PATHO Exam 4CH 23 Struct & Fnx of Repro System – Flashcards
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The initial reproductive structures of the male and female embryos appear the same until which week of gestation? a. Third c. Twentieth b. Eighth d. Thirtieth
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B. Between 6 and 7 weeks' gestation, the male embryo differentiates under the influence of testes-determining factor (TDF). In the absence of testosterone, a loss of the wolffian system occurs and the two gonads develop into ovaries at 6 to 8 weeks' gestation.
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The absence of which major hormone is a determinant of sexual differentiation (wolffian system) in utero? a. Estrogen c. Growth hormone b. Progesterone d. Testosterone
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D In the absence of testosterone, a loss of the wolffian system occurs and the two gonads develop into ovaries at 6 to 8 weeks' gestation. Between 6 and 7 weeks' gestation, the male embryo differentiates under the influence of TDF. The presence of estrogen is a determinating factor.
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Which gland produces the associated hormones that are found in high levels in a female fetus? a. Posterior pituitary excretes gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). b. Hypothalamus excretes luteinizing hormone (LH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). c. Anterior pituitaryfollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). d. Hypothalamus excretes gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) and folliclestimulating
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C In the female fetus, the anterior pituitary excretes high levels of two gonadotropins FSH and LH.Which hormone is linked to an increase in appetite during puberty? a. Inhibin c. Activin b. Leptin d. Follistatin
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Which hormone is linked to an increase in appetite during puberty? a. Inhibin c. Activin b. Leptin d. Follistatin
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B Sensitivity to leptin, which regulates appetite and energy metabolism, increases during puberty; in theory, the adolescent consumes more calories to meet the caloric needs of the pubertal growth spurt. The percent of body fat and leptin levels in girls continue to increase, whereas muscle mass increases in boys.
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The Skene glands are located on either side of which structure?
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B The ducts of the Skene glands (also called the lesser vestibular or paraurethral glands) are related only to the urinary meatus.
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What is the function of the mucus secreted by the Bartholin glands? a. Enhancement of the motility of sperm b. Lubrication of the urinary meatus and vestibule c. Maintenance of an acid-base balance to discourage proliferation of pathogenic bacteria d. Enhancement of the
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A In response to sexual stimulation, the Bartholin glands secrete mucus that serves only to lubricate the inner labial surfaces, as well as to enhance the viability and motility of sperm.
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Which change is a result of puberty and defends the vagina from infection? a. The pH stabilizes between 7 and 8. b. A thin squamous epithelial lining develops. c. Vaginal pH becomes more acidic. d. Estrogen levels are low. a. The pH stabilizes between 7 and 8. b. A thin squamous epithelial lining develops. c. Vaginal pH becomes more
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C At puberty, the pH becomes more acidic (4 to 5) and the squamous epithelial lining thickens. These changes are maintained until menopause (cessation of menstruation), at which time the pH rises again to more alkaline levels and the epithelium thins out. Therefore protection from infection is greatest during the years when a woman is most likely to be sexually active. Estrogen does not play a role in infection protection
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What happens to the vagina's lining at puberty? a. It becomes thinner. c. It assumes a neutral pH. b. It becomes thicker. d. It undergoes atrophy
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B Before puberty, vaginal pH is approximately 7 (neutral) and the vaginal epithelium is thin. At puberty, the pH becomes more acidic (4 to 5) and the squamous epithelial lining thickens. Cell atrophy is not associated with puberty.
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Which structure is lined with columnar epithelial cells? a. Perimetrium c. Myometrium b. Endocervical canal d. Vagina
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B Of the available options, only the endocervical canal does not have an endometrial layer; rather, the layer is lined with columnar epithelial cells.
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Where is the usual site of fertilization of an ovum? a. Trumpet end of the fallopian tubes c. Ampulla of the fallopian tubes b. Fimbriae of the fallopian tubes d. Os of the fallopian tubes
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C The ampulla, or distal third, of the fallopian tube is the usual site of fertilization (see Figure 23-7).
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Where is the usual site of cervical dysplasia or cancer in situ? a. Squamous epithelium of the cervix meets the cuboidal epithelium of the vagina. b. Columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the uterus. c. Squamous epithelium of the cervix meets the columnar epithelium of the uterus. d. Columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the vagina.
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D The point at which the columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the vagina is called the transformation zone or the squamous-columnar junction. The transformation zone is especially susceptible to the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV), which leads to cervical dysplasia and, ultimately, cervical cancer; these are the cells sampled during a Papanicolaou (Pap) test.
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Having ejected a mature ovum, the ovarian follicle develops into a(n): a. Atretic follicle c. Corpus luteum b. Thecal follicle d. Functional scar
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C Having ejected a mature ovum, the only resulting structure is the corpus luteum.
