocked No lubrication should be used while obtaining the sample as it can be toxic to sperm A minimum of 2 semen analysis should be provided several weeks apart because sperm counts tend to fluctuate

question

castration

answer

Excision of both testicles Not removal of the penis Chemical castration can be performed with injections of depot progesterone Used for sex offenders in some states Eunuch: castration prior to puberty Male secondary sex characteristics fail to develop.

question

circumcision

answer

During circumcision, the prepuce of the foreskin is removed Usually performed on the 1st or 2nd day after birth A choice of the parent The procedure only takes about 5 to 10 minutes A local anesthetic can be given to the baby

question

benefits of circumcision

answer

Studies have provided conflicting results Circumcision does offer some benefit in preventing urinary tract infections in infants Also offers some benefit in preventing penile cancer in adult men May also reduced the risk of STDs

question

risks of circumcision

answer

Rate of problems is low Bleeding and infection in the circumcised are are the most common problems Sometimes the skin of the newly exposed glans becomes irritated by the pressure of diapers and ammonia in the urine Irritation treated with Vaseline

question

Digital rectal examination (DRE)

answer

Insertion of gloved, lubricated finger into the patient's rectum to examine the prostate Texture, shape, and size analyzed Also check for the presence of blood in the stool

question

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

answer

Device inserted up the urethra via the penis Removal of the excess prostate capsule material that has been restricting urine flow this process treats BPH

question

Green Light photoselective vaporization of the prostate

answer

Removal of benign prostatic tissue using a green light laser Now used more than TURP as it is less invasive

question

Vasectomy

answer

Operation which blocks the tubes (vas deferens) which carry a man's sperm to the penis This operation should be considered permanent Less invasive than tubal ligation It is less expensive and involves fewer complications than a tubal ligation The operation is not effective immediately Condoms are needed until all of the sperm clears from the vas deferens (about 20 ejaculations) Verified be sterile semen analysis normal hormone secretion, sex drive, and potency

question

Erectile Dysfunction

answer

Also called impotence A persistent or recurrent failure to reach or maintain a complete erection Two forms exist: Primary impotence - patient has never maintained an erection Secondary impotence - patient has lost the ability; may be person or situation specific (selective impotence) Common sexual complaint of men - predominately the secondary form It is not a natural consequence of aging Medical treatment commonly used: Viagra (silendafil), Cialis (Tadalafil), Levitra (Vardenafil) Phosphodiesterase inhibitors that are involved with smooth muscle activity

question

BPH treatment

answer

TURP to relieve obstruction Drugs: FUbasterude- inhibits production of a potent testosterone that promotes enlargement of prostate alpha blockers (tamsulosin)- relax the smooth muscle of prostate and neck of the bladder

question

sterility

answer

less than 20 million sperm/mL of semen can be caused by mumps (an infectious disease in the testes)

question

potency

answer

ability to have an erection

question

parenchymal tissue

answer

essential distinctive cells of an organ int he testis, the seminiferous tubules that produce sperm are parenchymal

question

perineum

answer

external region bewn anus and scrotum

Chapter 9: Male Reproductive System – Flashcards

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