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The mucosal secretions of the cervix secrete which immunoglobulin? a. IgA c. IgG b. IgE d. IgM
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Mucosal secretions from the cervix contain enzymes and antibodies—predominantly IgA.
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The equivalent to the female gonad is the male: a. Epididymis c. Vas deferens b. Spermatic cord d. Testes
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D Between 6 to 7 weeks' gestation, the male embryo will differentiate under the influence of TDF. TDF stimulates the male gonads to develop into the two testes. The ovaries, the female gonads, are the primary female reproductive organs.
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A surge of which hormone causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone? a. Follicle stimulating hormone c. Gonadotropinreleasing hormone b. Luteinizing hormone d. Estrogen
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B Luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, the second major female sex hormone.
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What directly causes ovulation during the menstrual cycle? a. Gradual decrease in estrogen levels c. Sharp rise in progesterone levels b. Sudden increase of LH d. Gradual increase in estrogen levels
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B Menstrual cyclicity and regular ovulation are dependent on (1) the activity of the gonadostat (GnRH pulse generator); (2) the pituitary secretion of gonadotropins; and (3) estrogen (estradiol)-positive feedback for the preovulatory LH and FSH surges, oocyte maturation, and corpus luteum formation.
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Which anatomic structure secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)? a. Hypothalamus c. Anterior pituitary b. Ovaries d. Adrenal cortex
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C The anterior pituitary is the gland that secretes FSH and LH.
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During the time that ovulation occurs, which statement concerning basal body temperature (BBT) is true? a. BBT increases. b. BBT decreases. c. BBT fluctuates around 37° C (98° F). d. BBT rises consistently above 37.8° C (100° F).
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C During the follicular phase of ovulation, the BBT fluctuates around 37° C (98° F).
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What structure in the male lies posterior to the urinary bladder? a. Seminal vesicles b. Prostate glands c. Cowper glands d. Parabladder glands
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A The seminal vesicles are a pair of glands, each measuring approximately 4 to 6 cm long, which lie behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum.
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When do penile erections begin? a. Before birth b. Shortly after birth c. Shortly before puberty d. After puberty
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A Erections begin in utero and continue throughout life, but ejaculation does not occur until sperm production begins at puberty.
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Which statement is true regarding the major difference between male and female sex hormone production? a. Luteinizing hormone has no apparent action in a man. b. In a man, sex hormone production is relatively constant. c. Estradiol is not produced in a man. d. In a man, gonadotropin-releasing hormone does not cause the release of follicle stimulating hormone.
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B In men, sex hormone production is relatively constant with some diurnal variation.
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Where in the male body does spermatogenesis occur? a. Epididymis b. Rete testes c. Seminiferous tubules d. Vas deferens
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C Spermatogenesis takes place only in the seminiferous tubules of the testes (see Figure 23-14).
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Which immunoglobulin is contained in breast milk? a. IgA b. IgE c. IgG d. IgM
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A Not only does breast milk composition change over time to meet the changing digestive capabilities and nutritional requirements of the infant, but it also contains immune cells, specific immunoglobulins, especially IgA, and nonspecific antimicrobial factors, such as lysozymes and lactoferrin, that protect the infant against infection, allergies, and asthma.
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Which hormone promotes the development of the lobular ducts in the breasts? a. Progesterone b. Prolactin c. Oxytocin d. Estrogen
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D Only estrogen promotes the increase in the size of the breasts by the formation of a mass of tissue under the areola, which increases the size and pigmentation of the areola and contributes to the development of the lobular ducts.
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What causes the vasomotor flushes (hot flashes) that are associated with declining ovarian function with age? a. Decreased estrogen levels b. Absence of estrogen c. Increased estrogen levels d. Rapid changes in estrogen levels
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D A rapid change in estrogen levels (withdrawal or increase), rather than low estrogen levels, induces hot flashes.
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When does the male body begin to produce sperm? a. Before birth b. Shortly after birth c. At puberty d. When erection is possible
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C Erections begin in utero and continue throughout life, but ejaculation does not occur until sperm production begins at puberty.
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The human zygote has a total of how many chromosomes? a. 23 b. 25 c. 46 d. 50
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C A 23-chromosome female gamete, the ovum, and a 23-chromosome male gamete, the spermatozoon (sperm cell), unite to form a 46-chromosome zygote that is capable of developing into a new individual.
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Which hormone promotes the development of testosterone in both males and females? a. Progesterone b. Prolactin c. Oxytocin d. Estrogen
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B Prolactin, a polypeptide synthesized and secreted from the pituitary, helps maintain biosynthesis of testosterone.
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Which hormone stimulates gonads to produce both male and female hormones? a. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) b. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) c. Luteinizing hormone (LH) d. Estrogen
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C Extrahypothalamic factors cause the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins—FSH and LH. These hormones, in turn, stimulate the gonads (ovaries or testes) to secrete female or male sex hormones.
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Which hormone relaxes the myometrium and prevents lactation until the fetus is born? a. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) b. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) c. Progesterone d. Estrogen
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C Progesterone is sometimes called the hormone of pregnancy. Its effects in pregnancy include: (1) maintenance of the thickened endometrium; (2) relaxation of smooth muscle in the myometrium, which prevents premature contractions and helps the uterus expand; (3) thickening of the myometrium, which prepares it for the muscular work of labor; (4)prevention of lactation until the fetus is born; and (5) prevention of additional maturation of ova by way of suppressing FSH and LH, thereby stopping the menstrual cycle.
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A Sims-Huhner test is of particular interest to a patient experiencing which condition? a. Infertility b. Possible HIV infection c. Venereal disease d. Perimenopause
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A A Sims-Huhner test evaluates the ability of sperm to penetrate and maintain motility in cervical mucus 2 to 4 hours after coitus approximately 1 day before ovulation. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detects the presence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) is a test for nonspecific venereal diseases. Estradiol levels are associated with erratic or intermittent menstruation
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Estrogen has many biological effects on the female body including: (Select all that apply.) a. Maturation of reproductive organs b. Differentiating female physical characteristics c. Postpuberty closure of short bones d. Regulation of the menstrual cycle e. Endometrial regeneration after menstruation
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A, B, D, E Estrogen has numerous biologic effects, many of which involve interactions with other hormones. Estrogen is needed for the maturation of the reproductive organs, development of secondary sex characteristics (differentiating male and female physical characteristics that are not directly related to reproduction), closure of LONG bones after the pubertal growth spurt, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and endometrial regeneration after menstruation.
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Which statements about the human papillolmavirus (HPV) and vaccine are true? (Select all that apply.) a. Currently, two HPV vaccines have been approved for use in the United States. b. HPV is believed to be responsible for the majority of the diagnosed cases of cervical cancer. c. A form of the vaccine has been approved for use in males to prevent genital warts. d. The administration of the vaccine is a onedose a. Currently, two HPV vaccines have been approved for use in the United States. b. HPV is believed to be responsible for the majority of the diagnosed cases of cervical cancer. c. A form of the vaccine has been approved for use in males to prevent genital warts. d. The administration of the vaccine is a onedose intramuscular injection. e. The recommended age for vaccination of girls is between 11 and 12 years of age.
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A, B, C, E Two HPV vaccines are currently approved in the United States: (1) quadrivalent HPV recombinant vaccine and (2) bivalent HPV recombinant vaccine. HPV is responsible for 99.7% of cervical cancer cases, 40% of penile cancers, and an estimated 5% of all cancers worldwide. The vaccine is administered by intramuscular injection, and the recommended schedule is a three-dose series with the second and third doses administered 2 and 6 months after the first dose. The recommended age for vaccination of girls is 11 to 12 years. The vaccine can be administered to girls as young as 9 years of age. The quadrivalent vaccine has been approved for males 9 to 26 years of age to prevent genital warts.
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Which statements are true regarding the female menstrual cycle? (Select all that apply.) a. Initial cycles may dramatically vary in length. b. By adulthood, the commonly accepted cycle average is 28 (27 to 30) days. c. The length of a cycle varies among women. d. Up to 8 years before menopause, the intervals of the menstrual cycle begin to lengthen. e. Menopause is achieved when a woman is without a period for 2 years.
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A, B, C, D At first, cycles are anovulatory and may vary in length from 10 to 60 days or longer. As adolescence proceeds into adulthood, regular patterns of menstruation and ovulation are established at intervals ranging from 25 to 35 days. The length of the menstrual cycle varies considerably among women. The commonly accepted cycle average is 28 (27 to 30) days, with rhythmic intervals of 21 to 35 days considered normal. Approximately 2 to 8 years before menopause, cycles begin to lengthen again. Menopause is defined as the cessation of menstrual flow for 1 year.
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Testosterone is believed to have a role in: (Select all that apply.) a. Male-patterned baldness b. Libido levels c. Acne development d. Altered cholesterol metabolism e. Thinning of the larynx
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A, B, C, D Testosterone is associated with all the options except thinning of the larynx; it actually stimulates the growth of the larynx's cartilage
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What are normal characteristics of aging of the male reproductive system? (Select all that apply.) a. Reduced sperm count b. Slower, less forceful ejaculations c. Testicular atrophy and softening d. Longer time to achieve full erection e. Decreased levels of testosterone
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B, C, D, E The described effects on ejaculation, testes, erection, and testosterone are normal characteristics of male aging. Sperm count remains normal with age, although the semen tends to contain more defective and nonmotile sperm.
